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FIGURE 2 in Assessing extinction risk from geographic distribution data in Neotropical freshwater fishes

FIGURE 2 | Extinction risks in 3,001 Neotropical freshwater fishes (NFF). On average, 14% (422 of 3,001) NFF species are classified by the IUCN Red List (RL) as Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN) or Critically Endangered (CR). Extinction risks are relatively similar among the orders Characiformes (8.2%), Siluriformes (10.8%), Cichliformes (10.0%), and Gymnotiformes (14.9%). An exception is the clade Cyprinodontiformes, where about 48% of species are classified as either VU, EN, or CR. LC or NT: Least Concern or Near Threatened; DD: Data Deficient.

FIGURE 4 in Assessing extinction risk from geographic distribution data in Neotropical freshwater fishes

FIGURE 4 | Collection points for 442 threatened Neotropical freshwater fishes (NFF). Threatened NFF species classified by the IUCN Red List (RL) are often distributed in the upland rivers of the Brazilian Shield and the Colombian Andes, and coastal Atlantic and Caribbean drainages. CR: Critically Endangered; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; DD: Data Deficient. Data for 4,412 localities with geographic coordinates.

FIGURE 3 in Assessing extinction risk from geographic distribution data in Neotropical freshwater fishes

FIGURE 3 | Association among three variables and extinction risks in 3,001 Neotropical freshwater fishes (NFF). A. IUCN-Red List (RL) threat categories by species description dates. B. Species description dates by taxonomic orders. C. IUCN-RL categories by geographic ranges. D. Geographic ranges by taxonomic orders. E. IUCN-RL categories by elevation ranges. F. Elevational ranges by taxonomic orders. Threatened status are usually higher for recently described NFF species, those inhabiting narrow geographic ranges, and those confined to upland river drainages. CR: Critically Endangered; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; DD: Data Deficient.

FIGURE 1 in Assessing extinction risk from geographic distribution data in Neotropical freshwater fishes

FIGURE 1 | Sample of the phenotypic diversity of Neotropical freshwater fishes. Upper left to lower right: Lycengraulis grossidens (Spix & Agassiz, 1829); Hyphessobrycon hexastichos Bertaco & Carvalho, 2005; Geophagus neambi Lucinda, Lucena & Assis, 2010; Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, 1840; Trachelyopterus galeatus (Linnaeus, 1766); Anablepsoides xinguensis (Costa, 2010); Abramites hypselonotus (Günther 1868); Pituna xinguensis Costa & Nielsen, 2007; Gymnotus cuia Craig, Malabarba, Crampton & Albert, 2018; Apteronotus caudimaculosus de Santana, 2003; Colomesus tocantinensis Amaral, Brito, Silva & Carvalho, 2013; Corydoras britskii (Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983). Species not shown in scale.

FIGURE 16. 1 in Upper Jurassic sauropod record in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal): Geographical and lithostratigraphical distribution

FIGURE 16. 1, Geological map of Arruda Sub-basin (modified Zbyszewski and Torre de Assunção, 1965; Zbyszewski et al., 1966) with the localities yielding fossil remains referred to Sauropoda. 2, Simplified stratigraphy of the Kimmeridgian-Tithonian sequence for Arruda Sub-basin based on Kullberg et al. (2006) with the stratigraphic distribution of the main sauropod clades identified in this area. Crn – Chronostratigraphy.

FIGURE 15 in Upper Jurassic sauropod record in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal): Geographical and lithostratigraphical distribution

FIGURE 15. Cranial and postcranial sauropod remains from sediments of the Sobral Fm. and Bombarral Fm. of the coastal sector of Praia da Consolação-Lourinhã-Torres Vedras: 1-2,?Macronaria indet., spatulate tooth (SHN 122, Peralta) in labial (1) and lingual (2) views; 3-6, Macronaria indet., compressed cone-chisel-shaped teeth (SHN 550 and 551, Peralta) in labial (3, 5) and lingual (4, 6) views; 7, Sauropoda indet., left dorsal transverse process (MG 8809, Atalaia) in dorsal view; 8, Eusauropoda indet., anterior caudal vertebra (MNHNUL.P.R27) in posterior view (Praia da Areia Branca); 9-14, lectotype material of Lusotitan atalaiensis (Peralta), anterior caudal vertebra MG 4985- 2 (11) and MG 4985-4 (9) in posterior view, left astragalus (MG 4803) in posterior view (10), right humerus (MG 4989) in anterior view (12), right radius (MG 4958) in anterior view (13), right tibia (MG 4981) in posterior view (14); 15, Titanosauriformes indet., a proximal end of left femur (MG 4986, Praia da Areia Branca) in anterior view; 16-19, Eusauropoda indet., partial tail (GeoFCUL(AB), Areia Branca), middle chevron in posterior view (16), middle caudal vertebra GeoFCUL(AB) 22 in anterior view (17), GeoFCUL(AB) 21 in left view (18), GeoFCUL(AB) 20 in posterior view (19). Black scale bar: 10 cm; Grey scale bar: 1 cm. See Anatomical abbreviations for abbreviations.

FIGURE 20 in Upper Jurassic sauropod record in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal): Geographical and lithostratigraphical distribution

FIGURE 20. Dorsal vertebrae in the field of a partial skeleton (SHN 531) collected in Casal da Costa (Cambelas) in 2003, and correspond to a member of Camarasauridae clade.

FIGURE 7 in Upper Jurassic sauropod record in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal): Geographical and lithostratigraphical distribution

FIGURE 7. Cranial and postcranial sauropod remains from the coastal sector from Foz do Arelho to Nazaré: 1-3, Eusauropod material (MMPM.P/551) found near the São Martinho do Porto locality, middle caudal vertebra in anterior (1) and right (2) views and a partial anterior or middle chevron in posterior view (3); 4-5,?Turiasauria indet., heart-shaped tooth (MG 4832, São Martinho do Porto) in lingual (4) and labial (5) views; 6-7,?Turiasauria indet., heart-shaped tooth (SHN 501, Praia da Gralha) in labial (6) and lingual (7) views; 8, Eusauropoda indet., anterior dorsal neural spine (MG 4920, Foz do Arelho) in anterior view; 9-10,? Macronaria indet., spatulate tooth (SHN 517, Foz do Arelho) in lingual (9) and labial (10) views; 11-13,?Turiasauria indet., heart-shaped tooth (SHN 508, Serra do Bouro) in lingual (11), labial (12) and distal (13) views; 14-15,?Turiasauria indet., heart-shaped tooth (SHN 512, Foz do Arelho) in lingual (14) and labial (15) views; 16-17,?Turiasauria indet., heart-shaped tooth (SHN (JJS) 146, Salir do Porto) in lingual (16) and labial (17) views; 18, Sauropoda indet., middle caudal vertebra (SHN 537, Salir do Porto) in left view. Black scale bar: 5 cm; Grey scale bar: 0.5 cm. See Anatomical abbreviations for abbreviations.

FIGURE 10. 1 in Upper Jurassic sauropod record in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal): Geographical and lithostratigraphical distribution

FIGURE 10. 1, Geological map of the Peniche area (located on the Bombarral Sub-basin, and considered part of the Consolação Sub-basin following Taylor et al., 2014) (modified from Camarate França et al., 1960; Zbyszewski and Moitinho de Almeida, 1960; Azerêdo et al., 2010) with the localities yielding fossil remains referred to Sauropoda. 2, Simplified stratigraphy of the Kimmeridgian-Tithonian sequence for the Peniche area based on Manuppella et al. (1999, first column) and Hill (1988, second column) with the stratigraphic distribution of the main sauropod clades identified in this area. 3) Sediments of the Bombarral Formation in the Almagreira Cliffs. Crn – Chronostratigraphy; *the presence of Turiasauria is only supported by the presence of heart-shaped teeth.

FIGURE 9 in Upper Jurassic sauropod record in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal): Geographical and lithostratigraphical distribution

FIGURE 9. Cranial and postcranial sauropod remains from the Alcobaça, Bombarral and A-dos-Cunhados region: 1- 2, Eusauropoda indet., left astragalus (MMPM.P/75, Imaginário) in proximal (1) and posterior (2) views; 3-4, Diplodocinae indet., middle caudal vertebra (MG 4819, São Gregório da Fanadia) in right (3) and ventral (4) views; 5, Sauropoda indet., anterior caudal vertebra (MG 4804, Salir de Matos) in right view; 6-7,?Turiasauria indet., heartshaped tooth (MG 277, Fervença) in labial (6) and lingual (7) views; 8, Diplodocinae indet., middle or posterior dorsal vertebra (ML 418, Moita dos Ferreiros) in posterior view. Black scale bar: 10 cm; Grey scale bar: 0.5cm. See Anatomical abbreviations for abbreviations.

FIGURE 4. 1 in Upper Jurassic sauropod record in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal): Geographical and lithostratigraphical distribution

FIGURE 4. 1, Simplified stratigraphy of the Kimmeridgian-Tithonian sequence in the Pombal, Leiria, and Batalha areas (located on the Bombarral Sub-basin) (Manuppella et al., 2000; Kullberg et al., 2006; Escaso et al., 2007a; Malafaia et al., 2010a) with distribution of the main sauropod clades identified in this area. 2-3, Geological map of Pombal (2) and Leiria and Batalha (3) areas with localities yielding fossil remains referred to Sauropoda (modified from Teixeira et al., 1966; Zbyszewski et al., 1974; Zbyszewski and Ferreira, 1978; Manuppella et al., 2000). Crn – Chronostratigraphy. *the presence of Turiasauria is only supported by the presence of heart-shaped teeth.

FIGURE 6. 1 in Upper Jurassic sauropod record in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal): Geographical and lithostratigraphical distribution

FIGURE 6. 1, Geological map of the coastal sector from Foz do Arelho to Nazaré area (located on the Bombarral Subbasin, and considered part of the Consolação Sub-basin following Taylor et al., 2014) (modified from Zbyszewski and Moitinho de Almeida, 1960; Camarate França and Zbyszewski, 1963; Azerêdo et al., 2010) with the localities yielding fossil remains referred to Sauropoda. 2, Simplified stratigraphy of the Kimmeridgian-Tithonian sequence for the coastal sector from Foz do Arelho to Nazaré sector based on Azerêdo et al. (2010) with the stratigraphic distribution of the main sauropod clades identified in this area. Crn – Chronostratigraphy; *the presence of Turiasauria is only supported by the presence of heart-shaped teeth.

FIGURE 1 in Upper Jurassic sauropod record in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal): Geographical and lithostratigraphical distribution

FIGURE 1. Geological map (adapted from Oliveira et al., 1992) showing the Portuguese Mesozoic levels outcropping in the Lusitanian Basin. ASb – Arruda Subbasin; BSb – Bombarral Sub-basin, cd – Caldas Diapir; CR – Caldas da Rainha town; TSb – Turcifal Sub-basin.

FIGURE 2 in Upper Jurassic sauropod record in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal): Geographical and lithostratigraphical distribution

FIGURE 2. Lusitanian Basin (divided into three sectors following Ribeiro et al., 1996) with the location of the Upper Jurassic sub-basins following two different interpretations: (1) location of Bombarral, Turcifal and Arruda Sub-basins (Guery, 1984; Kullberg, 2000; Kullberg et al., 2006) (modified from Kullberg, 2000); (2) location of Bombarral-Alcobaça, Consolação, Arruda and Turcufal Sub-basin (modified from Taylor et al., 2014).

FIGURE 3 in Upper Jurassic sauropod record in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal): Geographical and lithostratigraphical distribution

FIGURE 3. Stratigraphic correlation between the nomenclature proposed for the Upper Jurassic sub-basin of the central sector of the Lusitaninan Basin [Bombarral Sub-basin is split in several areas: Consolação Sub-basin areas (Torres Vedras-Lourinhã-Peniche and Foz do Arelho-Nazaré coastal sector), Bombarral-Alcobaça Sub-basin area, Batalha-Leiria region and Pombal region], from the left to the right: i) Arruda Sub-basin (Kullberg et al., 2006); ii) Turcifal Sub-basin (Pereda-Suberbiola et al.,2005; Kullberg et al., 2006; Schneider et al., 2009); ii) Arruda Sub-basin (Kullberg et al., 2006); iii) Torres Vedras-Lourinhã-Peniche (Manuppella et al., 1999), iv) Foz do Arelho-Nazaré coastal sector (Kullberg et al., 2006; Azerêdo et al., 2010); v) Bombarral-Alcobaça Sub-basin area (Kullberg et al., 2006; Azerêdo et al., 2010); vi) Batalha-Leiria region (Manuppella et al., 2000; Kullberg et al. 2006; Escaso et al., 2007a) and vii) Pombal region (Kullberg et al., 2006; Malafaia et al., 2010a). The stratigraphy proposed by Hill (1988) for the coastal sector from Porto da Calada to Salir do Porto is also plotted. Crn – Chronostratigraphy; **sensu Yagüe et al., 2006. The right column shows the known stratigraphic distribution of the main sauropod clades along the Kimmeridgian-Tithonian sedimentary sequence in the Lusitanian Basin. The black bar indicates the known stratigraphic distribution of the established sauropod taxa (1, Zby atlanticus; 2, Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis; 3, Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis; 4, Lusotitan atalaiensis); CSb, Consolação Sub-Basin (following Taylor et al., 2014).

FIGURE 8. 1 in Upper Jurassic sauropod record in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal): Geographical and lithostratigraphical distribution

FIGURE 8. 1, Geological map of the Alcobaça, Bombarral and A-dos-Cunhados region (located on the Bombarral Sub-basin, and considered part of the Bombarral-Alcobaça Sub-basin following Taylor et al., 2014) (modified from Camarate França et al., 1960; Zbyszewski and Moitinho de Almeida, 1960; Camarate França and Zbyszewski, 1963; Zbyszewski and Torre de Assunção, 1965; Zbyszewski et al., 1966; Azerêdo et al., 2010) with the localities yielding fossil remains referred to Sauropoda. 2, Simplified stratigraphy of the Kimmeridgian-Tithonian sequence for Bombarral-Alcobaça Sub-basin (stratigraphy based on Kullberg et al., 2006 and Azerêdo et al., 2010) with the stratigraphic distribution of the main sauropod clades identified in this area. Crn – Chronostratigraphy. *the presence of Turiasauria is only supported by the presence of heart-shaped teeth.

FIGURE 5 in Upper Jurassic sauropod record in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal): Geographical and lithostratigraphical distribution

FIGURE 5. Cranial and postcranial sauropod remains from Pombal, Leiria, and Batalha areas: 1, Macronaria indet., compressed cone-chisel-shaped tooth (MG 8779, Ourém) in labial view; 2-3, Macronarian indet., compressed conechisel-shaped tooth (MG 27891, Guimarota) in labial (2) and lingual (3) views; 4, Sauropoda indet., middle or posterior caudal vertebra (MG 4811, Albergaria dos Doze) in right view; 5, Diplodocoidea indet., pencil-shaped teeth (MNHNUL.P.AND303, Andrés) in labial view; 6-7,?Turiasauria indet., heart-shaped tooth (MG 16, Ourém) in lingual (6) and labial (7) views; 8-9, Eusauropoda indet., posterior or middle dorsal neural spine (MNHN.unnumbered, Vermoil) in posterior (8) and anterior (9) views; 10-13, Sauropoda indet., anterior, and middle caudal vertebra from a partial caudal series (MG 4974, Abadia) in posterior (10, 12) and right (11, 13) views; 14, sauropod fossil-site in Junqueira locality (Pombal); 15-18, sauropod material from near Batalha (MG 30389) that might represent an indeterminate diplodocine, middle caudal vertebra in ventral (15) and right (16) views, partial posterior (?) dorsal centrum in right view (17), and partial ischiatic peduncle in lateral view (18). Black scale bar: 10 cm; Gray scale bar: 0.5cm. See Anatomical abbreviations for abbreviations.

FIGURE 19 in Upper Jurassic sauropod record in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal): Geographical and lithostratigraphical distribution

FIGURE 19. Cranial and postcranial sauropod remains from the Turcifal Sub-basin: 1-2,?Turiasauria, heart-shaped tooth (SHN (JJS) 140, Cambelas) in labial (1) and lingual (2) views; 3-4, Macronaria indet., compressed cone-chiselshaped tooth (SHN 580, Assenta) in lingual (3) and labial (4) views; 5,?Macronaria indet., spatulate tooth (SHN 519, South of Foz do Sizandro) in lingual view; 6, Eusauropoda indet., middle cervical vertebra (SHN 528, Porto Barril) with camellae tissue bone (sensu Wedel, 2003); 7-8,?Camarasauridae indet., anterior caudal neural spine (SHN 529, Cambelas) in left (7) and anterior (8) views; 9, Sauropoda indet., right tibia (SHN 527, Cambelas) in proximal view; 10, Sauropoda indet., middle caudal vertebra (MG 4802, Santa Cruz) in right view; 11-12, partial distal end of a?left tibia (MG 8803, Serra da Vila) in anterior (11) and distal (12) views; 13, humerus distal end (SHN 584, Assenta) in anterior view; 14, cf. Lusotitan atalaiensis, middle caudal vertebra (MG 8804, Maceira) in right view; 15-16, Sauropoda indet., partial skeleton (SHN, 532, Ponte de Rol), posterior caudal vertebra in left view (15) and distal end of a right femur in anterior (16) views; 17-19, Diplodocidae indet., partial skeleton (SHN (JJS) 178, Cambelas), sacral neural spines in anterior (17) and left (18) views and right femur in anterior (19) view. Black scale bar: 10 cm; Grey scale bar: 1 cm. See Anatomical abbreviations for abbreviations.

FIGURE 14. 1 in Upper Jurassic sauropod record in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal): Geographical and lithostratigraphical distribution

FIGURE 14. 1, Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis dorsal series (ML 414) in Porto Dinheiro with the palaeontologist Pedro Dantas in 1991. 2-3, A partial skeleton in the field (SHN 534) collected in Santa Rita, including a partial tail, in 2003 (2) and several appendicular bones, in 2009 (3).

FIGURE 13 in Upper Jurassic sauropod record in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal): Geographical and lithostratigraphical distribution

FIGURE 13. (Figure on previous page.) Cranial and postcranial sauropod remains from sediments of the Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo Fm. of the coastal sector of Praia da Consolação-Lourinhã-Torres Vedras: 1-2,?Turiasauria indet., heart-shaped tooth (SHN (JJS) 142, Praia da Corva) in lingual (1) and labial (2) views; 3-4,?Macronaria indet., spatulate tooth (SHN 513, Porto Novo) in labial (3) and lingual (4) views; 5-6, Macronaria indet., compressed conechisel-shaped tooth (SHN 578, Valmitão) in lingual (5) and labial (6) views; 7-8, Eusauropoda indet., partial left maxilla (SHN 582, Praia dos Frades) in lateral (7) and posterior (8) views; 9, Titanosauriformes indet., posterior caudal vertebra (SHN 523, Praia da Corva) in right view; 10-12, Diplodocinae indet., partial skeleton (SHN (JJS) 177, Valmitão), anterior caudal neural spine in posterior view (10), anterior caudal centrum in right view (11) and left ischium in medial view (12); 13-16, holotype material of Zby atlanticus (ML 368, Vale de Pombas), right ungueal I in lateral view (13), right humerus in anterior view (14), right radius in posterior view (15), right ulna in lateral view (16); 17, Eusauropoda indet., partial distal forked-chevron (SHN 587, Praia da Corva) in medial view; 18, Sauropoda indet., pedal ungueal I (SHN 524, Praia de Pedrogãos) in lateral view; 19-22, Macronarian indet., partial skeleton (SHN 181, Valmitão), right astragalus in proximal view (19), anterior caudal vertebra in anterior view (20), right tibia in lateral view (21) and right fibula in medial view (22); 23-24, Eusauropoda indet., partial skeleton (SHN 530, Praia da Corva), anterior chevron in anterior view (23) and anterior caudal vertebra in posterior view (24); 25, cf. Duriatitan humerocristatus, humerus (MG 4976, Praia dos Frades) in anterior view; 26, Sauropoda indet., partial skeleton (SHN 534, Santa Rita), middle chevron in posterior view; 27, Diplodocidae indet., partial skeleton (SHN (JJS) 179, Praia Vermelha), dorsal/caudal (?) neural spine in posterior view; 28-30, holotype material of Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis (ML 414, Porto Dinheiro), proximal end of a dorsal rib in anterior view (28), anterior caudal neural spine in posterior view (29) and articulated dorsal vertebrae in right view (30). Black scale bar: 10 cm; Grey scale bar: 5 cm; Brown scale bar: 1 cm. See Anatomical abbreviations for abbreviations.