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Fig. 1. A in Late Cretaceous gastropod egg capsules from the Netherlands preserved by bioimmuration

Fig. 1. A. The internal mould (NHMM JJ 13778) of the volutid gastropod "Volutospina" sp. from the late Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of Maastricht, the Netherlands, with inferred egg capsules preserved by bioimmuration. Arrows drawn onto the specimen indicate the position of the preserved egg capsules. B. Close−up of the anterior area of the mould showing aggregated egg capsules. Scale bars: A 10 mm, B 5 mm.

Fig. 17 in Taxonomy and palaeobiogeography of the Cenozoic Euro-Mediterranean rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis and its relationship with close genera

Fig. 17. Distribution of European species of Galeodinopsis Sacco, 1895, based on material studied and that from the literature. Dark and light grey vertical segments roughly indicate the Late Paleogene Paris Basin and the southern part of the North Sea Basins, respectively; white segments represent the Mainzer Basin–Upper Rhine Graben (from Rögl 1999 and Rasser et al. 2008, modified). The horizontal black and dark grey segments approximate the Iberian Late Neogene and Aquitaine Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Atlantic domains, respectively; orange dots indicate the southernmost part of the Thule land-bridge joining England with continental Europe (from Vincent 1990, adapted and modified); green line indicates a hypothetical reconstruction of the Late Paleogene shoreline in the North Sea and Paris Basins, allowing communication (smaller red arrow) between the two areas from the Early Oligocene. The red line indicates part of the Central European shoreline (according to Rögl 1999) during very Early Neogene time, showing northwards shifting of the southern coasts of the North Sea Basin. The larger red arrow indicates the hypothesized connection to the Aquitaine Basin. 1, Upper Eocene/very early Oligocene, Latdorf Koenen 1867; Tembrock, 1964) and Magderburg (Müller 2011); 2, Oligocene, Rupelian, Söllingen (Speyer 1864; Koenen 1867); 3, Oligocene, Chattian, Sternberg (Wiechmann 1871; Anderson 1960); 4, Oligocene, Rupelian, Amsdorf (Gründel 1997); 5, Oligocene, Chattian, Freden (Anderson 1960); 6, Oligocene, Chattian, Ahnetal (Anderson 1960); 7, Oligocene, Chattian, Glimmerode; 8, Middle Oligocene, Magonza basin at Waldböckelheim (Sandberger 1863; Anderson 1960); 9, Oligocene, Chattian, Doberg (Wiechmann 1871); 10, Oligocene, Chattian, Krefeld (Wiechmann 1871), Rumeln (Anderson 1960), and Moers (Janssen 1978a); 11, Oligocene, early Rupelian, Klein-Spauwen (Nyst 1845); 12, Oligocene, Rupelian, Paris Basin (Deshayes 1864); 13, Middle Pliocene, Mondego (Landau et al. 2004); 14, Pliocene, Estepona (Landau et al. 2004); 15, Pliocene, Sidi Moussa (Cossmann 1921); 16, Pliocene, Altavilla and Trappeto (Garilli 2008); 17, Lower Pliocene, Magliano Sabina (Garilli 2008); 18, Lower Pliocene, Siena (Chirli 2006); 19, Mio-Pliocene, Modena, Parma, and Piacenza (Coppi 1876; Garilli 2008); 20, Lower to Upper Pliocene, Savona and Asti (Garilli, 2008).

Fig. 10 in Taxonomy and palaeobiogeography of the Cenozoic Euro-Mediterranean rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis and its relationship with close genera

Fig. 10. Rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis biangulata (Deshayes, 1864) from the Oligocene of the Paris Basin. A. Possible syntype specimen UCBL EM 31000, Deshayes collection, in profile view, resembling Deshayes' illustration (1866: pl. 24: 30). B. Original label of the same specimen. C. Specimen UCBL, EM 30996, Paris Basin collection from Jeures, in apertural view. D. Specimen UCBL, EM 30997, Deshayes collection, in profile view (D1); protoconch in profile view (D2), white arrows indicate the protoconch/teleoconch boundary; detail of protoconch showing trace of the netted sculpture on protoconch 1 (D3), white arrow indicates the protoconch 1/protoconch 2 boundary. E. Specimen UCBL, EM 30998, Deshayes collection, in apertural view, matching Deshayes' illustration (1866: pl. 24: 29) and resembling Manzonia areolifera sensu Cossmann (1921). F. Specimen UCBL, EM 30999, Deshayes collection, in apertural view. Scale bars: A, C, D1, E, F, 1 mm; D2, 100 μm; D3, 30 μm.

Fig. 16 in Taxonomy and palaeobiogeography of the Cenozoic Euro-Mediterranean rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis and its relationship with close genera

Fig. 16. Schematic trend of morphological variation/diversification and supposed lineages within Tertiary species of Galeodinopsis Sacco, 1895 and some Tertiary–Quaternary representatives of Manzonia Brusina, 1870, and synthetic view of the main features of species/group of species. Gray circles indicate stable taxonomic characters; black circles indicate novel characters. The image of Manzonia foraminata is modified from Lozouet (1998).

Fig. 14 in Taxonomy and palaeobiogeography of the Cenozoic Euro-Mediterranean rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis and its relationship with close genera

Fig. 14. Rissoid gastropods Galeodinopsis tiberiana (Coppi, 1876) (A–C, F, G) and G. cf. tiberiana (D, E), from the Neogene of the Mediterranean area. Altavilla Milicia, Palermo, NW Sicily, Late Zanclean–early Late Piacenzian, Pliocene (A, D, E); Stirone River, San Nicomede, Parma, N Italy, Pliocene (B); Rio Grizzaga sands, Gagliardella, Fogliano, Maranello, Modena, N Italy, Piacenzian, Pliocene (C, F, G). A. Specimen ex AR, MZPD Mal 2032, in apertural view, showing the typical G. tiberiana-morph. B. Specimen ex MF, MZPD Mal 2034 in profile view, showing the sinuous outer lip curved backwards in the lower part. C. Specimen ex MF, MZPD Mal 2035d, in apertural view, showing more axial and spiral elements. D. Specimen ex AR, MZPD Mal 2033a, in apertural (D 1), profile (D 2), and dorsal (D 3) views, somewhat transitional between specimen as in C and galeodiniform specimens as in E and in Fig. 15; protoconch in profile view (D 4). E. Galeodiniform specimen ex AR, MZPD Mal 2033b, in apertural (E 1) and profile (E 2) views, tentatively assigned to G. tiberiana. F. Specimen ex MF, MZPD Mal 2035e, showing detail of teleoconch sculpture with marked axial ribs. G. Specimen ex MF, MZPD Mal 2035f, showing protoconch in profile view. Black and white arrows indicate the protoconch 1/protoconch 2 and protoconch/teleoconch boundaries, respectively. Scale bars: A–C, D –D , E, 1 mm; D , F, G, 100 μm.

Fig. 12. A–I in Taxonomy and palaeobiogeography of the Cenozoic Euro-Mediterranean rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis and its relationship with close genera

Fig. 12. A–I. Rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis semperi (Wiechmann, 1871), the type specimen IRSNB 3956 (Nyst coll.) of synonymous Rissoa duboisii Nyst, 1845, Tg2b layer of Klein-Spauwen, Belgium, Late Tongrian. Specimen in apertural (A), profile (B), and dorsal (C) views; early teleoconch whorls (D); protoconch in profile view (E), black arrows indicate the protoconch/teleoconch boundary; subapertural view (F); detail of protoconch 1 showing trace of the netted sculpture (G); detail of teleoconch sculpture (H); microsculpture on spiral cord (I). J. Original label in Nyst's handwriting with the citation of "type" and references to the original description and illustration in Nyst, 1845. Scale bars: A–C, 1 mm; D 200 μm; E, F, H, 100 μm; G, 50 μm; I, 30 μm.

Fig. 7 in Taxonomy and palaeobiogeography of the Cenozoic Euro-Mediterranean rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis and its relationship with close genera

Fig. 7. Rissoid gastropods Alvania areolifera (Sandberger, 1863) (A, B) and Alvania punctura (Montagu, 1803), type species of Arsenia Monterosato, 1891 (C–E). A. Specimen MNHU MB.Ga.7749.1, Waldböckelheim, Rheinland-Pfalz, W Germany, Rupelian, Oligocene, in apertural view. B. Specimen MNHU MB.Ga.7749.2, same site as in A, in dorsal view. C. Slender specimen ex VG, MZB 49971, Recent, station CS'96/54, 135 m deep, Graham Bank, Strait of Sicily, in dorsal view (C 1), protoconch (C 2), sculpture of protoconch 1 (C 3), detail of teleoconch microsculpture (C 4). D. Specimen ex VG, MZPD Mal 2044a, Sicilian, Early Pleistocene, Acqua dei Corsari, Ficarazzi, Palermo, NW Sicily, in apertural view. E. Specimen ex VG, MZPD Mal 2044b, with inflated last whorl, same site as in D, in dorsal view. Scale bars: A, B, C , D, 1 mm; E, 500 μm; C , 100 μm; C , C , 25 μm.

Fig. 5 in Taxonomy and palaeobiogeography of the Cenozoic Euro-Mediterranean rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis and its relationship with close genera

Fig. 5. Teleoconch microsculpture in the type species of rissoid gastropods Alvinia Monterosato, 1884 and Flemellia Nordsieck, 1972. A. Alvinia zetlandica Montagu, 1815), type species of Flemellia, ex MF, MZPD Mal 2046a (same specimen as in Fig. 4C), Calabrian, Early Pleistocene of Lazzaro, Vallone Catrica, Reggio Calabria, S Italy, showing closely spaced spiral threads on shell surface at different magnifications. B. Alvinia weinkauffi (Weinkauff, 1868 ex Schwartz von Mohrenstern ms), type species of Alvinia, ex VG, MZPD Mal 2048 (same specimen as in Fig. 4B), Recent, infralittoral bottom (37 m deep) off Formica Island, W Sicily, showing narrow spiral threads on shell surface at different magnifications. Scale bars: A , B , 50 μm; A , B , 10 μm.

Fig. 4 in Taxonomy and palaeobiogeography of the Cenozoic Euro-Mediterranean rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis and its relationship with close genera

Fig. 4. Rissoid gastropod Alvinia weinkauffi (Weinkauff, 1868 ex Schwartz von Mohrenstern ms), type species of Alvinia Monterosato, 1884, matching Weinkauff's illustration (1885: pl. 21: 14, 15), and Alvinia zetlandica (Montagu, 1815), type species of Flemellia Nordsieck, 1972. A, B. Alvinia weinkauffi. A. Specimen ex VG, MZPD Mal 2047, Recent, infralittoral bottom off Capo Gallo, Palermo NW Sicily, in apertural (A 1) and profile (A 2) views. B. Specimen ex VG, MZPD Mal 2048, Recent, infralittoral bottom (37 m deep) off Formica Island, W Sicily, in dorsal view (B 1), protoconch in dorsal view (B 2), and close-up of sculpture (B 3). C, D. Alvinia zetlandica, Calabrian, Early Pleistocene, Lazzaro, Vallone Catrica, Reggio Calabria, S Italy. C.Specimen ex MF, MZPD Mal 2046a, in apertural (C 1) and profile (C 2) views, protoconch in dorsal view (C 4) and close-up showing the netted sculpture of protoconch 1 (C 3). D. Specimen ex MF, MZPD Mal 2046b, in dorsal view. White arrows indicate protoconch/teleoconch demarcation. Scale bars: A, B 1, C 1, C 2, D, 1 mm; B , 150 μm; B , 75 μm; C , C , 30 μm.

Fig. 2 in Taxonomy and palaeobiogeography of the Cenozoic Euro-Mediterranean rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis and its relationship with close genera

Fig. 2. Rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis tiberiana (Coppi, 1876), type species of Galeodinopsis Sacco, 1895 from Rio Grizzaga sands, Gagliardella, Fogliano, Maranello, Modena, N Italy, type locality, Piacenzian, Pliocene. A. Specimen ex MF, MZPD Mal 2035a, in apertural view. B. Specimen ex MF, MZPD Mal 2035b, in dorsal view. C. Specimen ex MF, MZPD Mal 2035c showing typical Manzonia-like teleoconch microsculpture (C 1) and detail of protoconch 1 with netted sculpture (C 2). Black arrows indicate the protoconch 1/protoconch 2 boundary. Scale bars: A, B, 1 mm; C, 20 μm.

Fig. 1 in Taxonomy and palaeobiogeography of the Cenozoic Euro-Mediterranean rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis and its relationship with close genera

Fig. 1. Location of the study sites in the Euro-Mediterranean area. Open circles, studied from bibliographic sources; shaded circles, studied from museum/private collections.

Fig 6 in A new family of giant Jurassic-Cretaceous littorinoid gastropods from the northern Tethys shelf

Fig 6. Natural internal cast of the umbilical cavity of Leviathania gigantea (Makowsky, 1874) from Ernstbrunn (Austria); NHMW2012/0121/0001.

Fig. 4 in A new family of giant Jurassic-Cretaceous littorinoid gastropods from the northern Tethys shelf

Fig. 4. Littorinoid gastropod Leviathania gigantea (Makowsky, 1874) from the Tithonian of Dörfles in LowerAustria. A. Specimen NHMW2011/0347/0003, showing the natural cast of the umbilical cavity with the scaly surface of the growth increments (A1). Silicone casts of the cavities, which remained from dissolution of the original shell in different views (A2–A4). View into the original umbilical cavity (A2), note the prominent swelling on the columellar wall which corresponds to the umbilical concavity. Lateral view on the columella with central swelling and narrow fold directly below the upper suture (A3). Apical view showing the umbilical cavity (A4). B. Specimen NHMW2011/0347/0001, apical view of the neotype. C. Specimen NHMW2011/0347/0004, silicone cast of the surface of the spire in apical (C1) and lateral (C2, C3) views; the growth line is indicated by a black line in C2.

Fig. 5 in A new family of giant Jurassic-Cretaceous littorinoid gastropods from the northern Tethys shelf

Fig. 5. Cross-sections of three species of Leviathaniidae. A. Leviathania subnodosa (Roemer, 1836) from the Kimmeridgian of Tönjesberg at Hannover in Germany, NHMW1861/0036/0107. B. Leviathania gigantea (Makowsky, 1874) from the Tithonian of Dörfles in Lower Austria, NHMW2011/0347/0005. C. Leviathania sautieri (Coquand, 1856) from the Valanginian of Mont Salève, Haute-Savoie, France, MHNG GEPI 78423; note that the shell borders are highlighted by line drawings.

Fig. 2 in A new family of giant Jurassic-Cretaceous littorinoid gastropods from the northern Tethys shelf

Fig. 2. Schematic stratigraphic positions of the strata yielding species of Leviathania discussed in the text. Please note that lower and upper limits of most of these strata are tentative.

Fig. 1 in A new family of giant Jurassic-Cretaceous littorinoid gastropods from the northern Tethys shelf

Fig. 1. Geographical overview of Europe. The type locality (circle with black dot) and occurrences (circles) of Leviathania gigantea (Makowsky, 1874) and the occurrences of Leviathania spp. (squares) are indicated. African occurrences need verification (?).

Fig. 2 in Miocene abyssochrysoid gastropod Provanna from Japanese seep and whale-fall sites

Fig. 2. Abyssochrysoid gastropod Provanna hirokoae sp. nov., uppermost Middle Miocene Ogaya Formation (locality 3), Japan. A. Holotype, JUE 15901; apertural (A 1), adapertural (A 2), and apical (A 3) views. B. Paratype, JUE 15902-1; adapertural (B 1), oblique adapertural (B 2), and apical (B 3) views. C. Paratype, JUE 15902-2, apertural view. D. Paratype, JUE 15902-3; adapertural (D 1) and apical (D 2) views. E. Paratype, JUE 15902-4; apertural (E 1), adapertural (E ), and apical (E ) views.

Fig. 1 in Miocene abyssochrysoid gastropod Provanna from Japanese seep and whale-fall sites

Fig. 1. Localities of Miocene Provanna in Japan. 1, Shosanbetsu whale-fall site; 2, Rekifune whale-fall site; 3, Kuroiwa hydrocarbon seep site.

Fig. 4 in Miocene abyssochrysoid gastropod Provanna from Japanese seep and whale-fall sites

Fig. 4. Abyssochrysoid gastropod Provanna sp., Middle Miocene Nupinai Formation (locality 2). Silicone rubber moulds coated with ammonium chloride. A. JUE 15846-1, apertural view. B. JUE 15846-2, adapertural oblique view.

Fig. 3 in Miocene abyssochrysoid gastropod Provanna from Japanese seep and whale-fall sites

Fig. 3. Abyssochrysoid gastropod Provanna alexi sp. nov., lower Middle Miocene Chikubetsu Formation (locality 1), Japan. A. Holotype, JUE 15904; apertural (A1), adapertural (A2), oblique adapertural (A3), and apical (A4) views. B. Paratype, JUE 15905-1; apertural (B1), oblique adapertural (B2), adapertural (B3), and apical (B4) views. C. Paratype, JUE 15905-2; apertural (C1) and apical (C2) views. D. Paratype, JUE 15905-3; apertural (D1) and apical D2) views.