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FIGURE 4 in The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders

FIGURE 4. Green (1827a)'s figure (third unnumbered plate) of a "variety" of Salamandra glutinosa Green, 1818, from Washington County, Pennsylvania, drawn by W. Mason and engraved by P.E. Hamm.

FIGURE 3. A in The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders

FIGURE 3. A poorly preserved specimen (USNM 3738) that we are nevertheless comfortable in assigning to Salamandra bislineata Green, 1818. Referred to by Cope (1889) as the "alcoholic type" from "Western Pennsylvania" collected by "Dr. J. Green," which was followed by Stejneger and Barbour (1917, 1933), but not by Cochran (1961) in her list of USNM type material. Based on Green's collections in western Pennsylvania primarily occurring after 1826, we do not consider this part of the original type series.

FIGURE 6 in The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders

FIGURE 6. Newly designated lectotype (ANSP 1238) of Salamandra bislineata Green, 1818. Recorded in the ANSP catalogue as "P. cinereus" from "New Jersey" originating with "Dr. Bache, Green Collection." Fowler and Dunn (1917) considered ANSP 695–698 the syntypes, which we here designate as paralectotypes.

FIGURE 2. A in The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders

FIGURE 2. A specimen (ANSP 900) of Triturus fuscus Rafinesque, 1820 from "Dr. Bache, Green coll.," locality "near Phila.," here designated as the neotype of Salamandra nigra Green, 1818. This name is thus a senior subjective synonym of Triturus fuscus Rafinesque, 1820.

FIGURE 10. A in The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders

FIGURE 10. A poorly preserved specimen (USNM 3968; ventral view) listed as the "alleged holotype" of Salamandra jeffersoniana Green, 1827. Cope (1868) states that it was received from "Dr. F. Bache," while Yarrow (1882) records it as the "alc. type." from "Dr. J. Green," locality "Western Pennsylvania," which was reiterated by Cope (1889). Comparison with Peale's drawing of the holotype (Green 1827a, Pl. 2; Fig. 9) confirms its identity.

FIGURE 5. A in The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders

FIGURE 5. A poorly preserved specimen (ANSP 1229) that we are nevertheless comfortable in assigning to Plethodon cinereus (Green, 1818). Fowler (1907) and Fowler and Dunn (1917) had considered the series ANSP 1227–38 from "Dr. Bache, Green Collection," locality "New Jersey" as the syntypes of Salamandra cinerea Green, 1818, but Highton (1962) restricted this to 1232–34 & 37, designating 1232 as the lectotype, rendering the remaining specimens paralectotypes. Thus, this specimen no longer has any name-bearing function.

FIGURE 8. A in The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders

FIGURE 8. A pencil sketch we suggest is of Salamandra tigrina Green, 1825a by Titian Peale, dated 1819 (Mss.B.P31.15d.150b). This may represent the holotype, which was a living pet of Peale's, and of which Green 1825a notes Peale "has made a very accurate drawing." Courtesy of the American Philosophical Society.

FIGURE 1. A in The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders

FIGURE 1. A watercolor painting of Salamandra longicauda Green, 1818 by Titian Peale, dated 1819 (Mss.B.P31.15d.149b). This may represent one of Green's original specimens. The margin notes in pencil (cropped from the original) read "4 ¾ inches long," "Pittsg [Pittsburg?] May 1st 1819," and "n° 4." Courtesy of the American Philosophical Society.

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FIG. 1 in Species Delimitation in Herpetology

FIG. 1. Flow chart of a proposal for sensible nomenclatural practice in species delimitation studies. Stage 1 and Stage 2 refer to the two primary steps of the species delimitation process.

FIGURE 12. A in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 12. A Holbrook specimen (ANSP 460) of Amphiuma means from "South Carolina" that matches the measurements, proportions, and approximate orientation of Holbrook (1842e)'s illustration by Thomas M. Logan M.D. (Fig. 11). Note the dissection of the lower jaw facilitating Holbrook's description of oral morphology. Ruler closest to specimen is marked in cm.

FIGURE 3 in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 3. Illustration of a primary syntype of Salamandra auriculata Holbrook, 1838b, and a specimen (MNHN-RA 0.4675) from "Georgie [Woodmanston Plantation near Riceboro, Liberty County, Georgia]," here designated as lectotype, in dorsal (a, c) and ventral (b, d) views. The remaining primary syntypes of unknown number and disposition thereby become paralectotypes. This is a "type by association" (Bell 1996; Pyron and Beamer 2020), as we infer that it is the ANSP specimen from Holbrook described by Hallowell (1858), sent by Hallowell from Philadelphia to the MNHN in Paris in December 1856. Grid is in cm.

FIGURE 8 in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 8. Lot (USNM 3981) containing the lectotype (larger specimen) of Salamandra granulata De Kay in Holbrook, 1842e, type locality "from the northern districts of New York," in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views. This specimen was illustrated (Fig. 7) in both Holbrook (1842e) and De Kay (1842). The smaller specimen, part of the original lot and described by De Kay (1842), thereby becomes a paralectotype. Images adapted courtesy of the NMNH. Ruler is marked in cm.

FIGURE 2. A in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 2. A Holbrook specimen of Plethodon glutinosus sensu lato (MNHN-RA 0.4666), used as a primary syntype of Plethodon variolosum Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854 in dorsal (a), lateral (b), and ventral (c) views, here designated as the lectotype. The other syntypes thereby become paralectotypes, including MNHN-RA 0.4667 and MNHN-RA 2008.315 from Harlan, and others from Milbert. Images courtesy of A. Ohler, A. Fraysse, and the MNHN. No fixed scale-bar available

FIGURE 10 in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 10. Holbrook (1842e)'s illustration by J. Queen in (a) dorsal and (b) ventral views, and specimen ANSP 14001 (c; dorsal view) of Triton niger (Green, 1818). This specimen bears an erroneous locality of "Penns." in the ANSP catalog but is likely from the series that Holbrook notes he has collected in Georgia and "Carolina." Ruler is in mm.

FIGURE 1 in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 1. One of Holbrook's primary syntype specimens (ANSP 716) of Salamandra gutto-lineata Holbrook, 1838a in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views, here designated as the lectotype. Consequently, ANSP 717 and the two other primary syntypes of unknown location and disposition (one of them a male with cirri) thereby become paralectotypes. Of these two missing paralectotypes, we cannot be certain if MNHN-RA 0.4668 is one of them. We were unable to match the handwriting on the label; it may be Cope, Fowler, Dunn, or another worker. Ruler is in mm.

FIGURE 9 in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 9. Lectotype (ANSP 490) of Salamandra quadridigitata Holbrook, 1842e, type locality in the vicinity of Charleston, S.C. The remaining primary syntypes, of unknown number and disposition, thereby become paralectotypes. This specimen was erroneously considered the holotype by Mittleman (1967), Malnate (1971), and Wray et al. (2017), who declared it destroyed and designated a neotype (UF 178833), which we reverse here. We were unable to match the handwriting on the label, but it appears modern and may be Malnate. Ruler is in mm.

FIGURE 7 in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 7. Illustration by (a) J. W. Hill (De Kay 1842e) and J. H. Richard (Holbrook 1842e) in dorsal (b) and ventral (c) views of the lectotype (USNM 3981) of Salamandra granulata De Kay in Holbrook, 1842e, type locality "from the northern districts of New York." This specimen is the larger of the two in the lot, which is still extant at the NMNH (Fig. 8).

FIGURE 4 in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 4. Illustrations of Salamandra maculo-quadrata Holbrook, 1840 by J. Queen (a, b) and J. H. Richard (c, d) from Holbrook (1842e), in dorsal (a, c) and ventral (b, d) views. Note the misnumbering on the first plate (b).

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FIGURE 9 in Additional data on the herpetological collection of Louis Amédée Lantz (1886 - 1953), with emphasis on specimens in the Natural History Museum, London

FIGURE 9. Bagaud island observed from Port-Cros, 15 May 2005. During his visit on the island, L.A. Lantz was most certainly housed in the mill fort by Marcel Henry who was the then owner of the island. The mill fort is visible in the upper central section of the photo.