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Fig. 2 in Morphometric Differences Among Root Vole (Muridae: Microtus Oeconomus) Populations In Hungary

Fig. 2. Collection localities of Microtus oeconomus méhelyi specimens used in the study. 1a = Csallóköz (Slovakia), 1b = Szigetköz, 2 = Fertő–Hanság area, 3 = Kis-Balaton, 4 = Dél-Balaton, 5 = Kiskunság)

Fig. 1 in Morphometric Differences Among Root Vole (Muridae: Microtus Oeconomus) Populations In Hungary

Fig. 1. Distribution of Microtus oeconomus in Europe (from MITCHELL-JONES et al. 1999) (A= main population, B= Dutch populations, C= Norwegian populations, D= Central European populations)

Fig. 7 in Morphometric Differences Among Root Vole (Muridae: Microtus Oeconomus) Populations In Hungary

Fig. 7. Minimum spanning tree showing morphometric similarity among populations calculated from pair-wise procrustes distances between consensus configuration of each populations. a = simi-

Fig. 6 in Morphometric Differences Among Root Vole (Muridae: Microtus Oeconomus) Populations In Hungary

Fig. 6. Scatterplots of the first two canonical variate scores calculated from landmarks: a (top) = on the dorsal view of the cranium, b (bottom) = on the mandible. Lines connect the closest laying centroids of each group. Deformation grids were generated using tpsRegr (ROHLF 2000) and show the

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Expanding the plant economics spectrum with root nitrogen reallocation

Harnessing root nitrogen reallocation (RNR) for optimization of plant productivity commences with positioning RNR in root economics space about which we still know little. We conducted a global synthesis linking RNR to root traits, combined with a two-year 15N-labelling field experiment to position RNR in plant economics spectrum under acidification. RNR correlated negatively with specific root length (SRL) and mycorrhizal colonization globally, suggesting that RNR is a conservative trait. Sedges, grasses and forbs coordinated root traits (e.g., SRL) from acquisitive to conservative and from low to high RNR reliance (and vice versa for their direct-root N uptake) in the 15N-tracing experiment. Specifically, sedges and forbs exhibited the lowest and highest RNR that increased and decreased with acidification, respectively. Grasses cooperated well with mycorrhizas, showing moderate RNR and root traits. Our results demonstrated the significance of RNR in plant growth, and the necessity of considering RNR as a conservative trait.

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Data from: Measuring leaf and root functional traits uncovers multidimensionality of plant responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Premise of the study While many studies have measured the aboveground responses of plants to mycorrhizal fungi at a single time point, little is known about how plants respond belowground or across time to mycorrhizal symbiosis. By measuring belowground responses as well as growth over time in many plant species, we create a more complete picture of how mycorrhizal fungi benefit their hosts. Methods We grew 26 prairie plant species with and without mycorrhizal fungi and measured fourteen functional traits measuring above and belowground tissue quality and quantity responses and changes in resource allocation. We used function-value trait (FVT) modeling to characterize changes in species growth rate when colonized. Key results While aboveground biomass responses were positive, the response of traits belowground were much more variable. Changes in aboveground biomass accounted for 60.8% of the variation in mycorrhizal responses, supporting the use of aboveground biomass response as the primary response trait. Responses belowground were not associated with aboveground responses and accounted for 18.3% of the variation. Growth responses over time were highly variable across species. Interestingly, none of the measured responses were phylogenetically conserved. Conclusions Mycorrhizal fungi increase plant growth in most scenarios, but the effects of these fungi belowground and across time are more complicated. This study highlights how differences in plant allocation priorities might affect how they utilize the benefits from mycorrhizal fungi. Identifying and characterizing these differences is a key step to understanding the effects of mycorrhizal mutualisms on whole plant physiology.

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Figure 4 in Endophytic fungi in roots of native orchids of rupestrian grasslands (campos rupestres) in Serra do Cipó, Brazil

Figure 4. Phylogenetic inference of the endophytic fungal genus Serendipita generated by Bayesian analysis of ITS sequences. A posteriori probabilities are indicated on the nodes. Bold codes and respective NCBI access numbers for the isolates obtained from roots of the five native orchids (Cattleya brevipedunculata, Epidendrum saxatile, E. secundum, Grobya cipoensis and Pleurothallis teres) sampled in a rupestrian grasslands of Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Identification and accession number for NCBI and UNITE platform are provided to reference sequences.

Figure 2 in Root deformation affects mineral nutrition but not leaf gas exchange and growth of Genipa americana seedlings during the recovery phase after soil flooding

Figure 2. Concentrations of P in leaves for G. americana seedlings without or with root deformation (RD) after 28 days of soil drainage (recovery). N = 3. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Tukey's test (p <0.05). Capital letters represent comparisons water effects within root conditions and lower case letters represent comparisons of roots effects within water conditions.

Figure 1 in Root deformation affects mineral nutrition but not leaf gas exchange and growth of Genipa americana seedlings during the recovery phase after soil flooding

Figure 1. Four months old seedlings of G. americana without (A) and with (B) root deformation (RD) caused by errors in the pricking out process, and a detail of the RD (C).

Figure 1 in Effects of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) and rooting media on rooting and survival of air layered wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) CV Jambu Madu

Figure 1. Effects of different rooting media and various concentrations of IBA on the rooting of wax apple air layers. M C: Sphagnum 1 0 moss (wet) + IBA 0 mg L-1, M C: Vermicompost + IBA 0 mg L-1, M C: Garden soil + IBA 0 mg L-1, M C: Sphagnum moss (wet) + 2 0 3 0 1 1 IBA 1000 mg L-1, M C: Vermicompost + IBA 1000 mg L-1, M C: Garden soil + IBA 1000 mg L-1, M C: Sphagnum moss (wet) + IBA 2 1 3 1 1 2 1500 mg L-1, M C: Vermicompost + IBA 1500 mg L-1, M C: Garden soil + IBA 1500 mg L-1, M C: Sphagnum moss (wet) + IBA 2000 mg 2 2 3 2 1 3 L-1, M C : Vermicompost + IBA 2000 mg L-1 and M C : Garden soil + IBA 2000 mg L-1.

Figure 3 in Effects of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) and rooting media on rooting and survival of air layered wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) CV Jambu Madu

Figure 3. Survival rate of air layers (%) of wax apple as affected by different concentrations of IBA and growing media after detaching from mother plants. M C: Sphagnum moss (wet) + IBA 1000 mg L-1, M C: Vermicompost + IBA 1000 mg L-1, M C: Garden soil + IBA 1 1 2 1 3 1 1000 mg L-1, M C: Sphagnum moss (wet) + IBA 1500 mg L-1, M C: Vermicompost + IBA 1500 mg L-1, M C: Garden soil + IBA 1500 mg L-1, 1 2 2 2 3 2 M C : Sphagnum moss (wet) + IBA 2000 mg L-1, M C : Vermicompost + IBA 2000 mg L-1 and M C : Garden soil + IBA 2000 mg L-1.

Figure 2 in Effects of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) and rooting media on rooting and survival of air layered wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) CV Jambu Madu

Figure 2. Effects of IBA hormones and different rooting media on the survivability of rate of wax apple air layered. M 1 C 0: Sphagnum moss (wet) + IBA 0 mg L-1, M C: Vermicompost + IBA 0 mg L-1, M C: Garden soil + IBA 0 mg L-1, M C: Sphagnum moss (wet) + IBA 2 0 3 0 1 1 1000 mg L-1, M C: Vermicompost + IBA 1000 mg L-1, M C: Garden soil + IBA 1000 mg L-1, M C: Sphagnum moss (wet) + IBA 1500 mg L-1, 2 1 3 1 1 2 M C: Vermicompost + IBA 1500 mg L-1, M C: Garden soil + IBA 1500 mg L-1, M C: Sphagnum moss (wet) + IBA 2000 mg L-1, M C: 2 2 3 2 1 3 2 3 Vermicompost + IBA 2000 mg L-1 and M C: Garden soil + IBA 2000 mg L-1. Bars represent means (n = 7) ± standard error (S.E.). a, b, and 3 3 c indicate significant differences within each growth period (p <0.05).

Fig. 9 in The origin and diversification of the Entorrhizales: deep evolutionary roots but recent speciation with a phylogenetic and phenotypic split between associates of the Cyperaceae and Juncaceae

Fig. 9 Macroscopic symptoms of the infection of Juncus oxycarpus (a, healthy plant) roots by Juncorrhiza oxycarpi (b). Scale bars: a approx. 1 cm, b = 1 mm

Fig. 5 in The origin and diversification of the Entorrhizales: deep evolutionary roots but recent speciation with a phylogenetic and phenotypic split between associates of the Cyperaceae and Juncaceae

Fig. 5 Macroscopic symptoms of the infection of Fuirena ciliaris roots by Entorrhiza fuirenae (arrows). Scale bar = approx. 1 cm

Fig. 7 in The origin and diversification of the Entorrhizales: deep evolutionary roots but recent speciation with a phylogenetic and phenotypic split between associates of the Cyperaceae and Juncaceae

Fig. 7 Macroscopic symptoms of the infection of Juncus ranarius roots by Juncorrhiza maritima (arrows). Scale bar = 5 mm

Fig. 4 in The origin and diversification of the Entorrhizales: deep evolutionary roots but recent speciation with a phylogenetic and phenotypic split between associates of the Cyperaceae and Juncaceae

Fig. 4 Tanglegram between host plant (left) and fungal (right) phylogenies reconstructed from the ITS + rbcL and ITS + LSU sequences, respectively. Nodal support is given as maximum likelihood bootstrap (≥

Fig. 10 in The origin and diversification of the Entorrhizales: deep evolutionary roots but recent speciation with a phylogenetic and phenotypic split between associates of the Cyperaceae and Juncaceae

Fig. 10 Juncorrhiza oxycarpi (holotype) on Juncus oxycarpus: a–b spores in the living host cells seen by light microscopy; c–d spores seen by light microscopy, median and superficial views; e–g spores seen by

Fig. 1 A in The origin and diversification of the Entorrhizales: deep evolutionary roots but recent speciation with a phylogenetic and phenotypic split between associates of the Cyperaceae and Juncaceae

Fig. 1 A root galls and spores of Juncorrhiza casparyana associated with Juncus articulatus: a plant roots with galls (arrowed); b coiled hyphae (arrowed) and spores in root cells. Scale bar = 20 μm

Fig. 8 in The origin and diversification of the Entorrhizales: deep evolutionary roots but recent speciation with a phylogenetic and phenotypic split between associates of the Cyperaceae and Juncaceae

Fig. 8 Juncorrhiza maritima (holotype) on Juncus ranarius: a–b spores in host cells seen by light microscopy; c–d spores seen by light microscopy, median and superficial views; e–h spores seen by scanning electron microscopy. Scale bars: e 30 μm, f 20 μm, a–d, g–h 10 μm