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Fig. 3 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 3. Specimens of mytilid bivalve Arcomytilus from the Middle and Upper Jurassic of Portugal and France. A–F. Arcomytilus morrisii (Sharpe, 1850). A. Large articulated specimen with pointed umbones and slightly imprinted anterior part. Arranhó II member, earliest Tithonian, Serra de Alrota. GML 25900. B. Small adult specimen, left valve with fine ribbing pattern and relatively straight anterior margin. Alcobaça formation, Late Kimmeridgian, Consolação. GML 25901. C. Young adult specimen, left valve with coarse ribbing pattern and large, elevated disc. Arranhó II member, Early Tithonian, Santa Cruz. GML 25902. D. Small adult, articulated specimen. Alcobaça formation, Early Kimmeridgian, Salir do Porto. GML 25903. E. Large articulated specimen with extremely triangular outline and wide−spaced, strong ribs. Arranhó II member, Early Tithonian, Lameiro das Antas. GML 25904. F. Adult specimen, left valve with bi− and trifurcation and simultaneous insertion of ribs. Arranhó II member, Early Tithonian, Santa Cruz. GML 25905. G. Arcomytilus asper. Right valve. Late Bathonian, Luc−sur−Mer, Calvados, France. MNHN J 08224. H. Arcomytilus bathonicus. Right valve. Late Bathonian, Luc−sur−Mer, Calvados, France. MNHN, coll. Deshayes 1876−8. I. Arcomytilus pectinatus. Right valve. "Corallien", La Rochelle, Charente−Maritime, France. MNHN, coll. d'Orbigny 4247.

Fig. 11 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 11. Lithostratigraphy plot of Arcomytilus. A. Different species and lithostratigraphically grouped Arcomytilus morrisii are displayed as convex hulls. Calculated artificial shell outlines for full number coordinate pairs are plotted to illustrate the morphospace. M; mean artificial shell outline. B. 95% confidence ellipses of group means and corresponding calculated shell outlines for group means are plotted. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 2. Lithostratigraphy of the Upper Jurassic rock suite in the Lusitanian Basin. Modified from Schneider et al. (2009). All units discussed herein are numbered in squared brackets. Formations and members that are not yet formally established are written in lower case letters. Abbreviations: A., Arisphinctes; As., Aspidoceras; Au., Aulacostephanus; C., Crussoliceras; D., Dichotomoceras; Fm., formation; M., Micracanthoceras; Mb., member; Q., Quenstedtoceras; S., Simoceras; Se., Semiformiceras.

Fig. 1 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 1. Geographic and geological overview of the Lusitanian Basin. The numbering of localities refers to Table 1, second column.

Fig. 14 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 14. Lithostratigraphy plot of Eomiodon securiformis. A. Lithostratigraphically arranged groups are displayed as convex hulls. Calculated artificial shell outlines for full number coordinate pairs are plotted to illustrate the morphospace. M, mean artificial shell outline. B. 95% confidence ellipses of group means and corresponding calculated shell outlines for group means are plotted. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.

Fig. 16 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 16. Left valve of neomiodontid bivalve Eomiodon sp. from Early Tithonian, Arranhó II member, Santa Cruz (GML 25929) in internal (A) and external (B) views.

opencc-by-sa-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Articles on 'Plastics and Soil' from 2019 onwards

Scientific articles on the topic of 'Plastics and Soil' retrieved from WoS (Clarivate) and Scopus (Elsevier) from 2019 onwards, with duplicates removed

Figure 3 in Predator-induced plasticity in tadpoles of Polypedates cruciger (Anura: Rhacophoridae)

Figure 3. Principal components space of PC1 vs. PC2 (unregressed) of tadpole measurements in the two experimental conditions ("open" and "closed") and the controls of the early sampling regime. The PC1 axis, which explains 46% of the variance, is mostly represented by tail length, total length, and inter-orbital width. The PC2 axis, which explains 24% of the variance, mostly represents tail height-related variables.

Figure 4 in Predator-induced plasticity in tadpoles of Polypedates cruciger (Anura: Rhacophoridae)

Figure 4. Canonical variables plot of discriminant function analysis (unregressed) of the two experimental conditions ("open" and "closed") and the control. Ninety-five percent confidence elipses of these three do not overlap with one another, and are centered on the centroid each group.

Figure 1 in Predator-induced plasticity in tadpoles of Polypedates cruciger (Anura: Rhacophoridae)

Figure 1. Outline of tadpole (lateral and dorsal views), depicting measurements that were used in this study: total length (TL), tail length (TAL), maximum tail height (MTH), maximum tail height to tip of tail (MTH-t), total muscle height (TMH), total muscle width (TMW), body length (BL), inter-orbital distance (IOD), internasal distance (IND), and limb length (LL).

Figure 5 in Predator-induced plasticity in tadpoles of Polypedates cruciger (Anura: Rhacophoridae)

Figure 5. Boxplot depicting the means and standard errors of the two treatments ("open" and "closed") and the control.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

Dataset for the publication "Identification of plasticity-induced crack closure by using high-resolution digital image correlation"

This repository publishes the data generated in the article "Identification of plasticity-induced crack closure by using high-resolution digital image correlation" (see arxiv preprint <a href="https://arxiv.org/html/2409.02560v1">Plasticity-induced crack closure identification during fatigue crack growth in AA2024-T3 by using high-resolution digital image correlation (arxiv.org)</a>) This repository is structured with the following subfolders: <ul> <li>0_fe_data: contains the displacement field of the free surface of the 3D finite element model that were used to determine the crack opening curves and, in the following, the crack opening value Kop</li> <li>1_hrdic_data: contains the high-resolution DIC displacement field data at a crack length of 27.8 mm at different load levels, starting from minimum load 1.5 kN to maximum load 15 kN</li> </ul>

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

Plant responses to urban gradients: extinction, plasticity, adaptation

Individual functional traits (LMA – leaf mass per area, plant height and flower length), population performance traits (seed mass and germination rate), as well as species frequency in the plant community, of four herbaceous plant species present in the metropolitan area of Strasbourg: Dactylis glomerata, Medicago lupulina, Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium pratense. Traits were measured in situ at 60 mesophilic herbaceous sites, and ex situ in a common garden experiment in the Botanical Garden of the University of Strasbourg. Environmental data include mowing frequency, soil characteristics (composition and structure), air temperature, air humidity, and surrounding landscape variables: mean building height, population density, NDVI, road density, and distance to the city center.

opencc-zeroOct 2024View details →

Inbreeding depression, functional traits and phenotypic plasticity in an endangered tree species from Congo basin with a mixed mating system

<h3>Inbreeding depression, functional traits and phenotypic plasticity in an endangered tree species from Congo basin with a mixed mating system</h3> <h1><a name="_Hlk166486742"></a>Abstract</h1> 1. Most tree species can suffer from inbreeding depression (ID), which they escape by reproducing predominantly through outcrossing. A remarkable exception is Pericopsis elata, an African timber species naturally producing 54% of self-fertilized seeds in the eastern Congo Basin. This species is highly logged and suffers from a deficit of natural regeneration, so that silviculture is needed for its sustainable management. While selecting good genetic material can increase the value of plantations, we lack fundamental biological knowledge on the effect of inbreeding and competition on growth potential, variability in leaf traits and phenotypic plasticity. We hypothesize that ID in P. elata could result from the expression of deleterious mutations affecting functional traits, or from a reduction of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in inbred genotypes. 2. To test our hypotheses, 540 P. elata seedlings were monitored for 4 years in a Nelder-type device located in the DRC, in which trees were planted along concentric circles to generate a density gradient. Nine leaf morphological traits (including specific leaf area, stomata density and size), eight leaf chemical traits, diameter, and total height were measured regularly, while paternity analyses allowed distinguishing inbred and outbred plants. To explain the observed ID on growth, we tested whether inbreeding affected leaf traits and/or their plasticity expressed across years, across the density gradient or across sunlight exposure. 3. Outbred plants grew faster than inbred ones, demonstrating ID for each level of competition. Despite the significant correlation found between specific leaf area and growth, and the impact of planting density, plant age, and leaf exposure to sunlight on multiple traits, mean leaf trait values did not differ according to inbreeding. However, a few leaf traits (chlorophyl content, maximum stomatal water vapor conductance, and leaf fresh mass) showed significantly higher plasticity in outbred than inbred plants. 4. Synthesis: the observed ID on growth was not explained by a direct effect of inbreeding on the mean values of functional traits but possibly by a reduction of phenotypic plasticity with inbreeding. Additional studies on the interplay between ID, functional traits and plasticity should be conducted at the intra-specific level to identify general patterns. Key-words : Inbreeding depression, phenotypic plasticity, silviculture, functionals traits, Pericopsis elata, mating system, Nelder device.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2024View details →

Computational Approach to Discovering Plastic Degradation Enzymes

With at least 150 million tons of plastic already in oceans and over 10 million tons of plastic entering oceans annually, plastic waste has become a major global problem. Current methods to address this problem such as incineration and landfills are unsustainable and environmentally harmful. More trending approaches such as the degradation of plastic using microbial enzymes are rarely efficient enough to be applied industrially. To fill this gap in our knowledge, we developed a computational method called IPDE (Identification of Plastic Degradation Enzymes) to systematically identify promising enzymes, enzyme combinations, and microbial species for effective plastic waste degradation. Using IPDE, we discovered 32 enzymes in ocean microbiomes, with at least 16 (50.0%) having a role in plastic degradation. Additionally, we identified 37 significant enzyme combinations, 8 (21.6%) of which contain enzymes that co-occur in the same metabolic pathways. Furthermore, we found 60 microbial species, 16 (26.6%) of which have been implied to be linked to plastic degradation in literature. The results from IPDE provide promising candidates for experimental validation, protein engineering, and industrial application to tackle this plastic waste problem. The IPDE tool is freely available at https://github.com/SophieL8/Plastic-degrading-enzymes.

opencc-zeroDec 2019View details →

Shift in bacterial taxa precedes morphological plasticity in a larval echinoid

Morphological plasticity is an adaptive response to heterogenous environments when a fitness advantage is conferred. Larval sea urchins, for example, increase individual fitness in dilute feeding environments by elongating their feeding structure. Morphological plasticity for larval sea urchins is also coupled with significant shifts in the associated bacterial community, but whether this response occurs before, during, or following the expression of plasticity is unclear. Using the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus, we define the temporal pattern of the associated bacterial community throughout the expression of morphological plasticity. From prefeeding through plasticity, we observed that L. variegatus larvae exhibit a four-stage successional pattern and the relatedness of the larval-associated bacterial community directly reflects morphological plasticity and does so prior to expression of the environmental-specific morphology. Based on the structure of the larval-associated bacterial communities, the expression of morphological plasticity correlates short-arm larvae deviating from the microbial trajectory of pre-plastic siblings. Taken together, these data suggest that a holobiont may exhibit shifts in the associated bacterial community corresponding with the environmental variation in absence or anticipation of morphological plasticity.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Data and code for: Plastic and quantitative genetic divergence mirror environmental gradients among wild, fragmented populations of Impatiens capensis

Premise of the study: Habitat fragmentation generates molecular genetic divergence among isolated populations but few studies have assessed phenotypic divergence and fitness in populations where the genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation are known. Phenotypic divergence could reflect plasticity, local adaptation, and/or genetic drift. Methods: We examined patterns and potential drivers of phenotypic divergence among 12 populations of jewelweed (Impatiens capensis Meerb.) that show strong molecular genetic signals of isolation and drift among fragmented habitats. We measured morphological and reproductive traits in both maternal plants within natural populations and their self-fertilized progeny grown together in a common garden. We also quantified environmental divergence between home sites and the common garden. Key results: Populations with less molecular genetic variation expressed less maternal phenotypic variation. Progeny in the common garden converged in phenotypes relative to their wild mothers but retained among-population differences in morphology, survival, and reproduction. Among-population phenotypic variance was 3-10x greater in home sites than in the common garden for 6 of 7 morphological traits measured. Patterns of phenotypic divergence paralleled environmental gradients in ways suggestive of adaptation. Progeny resembled their mothers less as the environmental distance between their home site and the common garden increased. Conclusions: Despite strong molecular signatures of isolation and drift, phenotypic differences among these Impatiens populations appear to reflect both adaptive quantitative genetic divergence and plasticity. Quantifying the extent of local adaptation and plasticity and how these covary with molecular and phenotypic variation help us predict when populations may lose their adaptive capacity.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

Tyrosine-protein kinase Yes controls endothelial junctional plasticity and barrier integrity by regulating VE-cadherin phosphorylation and endocytosis

Abstract Vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin in endothelial adherens junctions is an essential component of the vascular barrier, critical for tissue homeostasis and implicated in diseases such as cancer and retinopathies. Inhibitors of Src cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase have been applied to suppress VE-cadherin tyrosine phosphorylation and prevent excessive leakage, edema and high interstitial pressure. Here we show that the Src-related Yes tyrosine kinase, rather than Src, is localized at endothelial cell (EC) junctions where it becomes activated in a flow-dependent manner. EC-specific Yes1 deletion suppresses VE-cadherin phosphorylation and arrests VE-cadherin at EC junctions. This is accompanied by loss of EC collective migration and exaggerated agonist-induced macromolecular leakage. Overexpression of Yes1 causes ectopic VE-cadherin phosphorylation, while vascular leakage is unaffected. In contrast, in EC-specific Src-deficiency, VE-cadherin internalization is maintained, and leakage is suppressed. In conclusion, Yes-mediated phosphorylation regulates constitutive VE-cadherin turnover, thereby maintaining endothelial junction plasticity and vascular integrity. Method for retinal EC distribution analysis Chimeric recombination was induced in iSuRe-Cre+ mice at P3 by i.p. injection of tamoxifen (100 µg/mouse, Sigma). Retinas were taken at P7 and P15, immunostained for CD31 and flat-mounted. Images were taken by z-stack tile scanning using a 10X objective on a confocal microscope (Leica SP8). Maximum intensity projection images of whole retinas were used for image segmentation, which was performed with ImageJ resources. The maximum projection of the MbTomato channel threshold was established to distinguish MbTomato+ cells from the background. Outliers with a radius between 0.2-1.0 µm were removed. The CD31 channel (after maximum projection) was used to define the outlines of veins and arteries; the optic nerve was used as a mask to define a referential system. For computational analysis, a bespoken Python-based workflow was employed, accessible on GitHub (https://github.com/wgiese/retina-vein-artery-cs). For every pixel in the image, three numbers were computed (using the mask as referential): (1) distance to the nearest vein (dv), (2) distance to the nearest artery (da) and (3) radial distance to the optic nerve (r). From these measures, the relative distances by ϕv-a = dv/(dv + da) were obtained. The EC distribution was computed by performing the operation for all YFP-positive pixels, which were used as a proxy for EC distribution. A kernel density estimation was used to approximate the underlying EC distribution in the 2D coordinate system spanned by ϕv-a and r.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Plastic responses of survival and fertility following heat stress in pupal and adult Drosophila virilis

The impact of rising global temperatures on survival and reproduction is putting many species at risk of extinction. In particular, it has recently been shown that thermal effects on reproduction, particularly limits to male fertility, can underpin species distributions in insects. However, the physiological factors influencing fertility at high temperatures are poorly understood. Key factors that affect somatic thermal tolerance such as hardening, the ability to phenotypically increase thermal tolerance after a mild heat shock, and the differential impact of temperature on different life stages, are largely unexplored for thermal fertility tolerance. Here, we examine the impact of high temperatures on male fertility in the cosmopolitan fruit fly Drosophila virilis. We first determined whether temperature stress at either the pupal or adult life-history stage impacts fertility. We then tested the capacity for heat-hardening to mitigate heat-induced sterility. We found that thermal stress reduces fertility in different ways in pupae and adults. Pupal heat stress delays sexual maturity, whereas males heated as adults can reproduce initially following heat stress, but lose the ability to produce offspring. We also found evidence that while heat-hardening in D. virilis can improve high temperature survival, there is no significant protective impact of this same hardening treatment on fertility. These results suggest that males may be unable to prevent the costs of high temperature stress on fertility through heat-hardening which limits a species' ability to quickly and effectively reduce fertility loss in the face of short-term high temperature events.