Find research datasets worth reusing
Search datasets from major research repositories and use ShareScore to quickly assess how well each record supports discovery, access, and reuse.
1,368
datasets available to search
ShareScore release 0.9.0
Dataset results
1,368 results for “Proximity”
The role of neighbour proximity and context on meerkat close call acoustic structure
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Rocky Mountain National Park bulk inorganic N deposition in close proximity to roads, summer 2021
Vehicles are an important source for N deposition that may negatively impact roadside ecosystems. While elevated roadside N deposition has been found in many locations, it is not yet known if vehicle emissions cause measurable increases of N deposition in complex, mountainous terrain adjacent to roads. To address this, this study investigated the effect of vehicle N emissions on throughfall (through trees) and open N deposition in a high traffic corridor in mountainous terrain of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. We measured bulk (wet + dry) atmospheric N deposition in throughfall and open samplers on transects of 750 (throughfall) and 225 (open) m moving away from the road using ion exchange resin (IER) collectors. This dataset contains inorganic nitrogen deposition data from this study.
Human-Swarm Teaming with Proximal Interactions
<p>Autonomous swarms are capable of accomplishing simple tasks but when it comes to critical situations (e.g., disaster management) they cannot manage the whole mission. By establishing a human-swarm interaction we create a system that can outperform humans or autonomous swarms when working independently. We propose a human-swarm teaming with proximal interactions between human operators and robots in a multi-agent system. One of the major challenges in a human-swarm interaction is acquiring global information about the swarm's state and visualizing it to the human operators. Continuous swarm observation requires global communication between the human operator and the swarm that limits scalability and comes with a high communication cost. In our approach, we only allow one-to-one communications in local neighborhoods between agent-agent and operator-agent. By doing that, we decrease the cognitive complexity of human-swarm interaction to O(1). Agents collectively explore and map the environment by disseminating their observations and incorporating their neighboring agents' maps. Human operators then use these maps to estimate the swarm's state, manipulate the maps to control the swarm, and as a result, determine the level of autonomy of the swarm. We verify our approach with a disaster management scenario where a simulated aerial swarm is spread across a mission zone to explore an environment. Our proposed method for human-swarm teaming with proximal interactions successfully guides a swarm to explore a mission area in a dynamic environment and allows a single operator to control the swarm.</p>
Distal prong of MA longer than proximal one, curved (6c) in A revision of the African wolf spider genus Amblyothele Simon
Distal prong of MA longer than proximal one, curved (6c)
Forest cover and proximity decrease herbivory and increase crop yield via enhanced natural enemies in soybean fields
<p><span>Non-crop habitats are essential for sustaining biodiversity of beneficial arthropods in agricultural landscapes, which can increase ecosystem services provision and crop yield. However, their effects on specific crop systems are less clear, such as soybean in South America, where the responses of pests and natural enemies to landscape structure have only recently been studied. </span></p> <p><span>Here, we analyzed how native forest fragments at local and landscape scales influenced arthropod communities, herbivory, and yield in soybean fields in central Argentina. To do this, we selected soybean fields located in agricultural landscapes with varying proportions of forest cover. At two distances (10 and 100m) from a focal forest fragment, we sampled natural enemy and herbivore arthropods, and measured soybean herbivory and yield. We focused on herbivore diversity, abundance of key soybean pests in the region (caterpillars and stink bugs), and their generalist and specialist natural enemies.</span></p> <p><span>Higher abundance of predators, lower herbivory rates, and increased yield were found near forests, while overall forest cover in the landscape was positively related with parasitoid and stink bug abundance, soybean yield, and negatively with herbivory. Moreover, yield was positively linked to richness and abundance of generalist and specialist enemies and independent of herbivory according to piecewise Structural Equation Models. </span></p> <p><span><i>Synthesis and applications. </i>Our results show positive effects of native forests on biodiversity and yield in soybean crops, highlighting the need for conservation of forest fragments in agricultural landscapes. Moreover, the relation between natural enemies and crop yield suggests that Chaco forests support a diverse and abundant community of natural enemies that can provide sustained levels of ecosystem services and result in positive effects for farmers.</span></p>
Limited genetic parallelism underlies recent, repeated incipient speciation in geographically proximate populations of an Arctic fish (Salvelinus alpinus)
<p>The genetic underpinnings of incipient speciation, including the genomic mechanisms which contribute to morphological and ecological differentiation and reproductive isolation, remain poorly understood. The repeated evolution of consistently, phenotypically distinct morphs of Arctic Charr (<i>Salvelinus alpinus</i>) within the Quaternary period offer an ideal model to study the repeatability of evolution at the genomic level. Sympatric morphs of Arctic Charr are found across this species' circumpolar distribution. However, the specific genetic mechanisms driving this morph differentiation are largely unknown despite the cultural and economic importance of the anadromous morph. We used a newly designed 87k SNP chip to investigate the character and consistency of the genomic differences among sympatric morphs within three recently deglaciated and geographically proximate lakes in Labrador, Canada. We found genetically distinct small and large morph Arctic Charr in all three lakes consistent with resident and anadromous morphs, respectively. A degree of reproductive isolation among sympatric morphs is likely given genome-wide distributions of outlier SNPs and high genome-wide <i>F</i><sub>ST</sub>s. Across all lakes, outlier SNPs were largely non-overlapping suggesting a lack of genetic parallelism driving morph differentiation. Alternatively, several genes and paralogous copies of the same gene consistently differentiated morphs across multiple lakes suggesting their importance to the manifestation of morphs. Our results confirm the utility of Arctic Charr as a model for investigating the predictability of evolution and support the importance of both genetic parallelism and non-parallelism to the incipient speciation of Arctic Charr morphs.</p>
Tracking sickness effects on social encounters via continuous proximity-sensing in wild vampire bats
Sickness behaviors can slow the spread of pathogens across a social network. We conducted a field experiment to investigate how sickness behavior affects individual connectedness over time using a dynamic social network created from high-resolution proximity data. After capturing adult female vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) from a roost, we created 'sick' bats by injecting a random half of bats with the immune-challenging substance, lipopolysaccharide, while the control group received saline injections. Over the next three days, we used proximity sensors to continuously track dyadic associations between 16 'sick' bats and 15 control bats under natural conditions. Compared to control bats, 'sick' bats associated with fewer bats, spent less time near others, and were less socially connected to more well-connected individuals (sick bats had on average a lower degree, strength, and eigenvector centrality). High-resolution proximity data allow researchers to flexibly define network connections (association rates) based on how a particular pathogen is transmitted (e.g., contact duration of >1 vs >60 minutes, contact proximity of <1 vs <10 meters). Therefore, we inspected how different ways of measuring association rates changed the observed effect of LPS. How researchers define association rates influences the magnitude and detectability of sickness effects on network centrality.
Data from: Prey colonization in freshwater landscapes can be stimulated or inhibited by the proximity of remote predators
<p>1. Recent findings suggest that the colonization of habitat patches may be affected by the quality of surrounding patches. For instance, patches that lack predators may be avoided when located near others with predators, a pattern known as risk contagion. Alternatively, predator avoidance might also redirect dispersal towards nearby predator-free patches resulting in so-called habitat compression. However, it is largely unknown how predators continue to influence these habitat selection behaviors at increasing distances from outside of their own habitat patch. In addition, current information is derived from artificial mesocosm experiments, while support from natural ecosystems is lacking. 2. This study used bromeliad landscapes as a natural model system to study how oviposition habitat selection of Diptera responds to the cues of a distant predator, the carnivorous elephant mosquito larva. 3. We established landscapes containing predator-free bromeliad habitat patches placed at increasing distances from a predator-containing patch, along with replicate control landscapes. These patches were then left to be colonized by ovipositing bromeliad insects. 4. We found that distance to predators modulates habitat selection decisions. Moreover, different dipteran families had different responses suggesting different habitat selection strategies. In some families, predator-free patches at certain distances from the predator patch were avoided, confirming risk contagion. In other families, these patches received higher number of colonists providing evidence of predator induced habitat compression. 5. We confirm that effects of predators in a natural ecosystem can extend beyond the patch in which the predator is present and that the presence or absence of remote predator effects on habitat selection depends on the distance to predators. The notion that perceived habitat quality can depend on conditions in neighboring patches forces habitat selection studies to adopt a landscape perspective and account for the effects of both present and remote predators when explaining community assembly in metacommunities.</p>
Microbial associations and spatial proximity predict North American moose (Alces alces) gastrointestinal community composition
<ol> <li>Microbial communities are increasingly recognised as crucial for animal health. However, our understanding of how microbial communities are structured across wildlife populations is poor. Mechanisms such as interspecific associations are important in structuring free-living communities, but we still lack an understanding of how important interspecific associations are in structuring gut microbial communities in comparison to other factors such as host characteristics or spatial proximity of hosts.</li> </ol> <p> </p> <ol> <li>Here we ask how gut microbial communities are structured in a population of North American moose (<i>Alces alces</i>). We identify key microbial interspecific associations within the moose gut and quantify how important they are relative to key host characteristics, such as body condition, for predicting microbial community composition.</li> </ol> <p> </p> <ol> <li>We sampled gut microbial communities from 55 moose in a population experiencing decline due to a myriad of factors, including pathogens and malnutrition. We examined microbial community dynamics in this population utilizing novel graphical network models that can explicitly incorporate spatial information.</li> </ol> <p> </p> <ol> <li>We found that interspecific associations were the most important mechanism structuring gut microbial communities in moose and detected both positive and negative associations. Models only accounting for associations between microbes had higher predictive value compared to models including moose sex, evidence of previous pathogen exposure, or body condition. Adding spatial information on moose location further strengthened our model and allowed us to predict microbe occurrences with ~90% accuracy.</li> </ol> <p> </p> <ol> <li>Collectively, our results suggest that microbial interspecific associations coupled with host spatial proximity are vital in shaping gut microbial communities in a large herbivore. In this case, previous pathogen exposure and moose body condition were not as important in predicting gut microbial community composition. The approach applied here can be used to quantify interspecific associations and gain a more nuanced understanding of the spatial and host factors shaping microbial communities in non-model hosts.</li> </ol>
Data from: Network structure and the optimisation of proximity-based association criteria
<ol> <li>Animal social network analysis (SNA) often uses proximity data obtained from automated tracking of individuals. Identifying associations based on proximity requires deciding on quantitative criteria such as the maximum distance or the longest time interval between visits of different individuals to still consider them associated. These quantitative criteria are not easily chosen based on <i>a priori</i> biological arguments alone.</li> <li>Here we propose a procedure for optimising proximity-based association criteria in SNA, whereby different spatial and temporal criteria are screened to determine which combination detects more network structure. If we assume that biologically-relevant associations among individuals are non-random, and that proximity data are mostly influenced by those associations, then it is logical to select criteria that minimise random associations and show the underlying network structure more clearly.</li> <li>We first used simulations to evaluate which of four simple descriptors of network structure remain unbiased (i.e., do not change directionally) when reducing the number of observations, since unbiased descriptors are necessary for comparing the structure of networks using different association criteria. Then, using two of those descriptors (coefficient of variation of the strength of associations, and network entropy), and empirical proximity data from automated tracking of common waxbills (<i>Estrilda astrild</i>) in a mesocosm environment, we found that the structure-based optimisation procedure selected the most biologically-relevant combination of spatial and temporal proximity criteria, in the sense that those criteria were also the best at distinguishing between previously known social sub-groups of individuals.</li> <li>These results indicate that, provided that the assumptions for structure-based optimisation are met, this procedure can find the most biologically-relevant association criteria. Thus, under the condition that proximity data are shaped by non-random social associations, and if using adequate descriptors of network structure, structure-based optimisation may be a useful tool for SNA, particularly when <i>a priori</i> biological arguments are insufficient to inform the choice of proximity-based association criteria.</li> </ol>
Distal and proximal hypoxia response elements cooperate to regulate organ-specific erythropoietin gene expression
<p>While it is well-established that distal hypoxia response elements (HREs) regulate hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) target genes such as erythropoietin (Epo), an interplay between multiple distal and proximal (promoter) HREs has not been described so far. Hepatic Epo expression is regulated by a HRE located downstream of the <i>EPO</i> gene, but this 3' HRE is dispensable for renal <i>EPO</i> gene expression. We previously identified a 5' HRE and could show that both HREs direct exogenous reporter gene expression. Here, we show that whereas in hepatic cells the 3' but not the 5' HRE is required, in neuronal cells both the 5' and 3' HREs contribute to endogenous Epo induction. Moreover, two novel putative HREs were identified in the <i>EPO</i> promoter. In hepatoma cells HIF interacted mainly with the distal 3' HRE, but in neuronal cells HIF most strongly bound the promoter, to a lesser extent the 3' HRE, and not at all the 5' HRE. Interestingly, mutation of either of the two distal HREs abrogated HIF binding to the 3' and promoter HREs. These results suggest that a canonical functional HRE can recruit multiple, not necessarily HIF, transcription factors to mediate HIF binding to different distant HREs in an organ-specific manner.</p>
Proximity to forest mediates trade-offs between yields and biodiversity of birds in oil palm smallholdings
<p>There is much debate about how best to mitigate the effects of agricultural expansion on biodiversity, especially in the tropics. Recent studies have emphasised that proximity to natural habitats can enhance farmland biodiversity, yet few studies have examined whether or not such proximity mediates local trade-offs between yields and biodiversity, and hence alters conclusions about the ecological benefits of alternative farming strategies. Here we examine yield-biodiversity trade-offs, focusing on birds in oil palm smallholdings at different distances from remaining areas of forest, including a large forest reserve, in Ghana. We found significantly fewer birds on higher-yielding than lower-yielding farms, in terms of both species richness and abundance. For forest specialist birds (likely to be highly vulnerable to conversion of land to agriculture) we also found a greater trade-off (i.e. lower richness and abundance for a given yield) at farms further from forest, to the extent that increasing distance to the nearest forest from 1 to 10 km had a similar effect as a 3- to 5-fold increase in fruit yield brought about by increased intensification. Our study highlights the importance of accounting for the effects of natural forest in the landscape when considering agricultural policies for biodiversity protection, underlining the importance of a landscape-scale approach to conservation.</p>
Proximity-sensors on GPS collars reveal fine-scale predator-prey behavior during a predation event: A case study from Scandinavia
<p>Although the advent of high-resolution GPS tracking technology has helped increase our understanding of individual and multi-species behavior in wildlife systems, detecting and recording direct interactions between free-ranging animals remains difficult. In 2023, we deployed GPS collars equipped with proximity sensors (GPS proximity collars) on brown bears (<em>Ursus</em> <em>arctos</em>) and moose (<em>Alces</em> <em>alces</em>) as part of a multi-species interaction study in central Sweden. On 6 June, 2023, a collar on an adult female moose and a collar on an adult male bear triggered on each other's UHF signal and started collecting fine-scale GPS positioning data. The moose collar collected positions every 2 minutes for 89 minutes and the bear collar collected positions every 1 minute for 41 minutes. On 8 June, field personnel visited the site and found a female neonate moose carcass with clear indications of bear bite marks on the head and neck. During the predation event, the bear remained at the carcass while the moose moved back and forth, moving towards the carcass site about 5 times. The moose was observed via drone with 2 calves on 24 May and with only one remaining calf on 9 June. This case study describes, to the best of our knowledge, the first instance of a predation event between two free-ranging, wild species recorded by GPS proximity collars. Both collars successfully triggered and switched to finer-scaled GPS fix rates when the individuals were in close proximity producing detailed movement data for both predator and prey during and after a predation event. We suggest that, combined with standard field methodology, GPS proximity collars placed on free-ranging animals offer the ability for researchers to observe direct interactions between multiple individuals and species in the wild without the need for direct visual observation.</p>
Forest bat activity declines with increasing wind speed in the proximity of operating wind turbines
<p>The increasing use of onshore wind energy is leading to an increased deployment of wind turbines in structurally rich habitats such as forests. Forest-affiliated bats, in turn, are at risk of colliding with the rotor blades. Due to the legal protection of bats in Europe, it is imperative to restrict the operation of wind turbines to periods of low bat activity to avoid collisions. However, bats have also been observed to avoid wind turbines over several hundred meters distance, indicating a displacement that cannot solely be explained by modifications to the habitat. This avoidance suggests a displacement of bats by indirect factors related to wind turbine operation, e.g., wake turbulences and noise emissions. Therefore, we investigated whether the activity of forest-affiliated bats is influenced by operation mode (on/off) under variable wind conditions along transects from 80 to 450 m distance to wind turbines. We divided recordings by foraging guild, i.e., either narrow-space (<em>Myotis</em>, <em>Plecotus)</em>, edge-space (<em>Pipistrellus, Barbastella</em>), or open-space foraging bats (<em>Nyctalus, Eptesicus, Vespertilio</em>), and analyzed the effects of wind turbine operation and wind speed on the recorded bat guild activity with mixed effects models. The acoustic activity of narrow-space foraging bats decreased by 91% with increasing wind speed when wind turbines were operating, while bat activity remained unaffected by wind speed when turbines were not operating. This was neither observed for open-space foraging bats nor for edge-space foraging bats, and neither wind turbine operation nor wind speed (ranging between 0 – 4 m/s at 10 m height above ground) were found to affect bat activity when considered alone. Wind turbine noise emissions are known to increase with rotor speed and consequently, wind speed, thus presenting a likely explanation for the interactive negative effect of turbine operation and wind speed specifically on noise-sensitive narrow-space foraging bats. To understand potential ecological long-term consequences for bat populations in forest areas with wind turbines and to design effective conservation measures, future research should focus on disentangling the effects of different disturbances related to turbine operation.</p>
Native forest and proximity to humans are stronger drivers of Brazilian cottontail habitat use than invasive European hare
<p>Human activities and biological invasions have caused unprecedented biodiversity loss over the past 500 years. Proximity to humans drives the spatial distribution of species toward less disturbed habitats. Invasive species can competitively exclude native species, but species may coexist due to different habitat preferences. Here, we investigated how proximity to farms and the presence of the non-native European hare (<em>Lepus europaeus</em>) influence the habitat use by the Brazilian cottontail (<em>Sylvilagus minensis</em>) in southeastern Brazil. We found that the probability of cottontail site use increased with native forest cover and decreased with farmhouse proximity, ranging from 0.05 (<em>SE</em> = 0.02) at sites close to farmhouses (≅ 900 m) with no native forest to 0.70 (<em>SE</em> = 0.15) at sites far from farmhouses (≅ 2500 m) dominated by native forest. Higher risk of harassment and predation by free-roaming dogs and cats may explain the negative effect of farmhouse proximity on cottontail habitat use. We found little evidence for competitive exclusion by the European hare. Instead, our results suggest that the two species spatially segregate due to different habitat preferences. While the European hare more likely uses farmland in its native and non-native range, our results suggest that the Brazilian cottontail is a forest dweller. Although we found only weak evidence of competitive exclusion, we advise caution because invasive species may delay the onset of detrimental effects due to initial low population densities in newly invaded areas as is the case of the European hare in southeastern Brazil.</p>
Social association of monk parakeets in relation to proximity and relatedness
<p>Monk parakeets are social parrots that live in loose colonies, often building communal nests and breeding cooperatively. Relatives are clustered within nests and within colonies. Data was collected to test the hypothesis that social associations of monk parakeets when away from their nests (foraging, collecting nest material, etc) are driven by either the spatial proximity of their nests and/or by their relatedness. The dataset includes information on the identities of all birds that could potentially associate with a focal bird when away from their respective nests, an index of their association strength (calculated using the simple ratio index), the distance between their respective nests, the dyadic relatedness of the birds estimated using microsatellite genotypes, the number of times the two birds were seen together, and the total number of times the focal bird was observed. Data are separated into different files according to the year of data collection (2018 or 2019) to avoid pseudoreplication. Additional files exclude data from each year collected at a feeding station; these data files relate to a conservative anlaysis in case the supply of supplementary food affected social associations. An additional file contains data only for birds whose nests were in the same tree; this file was for an analysis of the effect of relatedness on social association while controlling for nest proximity. Finally, a file is also included that contains the 2018 as described above, but with dyads defined by sex (male-male, female-male or female-male). Each data file relates to a specific analysis in the paper. The conclusion is that monk parakeets do have specific social associations with conspecifics, and that these are infleuenced by nest proximity but not by genetic relatedness.</p>
Data from: Higher avian biodiversity, increased shrub cover, and proximity to continuous forest may reduce pest insect crop loss in small-scale oil palm farming
<p>One of the key ecosystem services offered by avian biodiversity within agricultural landscapes is natural predation. Nonetheless, the current use of biological control agents such as farmland birds in oil palm plantations is relatively limited. The present study aimed to assess the potential roles of avian biodiversity, particularly insectivores which provide natural predation against oil palm herbivorous insects. We also investigated the influence of local- and landscape-scale variables on foliage damage (crown or frond). Our data showed that crown damage decreased with increasing farmland bird richness (overall and insectivore), shrub cover, dried biomass, and elevation, but increased with epiphyte cover, oil palm height, and distance to continuous forest. Frond damage was negatively related to bird richness (overall, insectivore, and non-insectivore) and non-insectivore abundance, elevation, and shrub cover, while increased with insectivorous abundance, epiphyte cover, oil palm height, and distance to continuous forest. We also found that plantations (≥ 50 ha) were more susceptible to foliage damage from pest insects than smallholdings (<50 ha). There was no evidence that indicated the influence of forest patches on foliage damage. Our study highlights the economic value of conserving biodiversity, most notably, farmland birds and continuous forests with respect to biological control of defoliating pests and maintaining yield productivity in oil palm cultivation. Growers, particularly major plantation companies should make oil palm farming more biodiversity-friendly in order to increase the number of biological control agents such as birds.</p>
Replication Data for: One-dimensional proximity superconductivity in the quantum Hall regime
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
APPENDIX 3 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use
<p>APPENDIX 3. — Mesh-weighted arithmetic mean (<b>MWAM</b>), mesh-weighted median (<b>MWM</b>), quartiles values (<b>Q25</b>, <b>50</b>, <b>75</b> and <b>95</b>), percentage error of the arithmetic mean (<b>PEofAM</b>) and percentage error of the median (<b>PEofM</b>) for each species and loading scenario, under chimpanzee-scaled conditions.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>SPECIE</th><th>SCENARIO</th><th><b>N of Elements</b></th><th><b>MWAM</b></th><th><b>MWM</b></th><th><b>Q25</b></th><th><b>Q50</b></th><th><b>Q75</b></th><th><b>M95</b></th><th><b>PEofAM</b></th><th><b>PEofM</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>1</td><td>160104</td><td>8.0122</td><td>7.6599</td><td>4.2909</td><td>7.8345</td><td>11.4830</td><td>14.6530</td><td>0.0387</td><td>2.2794</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>2</td><td>160104</td><td>5.7312</td><td>5.4881</td><td>3.0880</td><td>5.6170</td><td>8.2101</td><td>10.4363</td><td>0.0341</td><td>2.3483</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>3</td><td>160104</td><td>8.0771</td><td>7.7090</td><td>4.3233</td><td>7.8865</td><td>11.5780</td><td>14.7960</td><td>0.0417</td><td>2.3024</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>4</td><td>160104</td><td>5.8607</td><td>5.5899</td><td>3.1557</td><td>5.7215</td><td>8.3844</td><td>10.7170</td><td>0.0419</td><td>2.3534</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>1</td><td>225743</td><td>7.5983</td><td>5.4469</td><td>3.0316</td><td>5.5620</td><td>11.3770</td><td>19.8150</td><td>0.7364</td><td>2.1135</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>2</td><td>225743</td><td>5.3623</td><td>3.8494</td><td>2.1389</td><td>3.9323</td><td>8.0325</td><td>13.9420</td><td>0.7334</td><td>2.1536</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>3</td><td>225720</td><td>7.6821</td><td>5.4907</td><td>3.0617</td><td>5.6072</td><td>11.4980</td><td>20.0690</td><td>0.7328</td><td>2.1222</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>4</td><td>225689</td><td>5.5209</td><td>3.9340</td><td>2.1951</td><td>4.0167</td><td>8.2813</td><td>14.4290</td><td>0.7156</td><td>2.1020</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>1</td><td>240469</td><td>7.5408</td><td>5.7398</td><td>3.1415</td><td>5.8463</td><td>10.7260</td><td>19.1300</td><td>1.6003</td><td>1.8559</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>2</td><td>240461</td><td>5.3229</td><td>4.0535</td><td>2.2448</td><td>4.1316</td><td>7.5691</td><td>13.4480</td><td>1.5817</td><td>1.9264</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>3</td><td>240469</td><td>7.6103</td><td>5.7887</td><td>3.1663</td><td>5.8917</td><td>10.8170</td><td>19.3540</td><td>1.6076</td><td>1.7799</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>4</td><td>240460</td><td>5.4615</td><td>4.1433</td><td>2.2936</td><td>4.2210</td><td>7.7516</td><td>13.9010</td><td>1.6017</td><td>1.8739</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>1</td><td>327267</td><td>7.5848</td><td>6.5180</td><td>4.1315</td><td>6.6614</td><td>10.0078</td><td>15.9652</td><td>0.1499</td><td>2.2001</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>2</td><td>327267</td><td>5.3112</td><td>4.5847</td><td>2.9071</td><td>4.6850</td><td>6.9811</td><td>11.1340</td><td>0.1473</td><td>2.1877</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>3</td><td>327267</td><td>7.7032</td><td>6.5956</td><td>4.1665</td><td>6.7425</td><td>10.1980</td><td>16.2770</td><td>0.1521</td><td>2.2272</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>4</td><td>327267</td><td>5.5459</td><td>4.7386</td><td>2.9746</td><td>4.8493</td><td>7.3571</td><td>11.7390</td><td>0.1536</td><td>2.3361</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>1</td><td>199857</td><td>7.9291</td><td>6.5783</td><td>4.2297</td><td>6.7471</td><td>10.3643</td><td>18.0617</td><td>0.6350</td><td>2.5660</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>2</td><td>199857</td><td>5.6296</td><td>4.6925</td><td>3.0326</td><td>4.8168</td><td>7.3231</td><td>12.7377</td><td>0.6308</td><td>2.6495</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>3</td><td>199782</td><td>8.0098</td><td>6.6472</td><td>4.2716</td><td>6.8239</td><td>10.4630</td><td>18.2554</td><td>0.6575</td><td>2.6582</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>4</td><td>199782</td><td>5.7884</td><td>4.8286</td><td>3.1119</td><td>4.9592</td><td>7.5206</td><td>13.1060</td><td>0.6481</td><td>2.7040</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>1</td><td>311442</td><td>12.1044</td><td>10.4260</td><td>6.1984</td><td>10.5940</td><td>16.2630</td><td>26.8950</td><td>0.1734</td><td>1.6114</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>2</td><td>311431</td><td>8.6667</td><td>7.4740</td><td>4.4483</td><td>7.5885</td><td>11.6390</td><td>19.2340</td><td>0.1762</td><td>1.5325</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>3</td><td>311442</td><td>12.1825</td><td>10.4940</td><td>6.2322</td><td>10.6650</td><td>16.3650</td><td>27.0820</td><td>0.1744</td><td>1.6295</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>4</td><td>311442</td><td>8.8241</td><td>7.6109</td><td>4.5179</td><td>7.7380</td><td>11.8330</td><td>19.6238</td><td>0.1753</td><td>1.6704</td></tr></tbody></table>
APPENDIX 2 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use
<p>APPENDIX 2. — Number of elements (N elements), mesh-weighted arithmetic mean (<b>MWAM</b>), mesh-weighted median (<b>MWM</b>), quartiles values (<b>Q25</b>, <b>50</b>, <b>75</b> and <b>95</b>), percentage error of the arithmetic mean (<b>PEofAM</b>) and percentage error of the median (<b>PeofM</b>) for each species and loading scenario, under human-scaled conditions.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>INDIVIDUAL</th><th>SCENARIO</th><th><b>N of Elements</b></th><th><b>MWAM</b></th><th><b>MWM</b></th><th><b>Q25</b></th><th><b>Q50</b></th><th><b>Q75</b></th><th><b>M95</b></th><th><b>PEofAM</b></th><th><b>PEofM</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>1</td><td>225689</td><td>3.7540</td><td>2.6128</td><td>1.3997</td><td>2.6690</td><td>5.6844</td><td>10.0261</td><td>0.7130</td><td>2.1509</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>2</td><td>225729</td><td>2.5238</td><td>1.7800</td><td>0.9680</td><td>1.8227</td><td>3.8100</td><td>6.6442</td><td>0.7309</td><td>2.3997</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>3</td><td>225689</td><td>3.8349</td><td>2.6530</td><td>1.4269</td><td>2.7080</td><td>5.8135</td><td>10.2790</td><td>0.7100</td><td>2.0714</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>4</td><td>225710</td><td>2.6876</td><td>1.8662</td><td>1.0241</td><td>1.9051</td><td>4.0670</td><td>7.1455</td><td>0.7225</td><td>2.0867</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>1</td><td>240478</td><td>3.7401</td><td>2.7851</td><td>1.5604</td><td>2.8336</td><td>5.3814</td><td>9.6489</td><td>1.6161</td><td>1.7432</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>2</td><td>240469</td><td>2.5277</td><td>1.8985</td><td>1.0995</td><td>1.9326</td><td>3.6118</td><td>6.4210</td><td>1.5858</td><td>1.7975</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>3</td><td>240469</td><td>3.8275</td><td>2.8449</td><td>1.6271</td><td>2.8931</td><td>5.4883</td><td>9.8692</td><td>1.6163</td><td>1.6943</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>4</td><td>240471</td><td>2.6708</td><td>1.9879</td><td>1.1443</td><td>2.0203</td><td>3.8108</td><td>6.8892</td><td>1.6184</td><td>1.6299</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>1</td><td>160103</td><td>4.1812</td><td>3.9750</td><td>2.2535</td><td>4.0610</td><td>5.9939</td><td>7.6454</td><td>0.0015</td><td>2.1631</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>2</td><td>160104</td><td>2.8698</td><td>2.7413</td><td>1.5694</td><td>2.8039</td><td>4.0960</td><td>5.1944</td><td>0.0004</td><td>2.2836</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>3</td><td>160046</td><td>4.2475</td><td>4.0192</td><td>2.2864</td><td>4.1141</td><td>6.0832</td><td>7.7941</td><td>0.0148</td><td>2.3599</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>4</td><td>160104</td><td>3.0042</td><td>2.8468</td><td>1.6410</td><td>2.9113</td><td>4.2753</td><td>5.4869</td><td>0.0164</td><td>2.2646</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>1</td><td>225710</td><td>2.6876</td><td>1.8662</td><td>1.0241</td><td>1.9051</td><td>4.0670</td><td>7.1455</td><td>0.7225</td><td>2.0867</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>2</td><td>327267</td><td>2.4440</td><td>2.1049</td><td>1.3316</td><td>2.1522</td><td>3.1882</td><td>5.1728</td><td>0.1482</td><td>2.2471</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>3</td><td>327267</td><td>3.7738</td><td>3.1737</td><td>1.9572</td><td>3.2548</td><td>5.0131</td><td>8.1784</td><td>0.1610</td><td>2.5570</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>4</td><td>327267</td><td>2.6870</td><td>2.2688</td><td>1.3987</td><td>2.3215</td><td>3.5807</td><td>5.7799</td><td>0.1603</td><td>2.3228</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>1</td><td>199857</td><td>4.0409</td><td>3.3878</td><td>2.1630</td><td>3.4804</td><td>5.2597</td><td>9.1689</td><td>0.6450</td><td>2.7344</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>2</td><td>199857</td><td>2.7519</td><td>2.3201</td><td>1.5089</td><td>2.3899</td><td>3.5526</td><td>6.1413</td><td>0.6300</td><td>3.0085</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>3</td><td>199813</td><td>4.1216</td><td>3.4543</td><td>2.2075</td><td>3.5543</td><td>5.3691</td><td>9.3611</td><td>0.6596</td><td>2.8941</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>4</td><td>199813</td><td>2.9129</td><td>2.4571</td><td>1.5893</td><td>2.5330</td><td>3.7670</td><td>6.5330</td><td>0.6369</td><td>3.0885</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>1</td><td>311431</td><td>6.3313</td><td>5.4576</td><td>3.2272</td><td>5.5294</td><td>8.5269</td><td>14.0750</td><td>0.1785</td><td>1.3156</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>2</td><td>311442</td><td>4.3431</td><td>3.7514</td><td>2.2259</td><td>3.8016</td><td>5.8425</td><td>9.6143</td><td>0.1738</td><td>1.3370</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>3</td><td>311442</td><td>6.4105</td><td>5.5281</td><td>3.2583</td><td>5.6069</td><td>8.6284</td><td>14.2694</td><td>0.1767</td><td>1.4247</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>4</td><td>311442</td><td>4.5087</td><td>3.9023</td><td>2.3007</td><td>3.9605</td><td>6.0438</td><td>10.0180</td><td>0.1783</td><td>1.4927</td></tr></tbody></table>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.