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Fig. 11 in Orthid brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician of the Central Iberian Zone, Spain

Fig. 11. Orthid brachiopod Sivorthis noctilio (Sharpe, 1849). A. MGM−6249−O, internal mould (A1) and latex cast of interior (A2) of ventral valve. B. Lectotype, NHM 82904, latex cast of exterior of dorsal valve. C. MGM−6273−O, internal mould (C1), latex cast of interior (C2) and latex cast of exterior (C3) of ventral valve. D. MGM−6317−O, internal mould (D1), latex cast of interior (D2) and latex cast of exterior (D3) of dorsal valve. E. MGM−6304−O, internal mould (E1), latex cast of interior (E2) and latex cast of exterior (E3) of dorsal valve. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 8 in Orthid brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician of the Central Iberian Zone, Spain

Fig. 8. Orthid brachiopod Paralenorthis lolae Reyes−Abril and Villas sp. nov. A. Holotype, MGM−6121−O, internal mould (A1) and latex cast of interior (A2) of ventral valve. B. MGM−6133−O, latex cast of exterior of ventral valve. C. MGM−6129−O, internal mould (C1) and latex cast of interior (C2) of ventral valve. D. MGM−6135−O, latex cast of exterior of ventral valve. E. MGM−6143−O, internal mould (E1) latex cast of interior (E2) and latex cast of exterior (E3) of dorsal valve. F. MGM−6158−O, internal mould (F1), latex cast of interior (F2) and latex cast of exterior (F3) of dorsal valve. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 5 in Orthid brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician of the Central Iberian Zone, Spain

Fig. 5. Orthid brachiopod Orthambonites sp. A. MGM−5999−O, internal mould (A1) and latex cast of interior (A2) of ventral valve. B. MGM−6008−O, latex cast of exterior of dorsal valve. C. MGM−6002−O, internal mould of ventral valve. D. MGM−6006−O, internal mould (D1) and latex cast of interior (D2) of dorsal valve. E. MGM−6012−O, internal mould (E1) and latex cast of interior (E2) of dorsal valve. F. MGM−6013−O, latex cast of exterior of dorsal valve. G. MGM−6011−O, internal mould (G1) and latex cast of interior (G2) of dorsal valve. H. MGM−6007−O, latex cast of exterior of dorsal valve. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 2 in Orthid brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician of the Central Iberian Zone, Spain

Fig. 2. Generalised stratigraphical columns of the Middle Ordovician rocks in the southern Central Iberian Zone, representatives of the three main areas (A–C) represented on Fig. 1, to show the vertical distribution of the studied brachiopod taxa. The left−hand column indicates the equivalence between the global chronostratigraphy and the north−Gondwanan regional scheme. Abbreviations: AQ, Armorican Quartzite; GF, Guindo Formation; Fe, thin oolithic ironstone bed. Note that the stratigraphic range of the graptolite biozones are directly annotated on the left side of each column.

Fig. 1 in Orthid brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician of the Central Iberian Zone, Spain

Fig. 1. Map of the main Ordovician–Silurian outcrops of Iberian Massif, with locations of the studied fossiliferous localities, including the Portuguese localities of Valongo and Arouca. Abbreviations: AC, Almodóvar del Campo; AD, Almuradiel; AQ, Aldeaquemada; CC, Calzada de Calatrava; CHI, Chillón; NE, Navas de Estena; SP, San Pablo de Los Montes; VM, Viso del Marqués; VPA, Ventas con Peña Aguilera. A, B, C are the representative areas of lithostratigraphic sections detailed in Fig. 2.

Fig. 6 in Orthid brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician of the Central Iberian Zone, Spain

Fig. 6. Orthid brachiopod Paralenorthis alata (J. de C. Sowerby in Murchison, 1839). A. MGM−6021−O internal mould (A1), latex cast of interior (A2) and latex cast of exterior (A3) of ventral valve. B. MGM−6030−O, internal mould (B1) and latex cast of interior (B2) of ventral valve. C. MGM−6038−O, latex cast of exterior of ventral valve. D. MGM−6037−O, internal mould of ventral valve. E. MGM−6048−O internal mould (E1) and latex cast of interior (E2) of dorsal valve. F. MGM−6027−O, latex cast of ventral exterior (F1), latex cast of dorsal exterior (F2), and detail of the latter (F3) of a shell with conjoined valves. G. MGM−6042−O, internal mould (G1), latex cast of interior (G2) and latex cast of exterior (G3) of dorsal valve. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 6 in New brachiopods from the Lower-Middle Ordovician (Billingen-Volkhov stages) of the East Baltic

Fig. 6. Bivariate plots of 51 measured specimens of Leoniorthis robusta. Solid rhombi represent specimens from Putilovo mud mound, open squares represent specimens from Popovka River, triangles represent specimens from Suhkrumägi road cut.

Fig. 5 in New brachiopods from the Lower-Middle Ordovician (Billingen-Volkhov stages) of the East Baltic

Fig. 5. Leoniorthis robusta gen. et. sp. nov. A–F. Specimens from Putilovo mud mound. G–J. Specimens from Popovka River. A. Holotype, PMU In 110, dorsal exterior (A1) and interior (A2). B. PMU In 111, ventral exterior. C. PMU In 145, ventral interior. D. PMU In 144, ventral interior. E. PMU In 120, dorsal interior (E1); enlargement of cardinal region (E2). F. PMU In 153, oblique view of hingeline and dorsal valve of conjoined specimen. G. PMU In 121, dorsal exterior. H. PMU In 122, dorsal interior. I. PMU In 125, ventral exterior. J. PMU In 123, ventral interior. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in New brachiopods from the Lower-Middle Ordovician (Billingen-Volkhov stages) of the East Baltic

Fig. 2. The standard section in Putilovo Quarry compared with the mud mound section (after Tolmacheva, Fedorov, and Egerquist in press). Levels with occurrences of Neumania paucicostata are marked with squares; levels with Leoniorthis robusta are marked with circles.

Fig. 4 in New brachiopods from the Lower-Middle Ordovician (Billingen-Volkhov stages) of the East Baltic

Fig. 4. Neumania paucicostata sp. nov. Specimens from Putilovo Quarry. A. Holotype PMU In 108; ventral valve interior (A1), enlargement of the spondylium showing the muscle attachment area (A2). B. PMU In 113, oblique internal view of ventral valve showing the U−shaped spondylium. Note that this specimen does not possess rounded muscle scars as in the holotype. C. PMU In 112, enlargement of spondylium on broken ventral valve, slightly oblique view showing theroughmuscleattachmentarea. D.PMUIn109,ventralviewofconjoinedspecimen. E.ExteriorofspecimenPMUIn228indifferentviews. F.PMUIn107, dorsal interior and exterior. G. PMU In 224; oblique posterior view of cardinalia (G1), dorsal valve interior (G2). Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 3. Neumania paucicostata. A. Dorsal valve interior showing the anteriorlylobedmusclescars,drawnfromspecimenPMUIn107. B in New brachiopods from the Lower-Middle Ordovician (Billingen-Volkhov stages) of the East Baltic

Fig. 3. Neumania paucicostata. A. Dorsal valve interior showing the anteriorlylobedmusclescars,drawnfromspecimenPMUIn107. B.Lateralview of ventral valve drawn from specimen PMU In 108 (holotype).

Fig. 4 in Enrolment in a Middle Ordovician agnostoid trilobite

Fig. 4. Trinodus elspethi (Raymond, 1925), silicified specimens from Edinburg Formation, Virginia, USA. A. PMO 206.303. Cephalon in posterior (A1), tilted frontal (A2), and oblique lateral (A3) views from ventral. Note hollow posterolateral spine. B. PMO 206.307. Completely enrolled specimen; B1, ventral view, note cephalothoracic aperture is not visible and how the second thoracic segment overlaps the pygidium at the shoulder; B2, oblique posterior view showing cephalothoracic aperture and how distal tip of first thoracic segment slots into base of posterolateral spine; B3, specimen tilted from ventral position so that cephalothoracic aperture is visible; B4, detail of articulation between cephalon and first thoracic segment. C. PMO 206.306/2. Posterior view of pygidium to show raised flange of doublure.

Fig. 3 in Enrolment in a Middle Ordovician agnostoid trilobite

Fig. 3. Trinodus elspethi (Raymond, 1925), silicified specimens from Edinburg Formation, Virginia, USA, PMO 206.304/1. A. Detail of articulating groove on posterior margin of the first thoracic segment. B. Lateral view showing inflated distal end and flange. During enrolment the latter slots into the base of the posterolateral spine of the cephalon. C. Detail of articulating groove along anterior margin.

Fig. 5 in Enrolment in a Middle Ordovician agnostoid trilobite

Fig. 5. Reconstruction of Trinodus elspethi (Raymond, 1925), Edinburg Formation, Virginia, U.S.A. A. Oblique posterior lateral view of completely enrolled individual. B. Partial pull−apart from anterior, to show articulation between cephalon and thorax. Drawn by Bogdan Bocianowski.

Fig. 1 in Enrolment in a Middle Ordovician agnostoid trilobite

Fig. 1. Trinodus elspethi (Raymond, 1925), silicified specimens from Edinburg Formation, Virginia, USA. A. PMO 206.303/1, dorsal view of holaspid cephalon. B. PMO 206.303/2, ventral view of holaspid cephalon; the posterolateral notch accommodates the anterior border of the pygidium during enrolment. C. PMO 206.304/1, dorsal view of first thoracic segment. D. PMO 206.304/2, ventral view of first thoracic segment. E. PMO 206.305, dorsal view of second thoracic segment. F. Ventral view of second thoracic segment; note articulating half−ring. G. PMO 206.306/1, dorsal view of pygidium. H. PMO 206.306/2, ventral view of pygidium with socket for posterior prong of second thoracic segment.

Fig. 6 in Brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician Shihtzupu Formation of Yunnan Province, China

Fig. 6. Principal component analysis (PCA) of 10 selected brachiopod faunas from uppermost Arenigian–middle Caradocian of South China, Kazakhstan, Avalonia, Sibumasu, and Laurentia, performed using PAST (Hammer et al. 2004). Data matrix: variance−covariance; Algorithm: singular value decomposition (SVD). See Fig. 5 for abbreviations of the faunas and Appendix 1 for number codes.

Fig. 1 in Brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician Shihtzupu Formation of Yunnan Province, China

Fig. 1. Location map of the study area. A. Map of China, with the South China palaeoplate outlined by thick line; inset box enlarged as B. B. The border region between Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces; inset enlarged as C. C. Detailed map of the Shizigou Valley section near the Weixin County town, with the fossil locality marked by solid triangle.

Fig. 4 in Brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician Shihtzupu Formation of Yunnan Province, China

Fig. 4. Stratigraphical range and relative abundance of brachiopod species in the Shihtzupu Formation, Shizigou Valley section near the Weixin County town, Yunnan Province.

Fig. 2 in Brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician Shihtzupu Formation of Yunnan Province, China

Fig. 2. Middle Ordovician sedimentary facies on the Yangtze Platform, South China palaeoplate (modified from Zhang et al. 2002), with three fossil localities discussed in the text: 1, Shihtzupu Formation at Shizigou Valley near the Weixin County town, Yunnan Province; 2, Type area of Shihtzupu Formation at Donggongsi, Zunyi, Guizhou Province; 3, Dashaba Formation at Shuanghe, Changning, Sichuan Province.

Fig. 15. A–C in Brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician Shihtzupu Formation of Yunnan Province, China

Fig. 15. A–C. Tritoechia sp. A. NIGP139165, dorsal internal mould (A1) and latex cast (A2) with enlarged view of cardinalia (A3). B. NIGP139166, dorsal internal mould. C. NIGP139167, ventral internal (C1) and latex cast (C2). D. Peritritoechia imbricatia? Xu, Rong, and Liu, 1974; NIGP139168, ventral internal mould (D1) with local enlargement (D2) showing muscle field and pedicle epithelium. E. Porambonites transversus Xu, Rong, and Liu, 1974; NIGP139169, ventral and dorsal views (E1, E2) of internal mould, ventral external mould (E3) and enlarged view of beaded costellae (E4).