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opennotspecifiedMar 2016View details →

Figure 3 in Chemistry supports the identification of gender-specific reproductive tissue in Tyrannosaurus rex

Figure 3. Alcian blue histochemical stain capitalizes on the differential presence of sulfated glycosaminoglycans found in MB vs CB. Low (A) and high (B) magnification of demineralized, sectioned bone from a laying hen femur show MB (black arrows), forming along the borders of CB. Alcian blue stains MB intensely, but only lightly stains CB and TB, reflecting the differences in matrix composition. MB is shown to form around ovate vacancies that may represent vessels (red arrowheads). MB is sometimes found as islands within spicules of TB or CB (yellow arrows), possibly representing centripetal infilling of pre-existing vessel channels or erosion rooms with forming MB. Ostrich (C), shown at a lower magnification to encompass internal-most cortical bone and developing spicules of MB. The developmental pattern differs from that of chicken, reflecting macroscopic differences seen in hand sample, where MB and CB are not distinct, but more gradational in nature. Forming MB (black arrows) can be seen lining secondary osteons (leftmost black arrow), and as pockets of bone within pre-existing cortical bone (yellow arrows). Ovate open spaces within completely formed MB spicules are also seen (red arrowheads). Low (D) and high (E) magnifications of demineralized and sectioned T. rex CB show fibrous matrix that is lightly stained. Dinosaur MB in low (F), and high (G) magnifications show much more intense staining (black arrows). Matrix is fibrous, but is penetrated by ovate forms within deeply staining bone (F, red arrows). White spaces in F are sectioning artifact, where tissue and embedding material have pulled away from bone. Scale bars as indicated.

opennotspecifiedMar 2016View details →

Figure 2 in Chemistry supports the identification of gender-specific reproductive tissue in Tyrannosaurus rex

Figure 2. Computed tomographic imaging of MOR 1125 femur bone fragment showing morphological differentiation between MB and CB. (A–D) volumetric renderings and (E–G) cross sections. (A,B) High density cortical bone rendered transparent to visually isolate lower density medullary bone. (E) Density shown as spectrum from high (black) to low (white). Fragment is (C,D,G) color and (F) heat mapped. Color mapping key: (C,D,G) medullary bone (orange/red) and cortical bone (beige/yellow); heat mapping key (F): highest density (red) lowest density (blue). Sample shown in (A,C,E–G) cross sectional and (B,D) medial views.

opennotspecifiedDec 2005View details →

Fig. 2 in Gender-Specific Reproductive Tissue in Ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex

Fig. 2. Dinosaur and ratite comparative views. (A) Freshly broken fragment of MOR 1125 shows laminar ELB separating CB and MB. Bone tissues decrease in density internal to the ELB, because of increased vascularity. (B) Emu tibia, midshaft section. Erosion rooms extending into ELB are secondarily filled by MB. (C) Ostrich bone, mid shaft. MB is distinct from CB, but no obvious ELB is visible and several large vascular sinuses are seen. (D) Higher magnification of MB region of MOR 1125, showing increased porosity and more random orientation of MB than CB or ELB. (E) Emu, stained (14) to distinguish bone from infiltrating marrow fat. MB is more vascular than overlying CB and exhibits a random, whorled pattern. (F) Ostrich MB, showing relationship of bony spicules to invading blood sinuses, colored red from remnant blood. (G) Ground section of MOR 1125. Dense cortical Haversian bone shows second- and third-generation remodeling. ELB separates Haversian bone from more vascular MB. (H) Similar orientation of emu femur shows dense CB, distinct ELB, and a thin layer of MB. (I) Ostrich MB appears more laminar than in (C) or (F) because of the longitudinal orientation of tubelike medullary spicules.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2020View details →

English 3450: Introduction to Old English. Inflectional Paradigms, Cases, Gender, and Agreement (Week 4 lecture). Video

Lecture for Week 4 introducing inflectional paradigms, cases, and agreement in Old English

openmit-licenseOct 2020View details →

WinoST: Evaluating Gender Bias in Speech Translation

WinoST is a challenge set for evaluating gender bias in speech translation. WinoST is the speech version of WinoMT (Stanovsky et al., 2019) which is an MT challenge set and both follow an evaluation protocol to measure gender accuracy. WinoST consists of 3888 speech audios in English plus a text file with the the text of these audios. For further details, please refer to the publication entitled "Evaluating Gender Bias in Speech Translation" (Costa-jussà et al., 2020). Also cite this publication if using this corpus.

opencc-zeroOct 2020View details →

Data from: Gender diversity of editorial boards and gender differences in the peer review process at six journals of ecology and evolution.

Despite substantial progress for women in science, women remain underrepresented in many aspects of the scholarly publication process. We examined how the gender diversity of editors and reviewers changed over time for six journals in ecology and evolution (2003-2015 for four journals, 2007-2015 or 2009-2015 for the other two), and how several aspects of the peer review process differed between female and male editors and reviewers. We found that, for five of the six journals, women were either absent or very poorly represented as handling editors at the beginning of our dataset. The representation of women among handling editors increased gradually and consistently, with women making up 29% of the handling editors (averaged across journals) in 2015, similar to the representation of women as last authors on ecology papers (23% in 2015) but lower than the proportion of women among all authors (31%) and among members of the societies that own the journals (37-40%). The proportion of women among reviewers has also gradually but consistently increased over time, reaching 27% by 2015. Female editors invited more female reviewers than did male editors, and this difference increased with age of the editor. Men and women who were invited to review did not differ in whether they responded to the review invitation, but, of those that responded, women were slightly more likely to agree to review. In contrast, women were less likely than men to accept invitations to serve on journal editorial boards. Our analyses indicate that there has been progress in the representation of women as reviewers and editors in ecology and evolutionary biology, but women are still underrepresented among the gatekeepers of scholarly publishing relative to their representation among researchers.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Intestinal microbiota is influenced by gender and body mass index

Intestinal microbiota changes are associated with the development of obesity. However, studies in humans have generated conflicting results due to high inter-individual heterogeneity in terms of diet, age, and hormonal factors, and the largely unexplored influence of gender. In this work, we aimed to identify differential gut microbiota signatures associated with obesity, as a function of gender and changes in body mass index (BMI). Differences in the bacterial community structure were analyzed by 16S sequencing in 39 men and 36 post-menopausal women, who had similar dietary background, matched by age and stratified according to the BMI. We observed that the abundance of the Bacteroides genus was lower in men than in women (P<0.001, Q = 0.002) when BMI was > 33. In fact, the abundance of this genus decreased in men with an increase in BMI (P<0.001, Q<0.001). However, in women, it remained unchanged within the different ranges of BMI. We observed a higher presence of Veillonella (84.6% vs. 47.2%; X2 test P = 0.001, Q = 0.019) and Methanobrevibacter genera (84.6% vs. 47.2%; X2 test P = 0.002, Q = 0.026) in fecal samples in men compared to women. We also observed that the abundance of Bilophila was lower in men compared to women regardless of BMI (P = 0.002, Q = 0.041). Additionally, after correcting for age and sex, 66 bacterial taxa at the genus level were found to be associated with BMI and plasma lipids. Microbiota explained at P = 0.001, 31.17% variation in BMI, 29.04% in triglycerides, 33.70% in high-density lipoproteins, 46.86% in low-density lipoproteins, and 28.55% in total cholesterol. Our results suggest that gut microbiota may differ between men and women, and that these differences may be influenced by the grade of obesity. The divergence in gut microbiota observed between men and women might have a dominant role in the definition of gender differences in the prevalence of metabolic and intestinal inflammatory diseases.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Dominance, gender, and season influence food patch use in a group-living, solitary foraging canid

In patchy environments, foragers adopt different strategies to acquire resources depending on their internal state and external physical and social environment: this has important fitness consequences. Linking individual variation in patch use to tangible characteristics is key to understand many higher-level ecological processes. We studied patch use by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the city of Bristol, UK. We placed camera traps in gardens where householders provisioned foxes (patches) to investigate whether 1) foxes discriminated between patches based on food availability, quantified as provisioning frequency (predictability) and the energy value of provisioned food; and 2) individual patch use varied with dominance, gender, and season. Increased frequency of provisioning encouraged more foxes to visit and to stay longer in patches. All foxes visited the most predictable patches first each day, but females were more selective and generally more efficient foragers than males. Females increased foraging effort during cub rearing, whereas males reduced patch use in the dispersal and mating season. Dominants and subordinates shared patches spatiotemporally, possibly facilitated by relatedness and familiarity between group members. However, dominants visited more food patches on their territory, spent more time in predictable patches and fed earlier than subordinates. Subordinates may compensate for competition by visiting patches of lower quality or outside their territory, which is inefficient and risky. Our results demonstrate gender differences in behavioral motivation, show how subordinates forego foraging efficiency to mitigate intra-group competition and reveal how human provisioning influences fox space use in urban areas.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Does sex matter? Gender-specific responses to forest fragmentation in Neotropical bats

Understanding the consequences of habitat modification on wildlife communities is central to the development of conservation strategies. However, albeit male and female individuals of numerous species are known to exhibit differences in habitat use, sex-specific responses to habitat modification remain little explored. Here, we used a landscape-scale fragmentation experiment to assess, separately for males and females, the effects of fragmentation on the abundance of Carollia perspicillata and Rhinophylla pumilio, two widespread Neotropical frugivorous bats. We predicted that sex-specific responses would arise from higher energetic requirements from pregnancy and lactation in females. Analyses were conducted independently for each season, and we further investigated the joint responses to local and landscape-scale metrics of habitat quality, composition, and configuration. Although males and females responded similarly to a fragmentation gradient composed by continuous forest, fragment interiors, edges, and matrix habitats, we found marked differences between sexes in habitat use for at least one of the seasons. Whereas the sex ratio varied little in continuous forest and fragment interiors, females were found to be more abundant than males in edge and matrix habitats. This difference was more prominent in the dry season, the reproductive season of both species. For both species, abundance responses to local- and landscape-scale predictors differed between sexes and again, differences were more pronounced in the dry season. The results suggest considerable sex-mediated responses to forest disruption and degradation in tropical bats and complement our understanding of the impacts of fragmentation on tropical forest vertebrate communities.

opencc-by-sa-4.0Aug 2013View details →

Dataset for "Gender, Age and Peer Reviewed Articles"

Compacts unanalyzed results used for "Gender, Age and Peer Reviewed Articles", compiled from the initial Access data file. Author and article identification numbers have been omitted.

opencc-zeroSep 2015View details →

Suicidal Ideation among Sexual and Gender Minorities in Nepal

The data set constitutes an extract from the fourth round of the integrated biological and behavioral surveillance surveys among MSM and TG in Nepal.

opennotspecifiedDec 2017View details →

FIGURE 8 in Description of the male of Phoebe ornator (Tippmann, 1960) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Hemilophini), analysis of the species biogeography, and first observation of chromatic gender dimorphism in Hemilophini

FIGURE 8. Potential distribution of Phoebe ornator (Tippmann, 1960) according to MaxEnt. The circles correspond to the totality of the locality data entry used to generate the model. The colour scale indicates the similarity between known and predicted habitats, red and orange represents areas with the highest probability of habitat suitability, beige typical conditions, and blue tones show low probabilities of habitat suitability.

opennotspecifiedDec 2017View details →

FIGURE 7 in Description of the male of Phoebe ornator (Tippmann, 1960) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Hemilophini), analysis of the species biogeography, and first observation of chromatic gender dimorphism in Hemilophini

FIGURE 7. Ecoregion distribution of Phoebe ornator (Tippmann, 1960) according to the biogeographic regionalization by Olson et al. (2001).

opennotspecifiedDec 2017View details →

FIGURES 1–3 in Description of the male of Phoebe ornator (Tippmann, 1960) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Hemilophini), analysis of the species biogeography, and first observation of chromatic gender dimorphism in Hemilophini

FIGURES 1–3 Phoebe ornator (Tippmann, 1960), dorsal (a) and lateral (b) habitus of males. 4–6, idem, females; 1, Brazil, Goiás, Campinas (MZSP); 2, Goiás, Vianópolis (MZSP); 3, Salinas, Tarija department, Bolivia (MZSP); 4, Goiás, Campinas (MZSP); 5, Caranavi, La Paz department, Bolivia (MZSP); 6, Potrerillo del Guenda, Santa Cruz department, Bolivia (ACMT).

Fig. 5 in Sexual Characteristics in a Midwestern USA Population of Cotinis nitida Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Consequences for Determining Gender

Fig. 5. Primary sexual characteristics of Cotinis nitida. A. Partially everted vulva in sacrificed and fixed female. The arrows show two coxites. B. Two coxites (arrows) visible in situ in sacrificed and fixed female. C. Anal opening of a living female green June beetle inspected for presence of coxites (indicated with arrows). D. Penis of sacrificed and fixed male. The arrow indicates spiculum gastrale. The asterisks identify the lateral lobes. E. The spiculum gastrale (arrow) and the lateral lobes (asterisks) are visible in situ in sacrificed and fixed male. F. Anal opening of a living male being inspected for presence of spiculum gastrale (arrow) and absence of vertical coxites.

Fig. 4 in Sexual Characteristics in a Midwestern USA Population of Cotinis nitida Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Consequences for Determining Gender

Fig. 4. Pubescence of the last abdominal sternite in Missourian Cotinis nitida. A. Typical female pattern of pubescence with hairs on the medial part of the sternite. B. Typical male pattern of pubescence with the medial part of the sternite smooth and hairless. C, D. Non-typical patterns of pubescence in the female. Absence of hairs on the medial part of the sternite resembles male secondary sex characteristics.

Fig. 2 in Sexual Characteristics in a Midwestern USA Population of Cotinis nitida Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Consequences for Determining Gender

Fig. 2. Scatter diagrams of relative lengths of anterior tibiae to anterior tarsi in two sexes of Missourian population of Cotinis nitida. A. females. B. males. n 5 100 for each sex.

Fig. 3 in Sexual Characteristics in a Midwestern USA Population of Cotinis nitida Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Consequences for Determining Gender

Fig. 3. Anterior tibiae of Cotinis nitida. A. Typical female anterior tibia with three distinct teeth as reported by Goodrich (1963) for northeastern US green June beetle populations. B. Female anterior tibia of Missourian population showing three distinct teeth. C. Female anterior tibia of Missourian population with the basal tooth reduced. D. Female anterior tibia of Missourian population with basal tooth worn down and showing only two distal teeth. E. Typical male anterior tibia with two distinct distal teeth, and less evident basal tooth, as reported by Goodrich (1963) for northeastern US populations. F. Male anterior tibia of Missourian population showing two distinct teeth. G. Male anterior tibia of Missourian population with prominent basal tooth. H. Male anterior tibia of Missourian population without basal tooth.

Fig. 1 in Sexual Characteristics in a Midwestern USA Population of Cotinis nitida Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Consequences for Determining Gender

Fig. 1. Length of clypeal horn in Cotinis nitida. A. The outline of a typical male clypeal horn and how its length was measured (arrows). B. Distributions of the lengths of clypeal horn in Missourian green June beetles: the values for males and those for females overlap.