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Fig. 10 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 10. Dasycladalean alga Chinianella ellenbergeri (Lebouché and Lemoine in Granier and Deloffre, 1994) Granier, Masse and Berthou, 1994, emend. nov. A. Reconstruction of the alga in axial view; A1, calcified skeleton (black) and soft parts (grey) in axial section; A2, axial view of the soft parts (green); dotted line separates the sterile and fertile parts of the thallus. B. Reconstruction of the alga in transverse view. B1, sector of a whorl in transverse section showing the calcified skeleton (black) and reconstruction of the soft parts (grey); B2, upper view of whorl and sector of a whorl also showing gametophores (upper part); soft parts in green.

Fig. 4. A in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 4. A comparison of selected dasycladalean genera compared. A. Bornetella Munier-Chalmas, 1877. B. Chinianella Ott, 1967 ex Granier and Deloffre, 1994. C. Jodotella Morellet and Morellet, 1913. D. Granieria group, Conradella Masse and Bucur, 2002 (D1) and Granieria Barattolo and Romano in Barattolo et al., 2008 (D2). E. Montiella group, Bakalovaella Bucur, 1993 (E1), Montiella Morellet and Morellet, 1922 (E2), Barattoloporella Parente, 1997 (E3).

Fig. 5 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 5. Scheme of mineralization in dasycladalean alga Chinianella ellenbergeri (Lebouché and Lemoine in Granier and Deloffre, 1994) Granier, Masse and Berthou, 1994, emend. nov. A. Axial section, lowest whorl is weakly calcified. Trace of transverse sections is indicated with dashed lines. B. Transverse section at whorl level. C. Transverse section through the interverticillar space. The interverticillar empty spaces merge laterally (annular channel) and are connected between whorls (vertical channels). A central pore sometimes leaves in contact the interverticillar void and the central cavity, either shifted downwards (white arrow) or upward (black arrow).

Fig. 2 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 2. Structure of dasycladalean alga Chinianella ellenbergeri (Lebouché and Lemoine in Granier and Deloffre, 1994) according Lebouché and Lemoine (1963).

Fig. 6 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 6. Dasycladalean alga Chinianella ellenbergeri (Lebouché and Lemoine in Granier and Deloffre, 1994) Granier, Masse and Berthou, 1994, emend. nov., upper Sinemurian (Lotharingian), Canders, 2.4 km E of Fontcaude, (S France). A. LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.16, n. 065, oblique section of a weakly mineralized specimen showing intusannulation. B. LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.21, n. 114, axial section, notice the irregular inner contour. C. LM-DiSTAR/ BA.577.24, n. 117, axial section of a weakly mineralized specimen showing intusannulation. D. LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.28, n. 126, oblique section of a weakly mineralized specimen with intusannulation. E. LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.4, n. 003, oblique section of a strongly mineralized specimen, note the regular contour of the inner cavity, interverticillar cavities sometimes communicate with the central cavity by mean of a small pore (see arrow). F. LMDiSTAR/BA.577.9, n. 018, oblique section showing the annular and vertical channels. G. LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.10, n. 024, transverse-oblique section, a possible gametophore looks attached to primary lateral (see arrow). H. LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.8, n. 014, transverse-oblique section showing the annular and vertical channels. I. LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.15, n. 054, transverse-oblique section, note the annular channel with scalloped surfaces in the proximal sleeve and the calcareous shield, respectively.

Fig. 3 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 3. Possible structural models in dasycladalean alga Chinianella ellenbergeri (Lebouché and Lemoine in Granier and Deloffre, 1994). A. Alternated whorls of weak/sterile and strong/fertile laterals; sterile and fertile laterals ramified (A1); only sterile laterals ramified (A2). B. Spaced whorls of weak/sterile laterals bearing a laterally attached gametophore (goniospory); large gametophore attached proximally (B1); subterminal gametophore (B2). C. Spaced whorls of weak/sterile laterals with simple interverticillar voids.

Fig. 1 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 1. Map with type localities of the species discussed in the text indicated. A. Chinianella ellembergeri (Lebouché and Lemoine in Granier and Deloffre, 1994) Granier, Masse and Berthou, 1994, emend. nov., upper Sinemurian (Jurassic) of Canders (Languedoc, France). B. Distefanopolia micropora (Di Stefano and Senowbari-Daryan, 1985) and Distefanopolia macropora (Di Stefano, 1981 ex Di Stefano and Senowbari-Daryan, 1985) nov. comb., Norian (Upper Triassic), Cozzo di Lupo (Sicily, Italy). C. Distefanopolia zanklii (Ott, 1967) nov. comb., Norian–Rhaetian (Upper Triassic) of Dürreckberg (Upper Bavaria, Germany). D. Distefanopolia crosii (Ott, 1968) nov. comb., Upper Triassic of Kohlalpen Valley (Kaiser Mountains, Austria). E. Distefanopolia carpatica (Bystrický, 1967) nov. comb., Norian Upper Triassic) of Muráň Plateau (Slovakia).

Fig. 11 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 11. The structure of the Late Triassic species of dasycladalean algae Distefanopolia gen. nov. A. Distefanopolia micropora (Di Stefano, 1981 ex Di Stefano and Senowbari-Daryan, 1985) nov. comb., MGG-PA/Si24ax, Norian, Cozzo di Lupo (Palermo, Sicily), oblique section; note the first fertile whorl (bottom) showing two tufts of about eight pores, the third pore aside displays the usual inflated shape. B. Distefanopolia carpatica Bystrický, 1967) nov. comb., Norian, Muráň-PIateau (Gemer, Slovakia), oblique section, holotype, corresponding to Bistricky (1967: pl. 15: 3, thin section Nr. 2237), note the large, rounded gametophore encircled by several secondary laterals (below). Scale bars 1 mm.

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Fig. 4 in Diversity of chondrostean fish Coccolepis from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen Archipelago, Southern Germany

Fig. 4. Fringing fulcra in the chondrostean fishes Coccolepis bucklandi Agassiz, 1843 (A), and Coccolepis solnhofensis sp. nov. (B) from the Tithonian, Upper Jurassic of the Solnhofen Lagerstätte, Bavaria, Germany. A. JME-SOS3445, pelvic fins and preanal scutes (A1). Arrows point to the preserved fringing fulcra; asterisks signal the three preanal scutes. Detail of the ventral margin of the caudal fin (A2). B. SNSB-BSPG AS I 1328, detail of the ventral margin of the caudal fin. Photograph taken under UV-light, courtesy of Helmut Tischlinger (Stammham, Germany).

Fig. 11 in Re-evaluation of pachycormid fishes from the Late Jurassic of Southwestern Germany

Fig. 11. Caudal fin fragment of an unidentified pachycormid fish (GPIT/ OS/1301) from the Kimmeridgian (Jurassic) of Nusplingen, Germany.

Fig. 8 in Re-evaluation of pachycormid fishes from the Late Jurassic of Southwestern Germany

Fig. 8. Pachycormid fish Hypsocormus posterodorsalis sp. nov. (GPIT/ OS/00836) from the Kimmeridgian (Jurassic) of Nusplingen, Germany. Overview of abdominal region (A1). Ribs with swellings interpreted as showing callus development (indicated by arrows) (A2). Small teleosteans in gastrointestinal cavity, with certain identifiable elements outlined to increase contrast (A3). Abbreviations. lj, prey mandible; op, prey opercle; pec, Hypsocormus pectoral lepidotrichia; pel, Hypsocormus pelvic plate; pop, prey preopercle; sk1+2, prey skulls.

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Fig. 8 in Tracking Late Jurassic ornithopods in the Lusitanian Basin of Portugal: Ichnotaxonomic implications

Fig. 8. Bivariate graph plotting the footprint length/footprint width ratio against the mesaxony (AT) of the studied tracks (bolded) compared with the ichnotaxa Anomoepus, Neoanomoepus, Dinehichnus, and Iguanodontipus (data from Lockley 2009). Outline drawings not to scale. For simplicity the acronym ICNO.# was used instead of SHN.(JJS).ICON.#.

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Fig. 1 in Tracking Late Jurassic ornithopods in the Lusitanian Basin of Portugal: Ichnotaxonomic implications

Fig. 1. Geographical and geological setting of the outcrops where the studied footprints were collected. A. Map of the Iberian Peninsula showing the location of the Lusitanian Basin. B. Structural setting of the Late Jurassic sub-basins in the western and central sector of the Lusitanian Basin (modified after Taylor et al. 2014). C. Geological map of the western and central sector of the Lusitanian Basin showing the localities where the described specimens were collected (adapted from Oertel et al. 1960; Oliveira et al. 1992). D. Stratigraphic correlation of Upper Jurassic units of the Consolação and Turcifal sub-basins. Abbreviations: L-C, Caldas da Rainha; TV-M, Torres Vedras-Montejunto; U, Upper.

Fig. 6 in Re-evaluation of pachycormid fishes from the Late Jurassic of Southwestern Germany

Fig. 6. Pachycormid fish Hypsocormus posterodorsalis sp. nov. (GPIT/OS/00836) from the Kimmeridgian (Jurassic) of Nusplingen, Germany. Unpaired fins: dorsal (A1), anal (A2), caudal (A3), arrows indicate L-shaped scales of the scaly caudal apparatus. Magnified view of scales of scaly caudal apparatus A4). Caudal fin endoskeleton (photograph A5, explanatory drawing A6). Caudal fin, dorsal lobe, fringing fulcra (A7), arrows indicate the distal tips of the procurrent rays. Abbreviations: da, neural arches; ep, "epural"; hyp, hypural plate; pu2, 3, preural haemal arches; sc, scute; un4, "uroneural" 4.

Fig. 5. Pachycormid fish Hypsocormus Wagner, 1863 in Re-evaluation of pachycormid fishes from the Late Jurassic of Southwestern Germany

Fig. 5. Pachycormid fish Hypsocormus Wagner, 1863 from the Late Jurassic of Germany. A. Hypsocormus posterodorsalis sp. nov. (GPIT/OS/00836) from the Kimmeridgian of Nusplingen. Skull preserved in right lateral view, photograph (A1), explanatory drawing (A2). Braincase in lateral view, photograph (A3), explanatory drawing (A4). Anterior skull in ventrolateral view showing the maxillary dentition and the absence of strong tubercular ornamentation on the lateral surface of the maxilla (A5). Posterior dentary teeth, white arrows indicate posterior two tooth positions showing twinning of tooth germ, black arrows indicate small teeth external to main dentary tooth row (A6). Temporal boss in lateral view (A7). B. Hypsocormus insignis Wagner, 1860) (holotype SNSB-BSPG AS VI 4a), dentition in lingual view showing apicobasal ridges (anterior to the left). Abbreviations: an, angular; bo, basi-exoccipital; cl, cleithrum; de, dentary; dpcl, dorsal postcleithrum; dpl, dermopalatine; ecp, ectopterygoid; enp, entopterygoid; fica, foramen for the internal carotid artery; ex,?extrascapular; f.VII?, foramina potentially transmitting the facial nerve; fstIX, foramen for the supratemporal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve; fsX, foramen for a subsidiary branch of the vagus nerve; hyo, hyomandibula; ic, intercalar; jg, jugular groove; mx, maxilla; oca, occipital arch; oo, opisthotic; op, opercle; op.hyo, opercular process of the hyomandibula; ps, parasphenoid; pt, posttemporal; sc, sensory canal; scl, supracleithrum; sco, scapulocoracoid; vf, vestibular fontanelle; vpcl, ventral postcleithrum; X, formen for the vagus nerve.

Fig. 4. Pachycormid fish Hypsocormus Wagner, 1863 in Re-evaluation of pachycormid fishes from the Late Jurassic of Southwestern Germany

Fig. 4. Pachycormid fish Hypsocormus Wagner, 1863 from the Late Jurassic of Germany. A. Hypsocormus insignis (Wagner, 1860) (holotype SNSB-BSPG AS VI 4a, mirrored), Bavaria, Germany. B. Hypsocormus posterodorsalis sp. nov. (holotype GPIT/OS/00836), Nusplingen, Germany. Arrows indicate anterior insertion of median fins.

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Fig. 7 in Tracking Late Jurassic ornithopods in the Lusitanian Basin of Portugal: Ichnotaxonomic implications

Fig. 7. Photographs, false-colour depth maps of the tracks of low morphological quality (MP <2) of Ornithopoda indet. tracks, Portugal, Sobral Formation, upper Kimmeridgian–lower Tithonian (A–D), Freixial Formation, middle–upper Tithonian (E–K), and Alcobaça Formation, Kimmeridgian–lower Tithonian (L) A. SHN.(JJS).ICNO.21, Praia Azul. B. SHN.(JJS).ICNO.87, Praia Azul. C. SHN.(JJS).ICNO.97, Praia Azul. D. SHN.(JJS).ICNO.106, Foz do Rio Sizandro. E. SHN.(JJS).ICNO.71, Porto Chão, Cambelas. F. SHN.(JJS).ICNO.78C, Porto Chão, Cambelas. G. SHN.(JJS).ICNO.78E, Porto Chão, Cambelas. H. SHN.(JJS).ICNO.80, Cambelas Sul. I. SHN.(JJS).ICNO.99, Cambelas. J. SHN.(JJS).ICNO.101, Cambelas. K. SHN.(JJS).ICNO.112, Pedra da Ulsa Norte. L. SHN.(JJS).ICNO.121, Boavista do Bouro. Scale bars D–H, J, 10 cm; I, K, 15 cm; A–C, L, 20 cm.

Fig. 10 in Re-evaluation of pachycormid fishes from the Late Jurassic of Southwestern Germany

Fig. 10. Pachycormid fish Orthocormus sp. (GPIT/OS/1302) from the Kimmeridgian (Jurassic) of Nusplingen, Germany. Braincase in lateral view (photograph A1, explanatory drawing A2). Anterior dentary and inflated coronoid (A3), arrows indicate the "di- astema" formed by tiny teeth along the lateral margin of the dentary, found only in the region lateral to the coronoids. Anterior pectoral fin lepidotrichia in ventral (A4) and dorsal (A5) views; lepidotrichia are numbered anterior to posterior; the white arrows indicate the first point of fusion between fin rays 1 and 2, the black arrows indicate the suture between the two rays. Rostrodermethmoid in anterolateral view (A6), arrow indicates the notch separating the edentulous rostrum from the portion of the bone forming the oral margin. Abbreviations: bo, basi-exoccipital; hy, hyomandibula; ic, intercalar; oo, opisthotic; op.hy, opercular process of the hyomandibula; ps, parasphenoid; spo, sphenotic; x, vagus foramen.

Fig. 13 in Re-evaluation of pachycormid fishes from the Late Jurassic of Southwestern Germany

Fig. 13. Variation in relative scale size in Pachycormidae from the Late Jurassic of Germany. A. Simocormus macrolepidotus gen. et sp. nov. (SNSB-JME SOS 3574), "large" scales. B. Sauropsis longimanus Agassiz, 1833 (SNSBBSPG AS VII 1089), "small" scales. C. Orthocormus cornutus? (SNSBJME 2181), "very small" scales. White arrows frame five axial segments; black arrows frame five vertical scale rows. Anterior is to the left.

Fig. 3 in Re-evaluation of pachycormid fishes from the Late Jurassic of Southwestern Germany

Fig. 3. Pachycormid fish Simocormus macrolepidotus gen. et sp. nov. (SMNS 96988/4) from the Kimmeridgian (Jurassic) of Nusplingen, Germany. Specimen in ventrolateral view (A1). Explanatory drawing of skull (A2). Close-up of jaws, showing ornamentation, dentition, and distribution of denticles external to the main tooth row on both the maxilla and dentary (A3). Skull roof and posterior braincase, asterisk indicates foramina of uncertain identity in the prootic (A4). Pectoral fin and girdle, scapulocoracoid outlined to better distinguish the poorly ossified endochondral component from the matrix (A5). Arrows indicate the expanded posterior hemilepidotrchia. Abbreviations: ao, antorbital; an, angular; ar, articular; bo, basi-exoccipital; bsp, basisphenoid; bsr, branchiostegal rays; cl, cleithrum; cl(f), facet on the internal cleithrum for articulation with the endochondral pectoral girdle; de, dentary; dpt, dermopterotic; dpcl, dorsal postcleithrum; dspo, dermosphenotic; f, frontal; gu, gular; hyo, hyomandibula; io, infraorbital; le, lateral ethmoid; mc, mandibular canal; mx, maxilla; hlt1, dorsal and ventral first hemilepidotrichia; op, opercle; pa, parietal; par, prearticular; pcl, postcleithra; pm, premaxilla; pop, preopercle; pr, posterior pectoral radial; pro, prootic; prpt, propterygium; psc, presupracleithrum; pts, pterosphenoid; qu, quadrate; r2, second pectoral radial; rdme, rostrodermethmoid; sa, surangular; sc, sensory canal; scl, supracleithrum; sco, scapulocoracoid; scr, sclerotic ring; smx, supramaxilla; so2, second suborbital + fused infraorbital; sop, subopercle; spo, sphenotic.