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FIGURE 26. Parmotrema mirum. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 26. Parmotrema mirum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Two mature apothecia with well-developed and ciliate isidioid protuberances on the surface of the thalline exciple (Masson 974.4275); D: Isidia cylindrical to navicular, terete to ± flattened, mostly simple (Masson 974.4274); E: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C, D = 3 mm; E = 10 mm.

FIGURE 20. Parmotrema eleonomum. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 20. Parmotrema eleonomum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system), lemon-yellow cell = specimens with molecular data, pale yellow cell with a cross = specimen without molecular data; B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C & D: Sorediate lobes with conspicuous long cilia, and soralia terminal ± subcapitate on marginal teeth or very short laciniae, or linear discontinuous on lobe margins (C: holotype, D: Masson 974.4997); E: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 1 mm; D = 4 mm; E = 10 mm.

FIGURE 14. Parmotrema crinitum. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 14. Parmotrema crinitum. A: P. crinitum s. str.: distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system), lemon-yellow cells = specimens with molecular data, pale yellow cells with a cross = specimens without molecular data but with mature apothecia; B: P. cf. crinitum: distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system), specimens without apothecia and molecular data; C: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18), hatched: P. crinitum s. str., dotted: only P. cf. crinitum; D: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.3889); E: Isidiate lobes with coralloid and ciliate isidia (Masson 974.3889); F: Apothecia with ciliate isidia on margin and amphithecium (Masson 974.4477). Scale bars: A, B = 10 km; D = 10 mm; E = 4 mm; F = 4 mm.

FIGURE 17. Parmotrema crossotum. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 17. Parmotrema crossotum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C & D: Isidiate lobes with irregularly cylindrical or ± flattened, simple to ± branched, highly ciliate isidia (C: holotype, D: Masson 974.4130); E: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C, D = 4 mm; E = 10 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic relationships of the two new species Parmotrema orarium and P. intonsum among selected representatives of parmelioid taxa, resulted from a RaxML analysis on three loci (ITS, nuLSU, mtSSU) and 71 specimens. Bootstrap values are represented near the branches when ≥ 70.

FIGURE 19. Parmotrema dilatatum. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 19. Parmotrema dilatatum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection site (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4112); D: Eciliate sorediate lobes, with young linear interrupted to somewhat labriform soralia, and older, ± subcapitate soralia on short ascending laciniae, finally ± coalescing on arbuscular rising structures (Masson 974.4112). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 4 mm.

FIGURE 1. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 1. A: Shade relief map of Réunion Island showing the location of the two volcanic massifs as well as the delimitation of the windward and leeward zones (adapted from Strasberg et al. 2005); B: Distribution of collection sites for the Parmotrema species studied (UTM 2×2 km grid system). Scale bar: 10 km.

FIGURE 8. Parmotrema austrosinense. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 8. Parmotrema austrosinense. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Krog RE33/6 & Timdal); D: Sorediate lobes with marginal linear soralia, and lower surface with erhizinate whitish marginal zone (van den Boom 40807). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 5 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 4. Global tree (best scoring maximum likelihood tree) of Parmotrema based on the fungal ITS barcoding marker. Figure can be enlarged for a better reading of labels. Accessions in black are those retrieved from GenBank on June 2023. Those in red are those produced by the authors for this study. Bootstrap support is indicated on branch when ≥ 70%.

FIGURE 16. Parmotrema cristiferum. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 16. Parmotrema cristiferum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4243); D: Sparingly ciliate sorediate lobes with marginal linear and submarginal ± capitate soralia (Masson 974.4631). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 4 mm.

FIGURE 12 in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 12. Parmotrema cf. clavuliferum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4027); D: Sorediate lobes with soralia mainly capitate at the apex of laciniae, and lower surface with ivory-white marginal zone (Masson 974.4027). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 5 mm.

FIGURE 22. Parmotrema mascarenense. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 22. Parmotrema mascarenense. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Part of thallus with laminal, ± coralloid and poorly ciliate isidia (holotype); D: Marginal cilia unevenly distributed, ± in clumps in lobe axils (Masson 974.3865); E: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 5 mm; D = 4 mm; E = 10 mm.

FIGURE 12. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 12. A. Didymoglossum barklyanum (Baker) J.P.Roux, as lithophyte (Mauritius, 'Vallée d'Osterlog'). B. D. lorencei (Tardieu) Ebihara & Dubuisson, as lithophyte (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). C. D. lorencei, detail of frond with marginal trichomes (photographs. A–C: J.-Y. Dubuisson; D: J.-M. Tamon).

FIGURE 15. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 15. A. Hymenophyllum capillare Desv., typical form, as epiphyte (La Réunion, 'Forêt de Bon Accueil, Les Makes'). B. H. capillare, typical form, detail of fronds. C. H. capillare f. nanum Hennequin & Dubuisson, f. nov., as epiphyte (La Réunion, 'Pitons Mare à Boue'). D. H. capillare f. nanum, habit, type individual, scale = 0.5 cm (La Réunion, 'Forêt de Bon Accueil, Les Makes', J.-Y. Dubuisson & L. Bauret HR 2016-10, P). E. H. digitatum (Sw.) Forsberg, as epiphyte (La Réunion, 'Forêt de Bon Accueil, Les Makes'). F. H. digitatum, detail of laminar margin showing minute dark trichomes. G. H. digitatum, detail of fronds and sori with tubular bases (s) (photographs. A–B: L. Bauret; C–G: J.-Y. Dubuisson).

FIGURE 9. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 9. A. Crepidomanes fallax (Christ) Ebihara & Dubuisson, as lithophyte on wet rock (La Réunion, 'Rivière des Marsouins'). B. C. fallax, habit (from Madagascar, F. Rakotondrainibe 6467, P00248564). C. C. frappieri (Cordem.) J.P.Roux, covering a rock in a wet ravine (La Réunion, 'Ravine Rivière Ste Anne'). D. C. frappieri, habit, type specimen (Bédier s.n., P00477825). E. C. frappieri, detail of long branched rhizome trichomes. F. C. frappieri, detail of sori (photographs. A, C & F: J.-M. Tamon).

FIGURE 18. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 18. A. Polyphlebium diaphanum (Kunth) Ebihara & Dubuisson, as epiphyte (La Réunion, 'Forêt de Bon Accueil, Les Makes'). B. P. diaphanum, detail of a frond and sori. C. Vandenboschia gigantea (Bory ex Willd.) Pic.Serm., climbing on a tree trunk (La Réunion, 'Mare Longue'). D. V. gigantea, terrestrial parts (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). E. V. gigantea, detail of a long-creeping climbing rhizome (photographs. A: L. Bauret; B–E: J.-Y. Dubuisson).

FIGURE 19 in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 19. Importance of gametophyte ecology and biology for the sporophyte settlement on distant islands according to Dassler & Farrar's (2001) hypothesis. The long-lived and colonial epiphytic gametophytes (above) would have the possibilities to realize fertilization many seasons/years (T) after the spore germination, whereas short-lived and non-colonial terrestrial gametophytes (below) would fail in realizing the fertilization if they are not close enough, and die at the end of the season (red crosses). Hence, the epiphytic taxa with longlived and colonial gametophytes would have a higher probability of establishment than terrestrial taxa. Hymenophyllaceae and the genus Ctenitis (Dryopteridaceae) illustrate such contrasts in the Mascarene archipelago, explaining the difference in the level of endemicity (see text for an in-depth discussion).

FIGURE 7 in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 7. Abrodictyum tamarisciforme (Jacq.) Ebihara & Dubuisson. A. A dense population of many individuals covering a trunk (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). B. Single individual as epiphytic on a tree-fern trunk, which is also covered here by Didymoglossum cuspidatum (La Réunion, 'Mare Longue'). C. Lithophytic individual, the little individual at the bottom right is A. parviflorum (Poir.) Bauret & Dubuisson (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). D. Detail of segments with typical distinct marginal row of cells (mc) (photographs. A, C: J.-Y. Dubuisson; B: C. Chaussidon; D: L. Bauret).

FIGURE 6 in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 6. Abrodictyum parviflorum (Poir.) Bauret & Dubuisson. A. typical habit, here as terrestrial (La Réunion, 'Mare Longue'). B. Brush-like 'meifolium' form (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). C. Plane 'parviflorum' form (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). D. Detail of subcapillary ultimate segments and sori (photographs. A: C. Chaussidon; B, D: L. Bauret; C: J.-Y. Dubuisson).

FIGURE 5 in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 5. Distribution of Hymenophyllaceae species richness in relation to elevations, here on the windward side of La Réunion and on Mauritius (data are reported in Appendices 1 & 2). The range of each taxon is assumed to correspond to the range between the minimum and the maximum elevation at which they have been observed, even if the taxon has not been observed in all intermediate localities between such limits.