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240 results for “Plant reproduction”
Supplementary material 9 from: Augustinus BA, Lommen STE, Fogliatto S, Vidotto F, Smith T, Horvath D, Bonini M, Gentili RF, Citterio S, Müller-Schärer H, Schaffner U (2020) In-season leaf damage by a biocontrol agent explains reproductive output of an invasive plant species. NeoBiota 55: 117-146. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.55.46874
Successful seed formation
Supplementary material 3 from: Augustinus BA, Lommen STE, Fogliatto S, Vidotto F, Smith T, Horvath D, Bonini M, Gentili RF, Citterio S, Müller-Schärer H, Schaffner U (2020) In-season leaf damage by a biocontrol agent explains reproductive output of an invasive plant species. NeoBiota 55: 117-146. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.55.46874
p-values for O. communa
Supplementary material 7 from: Augustinus BA, Lommen STE, Fogliatto S, Vidotto F, Smith T, Horvath D, Bonini M, Gentili RF, Citterio S, Müller-Schärer H, Schaffner U (2020) In-season leaf damage by a biocontrol agent explains reproductive output of an invasive plant species. NeoBiota 55: 117-146. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.55.46874
Raceme length
Supplementary material 8 from: Augustinus BA, Lommen STE, Fogliatto S, Vidotto F, Smith T, Horvath D, Bonini M, Gentili RF, Citterio S, Müller-Schärer H, Schaffner U (2020) In-season leaf damage by a biocontrol agent explains reproductive output of an invasive plant species. NeoBiota 55: 117-146. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.55.46874
Damage ~ abundance
Supplementary material 5 from: Augustinus BA, Lommen STE, Fogliatto S, Vidotto F, Smith T, Horvath D, Bonini M, Gentili RF, Citterio S, Müller-Schärer H, Schaffner U (2020) In-season leaf damage by a biocontrol agent explains reproductive output of an invasive plant species. NeoBiota 55: 117-146. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.55.46874
Figure S2
Supplementary material 2 from: Augustinus BA, Lommen STE, Fogliatto S, Vidotto F, Smith T, Horvath D, Bonini M, Gentili RF, Citterio S, Müller-Schärer H, Schaffner U (2020) In-season leaf damage by a biocontrol agent explains reproductive output of an invasive plant species. NeoBiota 55: 117-146. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.55.46874
Census dates
Supplementary material 1 from: Augustinus BA, Lommen STE, Fogliatto S, Vidotto F, Smith T, Horvath D, Bonini M, Gentili RF, Citterio S, Müller-Schärer H, Schaffner U (2020) In-season leaf damage by a biocontrol agent explains reproductive output of an invasive plant species. NeoBiota 55: 117-146. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.55.46874
Study sites
Supplementary material 6 from: Augustinus BA, Lommen STE, Fogliatto S, Vidotto F, Smith T, Horvath D, Bonini M, Gentili RF, Citterio S, Müller-Schärer H, Schaffner U (2020) In-season leaf damage by a biocontrol agent explains reproductive output of an invasive plant species. NeoBiota 55: 117-146. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.55.46874
Successful raceme formation
Broader phenology of pollinator activity and higher plant reproductive success in an urban habitat compared to a rural one
<p>Datasets for 'Broader phenology of pollinator activity and higher plant reproductive success in an urban habitat compared to a rural one' by Zaninotto et al. (2020) in Ecology and Evolution.</p>
Pollinator-mediated facilitation alleviates pollen limitation through effects on the quality of plant reproduction
<p>Facilitation and competition among plants sharing pollinators have contrasting consequences for each species' fitness. However, it is unclear whether pollinator-mediated indirect interactions between plants affect plant fitness in a multispecies context. Here, we investigated how pollinator sharing affects pollen limitation (contribution of pollination to fitness) in a tropical hummingbird-pollinated community marked by facilitation. We employed indices describing how much a plant species is important to shared pollinators (acting degree) and have its shared pollinators influenced by other plants (target degree) within the plant-hummingbird network. Since facilitation often increases pollination quantity but not necessarily quality, we expected both indices to be associated with reductions in pollen limitation estimates that depend on pollination quantity (fruit set and seed number) rather than estimates more strictly related to quality (seed weight and germination). Instead, we found that both indices were associated with reductions in pollen limitation only for seed weight and germination. Thus, facilitation acted on qualitative estimates of pollen limitation. Our results suggest that facilitation may enhance plant fitness even if quantitative components of plant fecundity are already saturated. Overall, we showed that pollinator-mediated indirect effects in a multispecies context are important drivers of plant fitness with consequences for coexistence in diverse communities.</p>
Maintenance of variation in virulence and reproduction in populations of an agricultural plant pathogen
<p>Genetic diversity within pathogen populations is critically important for predicting pathogen evolution, disease outcomes, and prevalence. However, we lack a good understanding of the processes maintaining genetic variation and constraints on pathogen life‐history evolution. Here, we analyzed interactions between 12 wheat host genotypes and 145 strains of <i>Zymoseptoria tritici</i> from five global populations to investigate the evolution and maintenance of variation in pathogen virulence and reproduction. We found a strong positive correlation between virulence (amount of leaf necrosis) and reproduction (pycnidia density within lesions), with substantial variation in both traits maintained within populations. On average, highly virulent isolates exhibited higher reproduction, which might increase transmission potential in agricultural fields planted to homogeneous hosts at a high density. We further showed that pathogen strains with a narrow host range (i.e. specialists) for reproduction were on average less virulent, and those with a broader host range (i.e. generalists) were on average less fecund on a given specific host. These costs associated with adaptation to different host genotypes might constrain the emergence of generalists by disrupting the directional evolution of virulence and fecundity. We conclude that selection favoring pathogen strains that are virulent across diverse hosts, coupled with selection that maximizes fecundity on specific hosts, may explain the maintenance of these pathogenicity traits within and among populations.</p>
Context-dependent reproductive isolation: host plant variability drives fitness of hybrid herbivores
<p><span>The role of divergent selection between alternative environments is well-recognized to promote reproductive isolation (RI) between lineages. However, most studies view each divergent environment as homogenous, thereby overlooking the potential role of within environment variation on RI between differentiating lineages. Here we test the importance of microenvironmental variation on RI using individual trees of two host plants each harboring locally adapted populations of the cynipid wasp, <i>Belonocnema treatae</i>. We compared the fitness surrogate (survival) of offspring from hybrid crosses with residents across individuals of each host plant <i>Quercus virginiana</i> and <i>Q. geminata</i>. We found evidence of weak hybrid inviability between host-associated lineages of <i>B. treatae</i> despite strong genomic differentiation. However, averaging across environments, masked great variation in hybrid fitness on individual trees, where hybrids performed worse than, equal to, or better than residents. Considering the environmental context of hybridization is thus critical to improving the predictability of divergence under variable selection.</span></p>
Data from: Digital photography provides a fast, reliable and non-invasive method to estimate anthocyanin pigment concentration in reproductive and vegetative plant tissues
1. Anthocyanin pigments have become a model trait for evolutionary ecology since they often provide adaptive benefits for plants. Anthocyanins have been traditionally quantified biochemically, or more recently using spectral reflectance. However, both methods require destructive sampling and can be labour intensive and challenging with small samples. Recent advances in digital photography and image processing make it the method of choice for measuring colour in the wild. Here, we use digital images as a quick, non-invasive method to estimate relative anthocyanin concentration among plants exhibiting colour variation. 2. By using a consumer-level digital camera and a free image processing toolbox, we extracted RGB values from digital images to generate colour indices. We tested petals, stems, pedicels and calyces of six species, which contain different types of anthocyanin pigments and exhibit different pigmentation patterns. Colour indices were assessed by their correlation to biochemically determined anthocyanin concentration. For comparison, we also calculated colour indices from spectral reflectance and tested the correlation with anthocyanin concentration. 3. Indices perform differently depending on the nature of the colour variation. For both digital images and spectral reflectance, the most accurate estimates of anthocyanin concentration emerge from anthocyanin content-chroma ratio (ACCR), anthocyanin-chroma basic (ACCB) and strength of green (S green) indices. Some colour indices derived from digital images and spectral reflectance strongly correlate with biochemically determined anthocyanin concentration, but the estimates from digital images performed better than spectral reflectance in terms of 2 and normalized root-mean-square error. This was particularly noticeable in a species with striped petals, but in the case of striped calyces both methods showed a comparable relationship with anthocyanin concentration. 4. Using digital images brings new opportunities to accurately quantify the anthocyanin concentration in both floral and vegetative tissues. This method is efficient, completely non-invasive, applicable to both uniform and patterned colour, and works with samples of any size.
Data from: Sexual selection in a hermaphroditic plant through female reproductive success
Sexual selection is well accepted as a mechanism of shaping traits in animals. However, whether and how floral traits are sexually selected in hermaphroditic plants remains less clear. Here, we use Passiflora incarnata to address how floral traits that affect pollination success are selected via female function. We manipulated the ecological context by limiting pollination and adding resources to expand the phenotypic distribution and alter the intensity of sexual selection. Total sexual selection favoured lower style deflexion because of its impact on pollen receipt and subsequent seed number. However, total selection on style deflexion was not significant, indicating additional selection on style deflexion through routes other than mating. Limited pollination and enhanced resources were expected to alter the distribution of pollen deposition and seed production and therefore intensify the Bateman gradient – the relationship between pollen receipt and seed production. Indeed, the Bateman gradient was strongest when pollination was limited, suggesting potential for sexual selection to influence floral trait evolution under these conditions. Overall, we found floral traits may be shaped by sexual selection through female reproductive success in this hermaphroditic plant. These results support manipulations to enhance the variance in mating as a mechanism to understand patterns of sexual selection.
Data from: Cascading reproductive isolation: plant phenology drives temporal isolation among populations of a host-specific herbivore
All organisms exist within a complex network of interacting species, thus evolutionary change may have reciprocal effects on multiple taxa. Here, we demonstrate "cascading reproductive isolation," whereby ecological differences that reduce gene flow between populations at one trophic level affect reproductive isolation (RI) among interacting species at the next trophic level. Using a combination of field, laboratory and common-garden studies and long-term herbaria records, we estimate and evaluate the relative contribution of temporal RI to overall prezygotic RI between populations of Belonocnema treatae, a specialist gall-forming wasp adapted to sister species of live oak (Quercus virginiana and Q. geminata). We link strong temporal RI between host-associated insect populations to differences between host plant budbreak phenology. Budbreak initiates flowering and the production of new leaves, which are an ephemeral resource critical to insect reproduction. As flowering time is implicated in RI between plant species, budbreak acts as a "multitrophic multi-effect trait," whereby differences in budbreak phenology contribute to RI in plants and insects. These sister oak species share a diverse community of host-specific gall-formers and insect natural enemies similarly dependent on ephemeral plant tissues. Thus, our results set the stage for testing for parallelism in a role of plant phenology in driving temporal cascading RI across multiple species and trophic levels.
Data from: Plant reproductive strategies vary under low and high pollinator densities
Long-term variation in the population density of honey bees (Apis mellifera) across landscapes has been shown to correlate with variation in the floral traits of plant populations in these landscapes, suggesting that variations in pollinator population density and foraging rates can drive floral trait evolution of their host plants. However, it remained to be determined whether this variation in plant traits is associated with adaptive variation in plant reproductive strategies under conditions of high and low pollinator densities. Here we conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment to examine how this variation in floral traits, under conditions of either high and low pollinator density, impacted seed production in the Tibetan lotus (Saussurea nigrescens). In 2014 and 2015, we recorded the floral traits, pollinator visitation rates, and seed production of S. nigrescens populations grown in both home sites and foreign sites, where sites varied in honey bee population density. Our results demonstrated that the floral traits reflected those of their original population, regardless of their current location. However, seed production varied with both population origin and transplant site. Seed number was positively correlated with flower abundance in the pollinator-rich sites, but with nectar production in the pollinator-poor sites. Pollinator visitation rate was also positively correlated with flower number at pollinator-rich sites, and with nectar volume at pollinator-poor sites. Overall, the local genotype had higher seed production than nonlocal genotypes in home sites. However, when pollen is hand-supplemented, plants from pollinator-rich populations had higher seed production than plants from pollinator-poor populations, regardless of whether they were transplanted to pollinator-rich or -poor sites. These results suggest the plant genotypic differences primarily drive variation in pollinator attraction, and this ultimately drives variation in seed: ovule ratio. Thus, our results suggest that flowering plant species use different reproductive strategies to respond to high or low pollinator densities.
Data from: Contemporary evolution of plant reproductive strategies under global change is revealed by stored seeds
Global change is expected to impose new selection pressures on natural populations. Phenotypic responses, such as earlier phenology in response to climate warming, have been repeatedly observed in the field. The recent pollinator decline is also expected to change selection on reproductive traits in flowering plants. However, it remains unclear whether short-term adaptation of plant reproductive strategies occurs in response to global change. In this study, we report the evolution of some important reproductive traits of the annual self-incompatible weed Centaurea cyanus. In a common garden experiment we germinated stored seeds, sampled 18 years apart from the same location, in a region where warmer springs and indices of pollinator decline have been reported. Compared to the ancestral population (1992), our results showed that plants of the descendant population (2010) flowered earlier and also produced larger capitula with longer receptivity and a larger floral display. QST -FST comparisons indicated that natural selection has likely contributed to the evolution of some of the traits investigated. Lower FST within temporal samples than among spatial samples further suggests a limited role of gene flow from neighboring populations. We therefore propose that trait shifts could partly be due to adaptation to global change.
FIGURE 9 in Plant reproductive structures and other mesofossils from Coniacian/Santonian of Lower Silesia, Poland
FIGURE 9. Flower of Normapolles affinity; X-ray pictures; specimen no. K2951. (A) inflorescence of three flowers; scale bar 1 mm. (B) Cross section through one flower, showing bract (br) and tepal (te) and documenting the epigynous nature of the flower; scale bar 1 mm. (C) Perianth of each flower consisting of five tepals (arrowed); scale bar 1 mm. Locality Żeliszów.
FIGURE 8 in Plant reproductive structures and other mesofossils from Coniacian/Santonian of Lower Silesia, Poland
FIGURE 8. Inflorescence of Normapolles Complex (A) inflorescence formed by three pistillate flowers, no. K2951, scale bar 1 mm (B) inflorescence formed by three staminate flowers, no. K2950, scale bar 1 mm (C) detail showing pollen, no. K2950, scale bar 100 µm; (D) isolated staminate flower showing basal parts of five tepals (terminal part of one tepal removed), no. K2961, scale bar 0.5 mm (E) removed tepal from the specimen figured on image 8D, no. K2961 scale bar 0.5 mm (F) detail of indumentum from the specimen figured on image 8D, no. K2961 scale bar 50 µm. All specimens from Żeliszów locality.
FIGURE 3 in Plant reproductive structures and other mesofossils from Coniacian/Santonian of Lower Silesia, Poland
FIGURE 3. Conifers (A) Cunninghamites cf. squamosus terminal fragment of twig, no. K2948, scale bar 1 mm (B) Cunninghamites cf. squamosus isolated leaf with leaf cushion, no. K2956, scale bar 1 mm (C) Cunninghamites cf. squamosus adaxial cuticle showing two bands of stomata, no. K2956, scale bar 100 µm (D) Geinitzia formosa, fragment of twig, no. K2958a scale bar 1 mm (E) Geinitzia formosa, isolated leaf with keel, no. K2958b scale bar 1 mm (F) Geinitzia formosa, detail of abaxial cuticle showing two irregular stomatal bands, no. K2958b scale bar 100 µm (G) Alapaja sp. seed, no. K2962 scale bar 1 mm (H) Seletya sp. seed no. K 3012 scale bar 1 mm (I) Seletya sp. seed no. K 3013, scale bar 1 mm. All specimens from Żeliszów locality.
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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