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3,630 results for “Forming”
The genomic landscapes of desert birds form over multiple time scales
<p><span>Spatial models show that genetic differentiation between populations can be explained by factors ranging from geographic distance to environmental resistance across the landscape. However, genomes exhibit a landscape of differentiation, which could indicate that multiple spatial models better explain divergence in different portions of the genome. We test whether alternative geographic predictors of intraspecific differentiation vary across the genome in ten bird species that co-occur in Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts of North America. Using population-level genomic data, we characterized the genomic landscapes across species and modeled five predictors that represented historical and contemporary mechanisms. The characteristics of genomic landscapes differed across the ten species, influenced by varying levels of population structuring and admixture between deserts. General dissimilarity matrix modeling indicated that the best-fit models differed from the whole genome and partitions along the genome. Almost all of the historical and contemporary mechanisms were important in explaining genetic distance, particularly historical and contemporary environment, while contemporary abundance, position of the barrier to gene flow, and distance explained relatively less. Individual species have significantly different patterns of genomic variation. These results illustrate that the genomic landscape of differentiation was influenced by alternative geographic factors operating on different portions of the genome.</span></p>
Figure 2: The intput and output forms of the transformation engine
<p>The goal of the project was to develop a translation system between two<br> knowledge representation forms. One of the representation forms is a new<br> kind of abstract predicate oriented conceptual graphs called ECG. The second<br> representation form is a set of sentences of a given language. While the ECG<br> is a general, language independent tool, the sentences belong to a language<br> and a speci¯c grammar.</p>
BRAIN Journal-Evolving Spiking Neural Networks for Control of Artificial Creatures-Figure 9. A typical artificial life form and circular area around of it
<p>As mentioned the reservoir neural network has been chosen for neural network of the artificial creature as main body structure. Figure 9 illustrates a typical artificial life form and circular area around of it. Maximum seeing of the artificial life form is periphery of the circular area and can't see places that have beyond of periphery of the circular area. The artificial creature by each movement is the center of a circular area so if the creature move to forward direct can see new<br> places and some places are voided of seeing.</p>
When resilience is not enough: 2022 extreme marine heatwave threatens climatic refugia for a habitat-forming Mediterranean octocoral
<p>Climate change is impacting ecosystems worldwide, and the Mediterranean Sea is no exception. Extreme climatic events, such as marine heat waves (MHWs), are increasing in frequency, extent, and intensity during the last decades, which has been associated with an increase in mass mortality events for multiple species. Coralligenous assemblages, where the octocoral <em>Paramuricea clavata</em> lives, are strongly affected by MHWs. The Medes Islands Marine Reserve (NW Mediterranean) was considered a climate refugia for <em>P. clavata</em>, as their populations were showing some resilience to these changing conditions. In this study, we assessed the impacts of the MHWs that occurred between 2016 and 2022 in seven shallow populations of the octocoral <em>P. clavata</em> from a Mediterranean Marine Protected Area. The years that the mortality rates increased significantly were associated with the ones with strong MHWs, 2022 being the one with higher mortalities. In 2022, with 50 MHW days, the proportion of total affected colonies was almost 70%, with a proportion of the injured surface of almost 40%, reaching levels never attained in our study site since the monitoring was started. We also found spatial variability between the monitored populations. Whereas few of them showed low levels of mortality, others lost around 75% of their biomass. The significant impacts documented here raise concerns about the future of shallow <em>P. clavata</em> populations across the Mediterranean, suggesting that the resilience of this species may not be maintained to sustain these populations face the ongoing warming trends.</p>
FIG. 96 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)
FIG. 96. — Projected great axes of the femoral condyles and head onto a X-Y plane perpendicular to the greatest axis of the femur: A, Dakosaurus maximus (Plieninger, 1846), SMNS 8203; B, 'Metriorhynchus' brachyrhynchus (Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1867), NHMUK PV R 3804; C, 'Metriorhynchus' brachyrhynchus, NHMUK PV R 4763; D, Suchodus durobrivensis Lydekker, 1890, NHMUK PV R 2618. Target indicates anterior. Arrow points anteriorly. Femora with anteversion will display similar orientations of the greatest axis of the distal condyles and the femoral head. Scale bars: A, B, 5 cm; C, D, 1 cm.
FIG. 95 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)
FIG. 95. — Projected great axes of the femoral condyles and head onto a X-Y plane perpendicular to the greatest axis of the femur: A, Charitomenosuchus leedsi (Andrews, 1909), NHMUK PV R 3806; B, Neosteneosaurus edwardsi (Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1868), NHMUK PV R 2076; C, Lemmysuchus obtusidens (Andrews, 1909), NHMUK PV R 3168; D, Machimosaurus sp., SMNS 81608. Target indicates anterior. Arrow points anteriorly. Femora with anteversion will display similar orientations of the greatest axis of the distal condyles and the femoral head. Scale bars: 5 cm.
FIG. 93 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)
FIG. 93. — Comparison of the adduction and abduction movements with similar femoral head orientation between Dyrosauridae, Metriorhynchoidea and Teleosauroidea in lateral and anterior views: A, Congosaurus bequaerti Dollo, 1914 (holotype); B, 'Metriorhynchus' brachyrhynchus (Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1867), NHMUK PV R 4763; C, Neosteneosaurus edwardsi (Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1868), NHMUK PV R 3701. Target indicates anterior. Arrow points anteriorly. Scale bars: 10 cm.
FIG. 99 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)
FIG. 99. — Comparison of hind fin shapes in three different clades of marine reptiles:A, Thalattosuchia; B, Ichthyosauria;C, Plesiosauria.
FIG. 92 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)
FIG. 92. — Comparative figures illustrating the dorsoventral compression Crocodyliformes femora using the unidirectional scaling tool in Blender (version 3.6.2). In the compressed femora, the distal condyles appear further squashed, not reoriented: 1, Mecistops cataphractus Cuvier, 1825, RBINS 18374; 2, Hyposaurus natator (Troxell, 1925), NJSM 23368; 3, Hyposaurus natator, YPM VP.000753;4: Congosaurus bequaerti Dollo, 1914, MRAC 1817; A, anterior view; B, posterior view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral view. Blue line represents main axis of femoral head; orange line indicates main axis of medial distal condyle; fuchsia line indicates main axis of lateral distal condyle. Target indicates anterior. Cross indicates posterior. Arrow points anteriorly. Scale bars: 5 cm.
FIG. 98 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)
FIG. 98. — Projected great axes of the femoral condyles and head onto a X-Y plane perpendicular to the greatest axis of the femur: A, Thalattosuchus superciliosus (Blainville in Eudes-Deslongchamps & Blainville, 1852), NHMUK PV R 1530; B, 'Thalattosuchus' superciliosus, GLAHM V1005; C, 'Thalattosuchus' superciliosus, GLAHM V960; D, Tyrannoneustes lythrodectikos Young, de Andrade, Brusatte, Sakamoto & Liston, 2012, GLAHM V1145. Target indicates anterior. Arrow points anteriorly. Femora with anteversion will display similar orientations of the greatest axis of the distal condyles and the femoral head. Scale bars: A, B, D, 5 cm; C, 1 cm.
FIG. 89 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)
FIG. 89. — Comparison of dyrosaurid and crocodylian pubes; the pubes are placed on a flat surface in either anterior or posterior view to illustrate their geometry: A, basal Dyrosauridae de Stefano, 1903; B, derived Dyrosauridae; C, Crocodylia Owen, 1842. For scale bars, see the other Figures in the article.
FIG. 85 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)
FIG. 85. — Comparison of the pelvic area among Thalattosuchia: A, Crocodylia; B, Dyrosauridae; C, Teleosauroidea; D, Metriorhynchoidea. Girdles in anterior view. For scale bars, see the other Figures in the article.
FIG. 87 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)
FIG. 87. — Comparison of thalattosuchian pubes; the pubes are placed on a flat surface in either anterior or posterior view to illustrate their geometry: A, Metriorhynchoidea Fitzinger, 1843; B, Metriorhynchinae Fitzinger, 1843; C, Rhacheosaurini Young, Bell & Brusatte, 2011; D, Geosaurinae Lydekker, 1889; E, Geosaurini Lydekker, 1889. For scale bars, see the other Figures in the article.
FIG. 86 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)
FIG. 86. — Comparison of crocodyliformes ischia: A, Dyrosauridae de Stefano, 1903; B, Teleosauroidea Geoffroy SaintHilaire, 1831; C, Metriorhynchoidea Fitzinger, 1843. Ischia are placed on a flat surface in either medial or lateral view. For scale bars, see the other Figures in the article.
FIG. 90 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)
FIG. 90. — Hypothetical generalized reconstruction of the pelvic girdle musculature of extinct crocodyliformes. Drawings based on: A, B, Thalattosuchus superciliosus (Blainville in Eudes-Deslongchamps & Blainville, 1852), NHMUK PV R 2054; C, D, Charitomenosuchus leedsi (Andrews, 1909), NHMUK PV R 3806; E, F, Dyrosaurus maghribensis Jouve, Iarochène, Bouya & Amaghzaz, 2006, OCP DEK-GE 252; A, Metriorhynchoidea in lateral view; B, Metriorhynchoidea in medial view; C, Teleosauroidea in lateral view; D, Teleosauroidea in medial view; E, Dyrosauridae in lateral view; F, Dyrosauridae in medial view. Muscle reconstructions based on the works of Romer (1923), Otero et al. (2010) and Allen et al. (2014). For scale bars, see the other Figures in the article.
FIG. 84 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)
FIG. 84. — Comparison of thalattosuchian and dyrosaurid sacral vertebra: A, Dyrosauridae de Stefano, 1903; B, Teleosauroidea Geoffroy SaintHilaire, 1831; C, Metriorhynchoidea Fitzinger, 1843. The sacrals are placed in either anterior or posterior view. The order of each vertebrae is indicated in each case: S1, first sacral; S2, second sacral. For scale bars, see the other Figures in the article.
FIG. 83 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)
FIG. 83. — Rhacheosaurus gracilis Von Meyer, 1831, NHMUK PV R 3948: A, entire skeleton; B, hindlimb detail; C, pubis detail. Note the skin impression as the darker tone surrounding the body. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 97 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)
FIG. 97. — Projected great axes of the femoral condyles and head onto a X-Y plane perpendicular to the greatest axis of the femur: A, Pelagosaurus typus Bronn, 1841, SMNS 52034; B, Thalattosuchus superciliosus (Blainville in Eudes-Deslongchamps & Blainville, 1852), NHMUK PV R 2032; C, Thalattosuchus superciliosus, NHMUK PV R 2054; D, Torvoneustes carpenteri (Wilkinson, Young & Benton, 2008), BRSMG Cd7203. Target indicates anterior. Arrow points anteriorly. Femora with anteversion will display similar orientations of the greatest axis of the distal condyles and the femoral head. Scale bars: A, 1 cm; B-D, 5 cm.
FIG. 91 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)
FIG. 91. — Pelvic girdle of Hyposaurus natator (Troxell, 1925), YPM VP.000753 and Thalattosuchus superciliosus (Blainville in Eudes-Deslongchamps & Blainville, 1852), NHMUK PV R 2054, showing the possible motion of the pubis. Yellow represents the resting stance; purple represents the maximum dorsal position. A, lateral view; B, anterior view; C, detail of the pubic peduncle. Target indicates anterior. Arrow points anteriorly. The left ilium, ischium and pubis of Hyposaurus natator are mirrored. The ischium of of Hyposaurus natator has been partially reconstructed. The right ilium, ischium and pubis of Thalattosuchus superciliosus are mirrored. Scale bars: 5 cm.
FIG. 80 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)
FIG. 80. — Phylogeny of Teleosauroidea (Part 3). Numbers highlight acquisition of morphologies based on our morphological observations. Color alternating for readability.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.