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448 results for “Infection risk”
Data from: Antibody responses to Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding and erythrocyte binding proteins predict risk of infection and are associated with protection from clinical malaria
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Data from: Loss of migratory behavior increases infection risk for a butterfly host
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Data from: Recolonizing grey wolves increase parasite infection risk in their prey
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Data from: Prevalence and risk factors of Anaplasma infections in Eastern moose (Alces alces americana) and winter ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) in Maine, United States
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Data for: Parasitism risk and infection alter host dispersal
<p>Dispersal determines the spatial dynamics of host-parasite assemblages, particularly during invasions and disease epidemics. The risk of parasitism may create an incentive for dispersal, but infection is expected to reduce dispersal ability, which may alter the host's dispersal response to biotic stressors including population density. We measured the dispersal of the semi-aquatic insect, <i>Notonecta undulata, </i>in aquatic mesocosms in which we manipulated the presence of ectoparasitic Hydrachnidia mites and of infected conspecifics. We found that parasitism risk increases host dispersal propensity. Using a flight assay, we determined that parasite infection reduces host dispersal ability. Finally, we used a mark-release-recapture study to investigate the joint effects of both parasitism risk and parasite infection on host dispersal in a natural, spatially structured population. We found that parasitism risk reduced dispersal probability, eliminated positive density-dependent dispersal, and increased dispersal distance. Infection had no effect on dispersal in the natural population. Our results show that parasites can both increase and decrease the movement rates of their hosts, depending on the ecological context, and can alter the host's dispersal response to other biotic stressors. Future studies should consider the consequences of this double-headed impact of parasites for landscape connectivity, population persistence, and host-parasite coevolution.</p>
Data from: Transmission risk predicts avoidance of infected conspecifics in Trinidadian guppies
1.Associating with conspecifics afflicted with infectious diseases increases the risk of becoming infected, but engaging in avoidance behaviour incurs the cost of lost social benefits. Across systems, infected individuals vary in the transmission risk they pose, so natural selection should favour risk‐sensitive avoidance behaviour that optimally balances the costs and benefits of sociality. 2.Here we use the guppy Poecilia reticulata‐Gyrodactylus turnbulli host‐parasite system to test the prediction that individuals avoid infected conspecifics in proportion to the transmission risk they pose. 3.In dichotomous choice tests, uninfected fish avoided both the chemical and visual cues, presented separately, of infected conspecifics only in the later stages of infection. 4.A transmission experiment indicated that this avoidance behaviour accurately tracked transmission risk (quantified as both the speed at which transmission occurs and the number of parasites transmitting) through the course of infection. 5.Together, these findings reveal that uninfected hosts can use redundant cues across sensory systems to inform dynamic risk‐sensitive avoidance behaviour. This correlation between the transmission risk posed by infected individuals and the avoidance response they elicit has implications for the evolutionary ecology of infectious disease, and its explicit inclusion may improve the ability of epidemic models to predict disease spread.
Data from: Amphibian species' traits, evolutionary history, and environment predict Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection patterns, but not extinction risk
The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has emerged as a major agent of amphibian extinction, requiring conservation intervention for many susceptible species. Identifying susceptible species is challenging, but many aspects of species' biology are predicted to influence the evolution of host resistance, tolerance, or avoidance strategies towards disease. In turn, we may expect species exhibiting these distinct strategies to differ in their ability to survive epizootic disease outbreaks. Here we test for phylogenetic and trait-based patterns of Bd infection risk and infection intensity among 302 amphibian species by compiling a global dataset of Bd infection surveys across 95 sites. We then use best-fit models that associate traits, taxonomy, and environment with Bd infection risk and intensity to predict host disease mitigation strategies (tolerance, resistance, avoidance) for 122 Neotropical amphibian species that experienced epizootic Bd outbreaks, and noted species' persistence or extinction from these events. Aspects of amphibian species' life history, habitat use, and climatic niche were consistently linked to variation in Bd infection patterns across sites around the world. However, predicted Bd infection risk and intensity based on site environment and species traits did not reveal a consistent pattern between the predicted host disease mitigation strategy and extinction outcome. This suggests that either tolerant or resistant species may have no advantage in ameliorating disease during epizootic events, or that other factors drive the persistence of amphibian populations during chytridiomycosis outbreaks. These results suggest that using a trait-based approach may allow us to identify species with resistance or tolerance to endemic Bd infections, but that this approach may be insufficient to ultimately identify species at risk of extinction from epizootics.
Data from: Navigating infection risk during oviposition and cannibalistic foraging in a holometabolous insect
Deciding where to eat and raise offspring carries important fitness consequences for all animals, especially if foraging, feeding and reproduction increase pathogen exposure. In insects with complete metamorphosis, foraging mainly occurs during the larval stage, while oviposition decisions are made by adult females. Selection for infection avoidance behaviours may therefore be developmentally uncoupled. Using a combination of experimental infections and behavioral choice assays, we tested if Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies avoid infectious environments at distinct developmental stages. When given conspecific fly carcasses as a food source, larvae did not discriminate between carcasses that were clean or infected with the pathogenic Drosophila C Virus (DCV), even though cannibalism was a viable route of DCV transmission. When laying eggs, DCV-infected females did not discriminate between infectious and non-infectious carcasses. Healthy mothers however, laid more eggs near a clean rather than an infectious carcass. Avoidance during oviposition changed over time: after an initial oviposition period, healthy mothers stopped avoiding infectious carcasses. We attribute this to a trade-off between infection risk and reproduction. Laying eggs near potentially infectious carcasses was always preferred to sites containing only fly food. Our findings suggest infection avoidance contributes to how mothers provision their offspring and underline the need to consider infection avoidance behaviors at multiple life-stages.
Data from: Social context alters host behavior and infection risk
Variation in infection risk and transmission potential are widespread in human and wildlife diseases and play a central role in host-pathogen dynamics. To explain this variation, most studies focus on linking host traits to differences in pathogen exposure, infection, and transmission, but typically do not to account for hosts' social context. Yet, an individual's risk of acquiring infection is likely influenced jointly by their own traits and their social environment. Here, we use three natural genotypes of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to test how variation in pathogen transmission is linked to differences in host behavior and social context. We constructed groups of 12 flies from one of three different genotypes and five different sex ratios (0%, 33%, 50%, 67%, or 100% female) in a fully factorial design. To each group we added a male or female "primary case" fly that had been exposed to the generalist fungal entomopathogen Metarhizium robertsii. We then recorded groups' aggregation behavior, mating frequency, and infection prevalence. Aggregation and mating behavior were influences either jointly or additively by fly genotype and sex ratio. However, a combination of individual-level (mating history; the sex of the primary case) and group-level factors (sex ratio) jointly influenced individuals' infection risk. There were more infections in female-biased groups, though the sex of the primary case also influenced sex-biased mortality and the relationship between individuals' mating history and infection risk. Thus, an individual's social environment can be an important predictor of social dynamics and their survival outcomes.
Raw data for the article: Risk factors for surgical site infection following cardiac surgery in a region endemic for multidrug resistant organisms
<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To identify risk factors for surgical site infections following cardiosurgery in an area endemic for multidrug resistant organisms.</p> <p><strong>Design: </strong>Single-center, historical cohort study including patients who underwent cardiosurgery during a 6-year period (2014-2020).</p> <p><strong>Setting: </strong>Joint Commission International accredited, multiorgan transplant center in Palermo, Italy.</p> <p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Surgical site infection was the main outcome.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>On a total of 3609 cardiosurgery patients, 184 developed surgical site infection (5.1 %). Intestinal colonization with multidrug resistant organisms was more frequent in patients with surgical site infections (69.6 % vs. 33.3 %; p < 0.001). About half of surgical site infections were caused by Gram-negative bacteria (n = 97; 52.7 %). Fifty surgical site infections were caused by multidrug resistant organisms (27.1 %), with extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (n = 16; 8.7 %) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (n = 26; 14.1 %) being the predominant resistance problem. However, in only 24 of surgical site infections caused by multidrug resistant organisms (48 %), mostly carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (n = 22), a pathogen match between the rectal surveillance culture and surgical site infections clinical culture was demonstrated. Nevertheless, multivariate logistic regression analysis identified a rectal swab culture positive for multidrug resistant organisms as an independent risk factor for SSI (odds ratio 3.95, 95 % confidence interval 2.79-5.60). Other independent risk factors were female sex, chronic dialysis, diabetes mellitus, previous cardiosurgery, previous myocardial infarction, being overweight/obese, and longer intubation time.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In an area endemic for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, intestinal colonization with multidrug resistant organisms was recognized as independent risk factor for surgical site infections.</p> <p><strong>Implications for clinical practice: </strong>No causal relationship between colonization with resistant pathogens and subsequent infection could be demonstrated. However, from a broader epidemiological perspective, having a positive multidrug resistant organisms colonization status appeared a risk factor for surgical site infections. Therefore, strict infection control measures to prevent cross-transmission remain pivotal (e.g., nasal decolonization, hand hygiene, and skin antisepsis).</p>
Prevalence and risk factors of Acinetobacter baumannii infection in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit at Thammasat University Hospital
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The supplementary files for the paper"systematic review and meta–analysis of the global prevalence and infection risk factors of Trichomonas vaginalis"
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Data from: Incidence and risk factors of first-line antiretroviral treatment failure among human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in Amhara regional state, Ethiopia: a retrospective follow-up study
Objective: This study aimed to assess the incidence and risk factors of treatment failure among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome infected (AIDS) children who were on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods: A retrospective follow-up study was conducted from January 2010 to March 2016. A total of 824 children under the age of 15 years who had started ART were included in the study. Data were collected from children's medical chart and ART registration logbook using a standard checklist. A Weibull regression model was used to identify the risk factors for treatment failure. Adjusted Hazard Ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used to declare statistical significance. Results: The mean (±SD) age of the children was 6.4 ± 3.6 years with a median (IQR) follow up of 30.5 (IQR: 14.6, 51.4) months. Sixty-three children (7.7%, 95%CI:5.8, 9.5) developed treatment failure. Seventeen (27.0%) of whom were immunological and 46 (73.0 %) clinical failures. The incidence rate of treatment failure was 22.1/10000 person-months. The cumulative probability of failure was 0.4 with 28562.5 person-month observations. Lack of disclosure [AHR=4. 4, 95%CI (1.8, 11.3)], opportunistic infections during initiation of ART [AHR= 2.3, 95% CI (1.3, 4.1)] and prolonged follow up [AHR = 0.06, 95% CI (0.02, 0.18)] were the main predictors of treatment failure. Conclusion: This study revealed that the incidence of treatment failure remains a significant public health concern in Ethiopia. Undisclosed HIV status to children, the presence of opportunistic infections during initiation of ART and prolonged follow up was found to be the main predictors of treatment failure. Hence, early detection of the treatment failures and further studies on viral monitor need to consider.
Risk Factors Associated with COVID-19 Infections among Healthcare Workers in Eswatini: A Cross-Sectional Study
<p>Samson Malwa Haumba</p>
Antibiotic PRophylAxis Based on infeCTIve Risk in Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04736979. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 0. Publications: 1.
Computerized Brief Alcohol Intervention (BI) for Binge Drinking HIV At-Risk and Infected Women
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01125371. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Safety and Pharmacokinetic Study of Oral MK-8527 QM in Participants at Low-Risk for HIV-1 Infection (MK-8527-007)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06045507. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 3. Publications: 0.
Risk of Hospitalized Infections Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Exposed to Oral Antidiabetic Treatment
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01086306. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 0. Publications: 2.
Effect of Prophylactic Prosthesis Placement With Versus Without Omega-3 at the Umbilical Trocar Level on Surgical Site Infection and Herniation After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in Patients With Risk
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04345809. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 0. Publications: 27.
Characteristics and Risk Factors for Invasive Fungal Infection With Acute-on-chronic Hepatitis B Liver Failure
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06190002. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 0. Publications: 1.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.