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FIGURE 9 in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 9. Male advertisement calls and reproductive behaviour in Rohanixalus vittatus from Andaman Islands, India. A–D. Male advertisement calls: A. oscillogram for 10 s call segment; B. oscillogram for 1 s call segment; C. oscillogram for 0.1 s call segment; D. spectrogram for 0.1 s call segment; E–I. sequence of reproductive behaviour: E. male and female in axillary amplexus; F. lateral view of the amplected pair at the time of oviposition, with female depositing light green eggs in jelly-nest; G. dorsal view of the amplected pair at the time of oviposition, with female clasping the egg clutch with her hind feet; H. male dismounts while the female remains motionless with her hind legs stretched over the egg clutch; I. male departs while the female continues to sit over the eggs, produces a gelatinous secretion from cloaca, and glazes it over the entire egg clutch by extending both her hind feet in a circular motion.

FIGURE 10 in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 10. Freshly-laid egg clutch and embryonic development observed in the wild in Rohanixalus vittatus at Andamans Islands, India. A. The first bout of eggs released from the cloaca of female, about one minute after the initiation of oviposition; B. freshly-laid egg clutch after the completion of oviposition and glazing of the viscous secretion by female; C. differentiation of the tail and eyes (stage 21) on day three; D. further differentiation in stage 22 larvae on day four; E. embryos with dark pigmentation and developed eyes and tail (stage 23), showing movement inside the jelly-nest on day five; F. stage 24 larvae with reduced egg yolk, ready to hatch after six days; G. young hatchlings (stage 24) before dropping out from the jelly-nest on day six.

FIGURE 8. A–I in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 8. A–I. Rohanixalus vittatus (male, SDBDU 2019.4048) in life, from Andaman Islands, India: A. dorsolateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. posterior view of thighs; E. enlarged view of skin over the tympanic region showing rounded speckles; F. ventral view of hand; G. ventral view of foot; H. schematic illustration of webbing on foot; I. lateral view; J–P. variations in body colour and skin texture in R. vittatus at Andaman Islands, India: J. dorsolateral view (male, SDBDU 2019.4033); K. dorsolateral view showing light green coloured mature ova through translucent skin (female, SDBDU 2019.4051); L. dorsolateral view showing light green coloured mature ova through translucent skin (female, SDBDU 2019.4034); M. dorsal view (male, SDBDU 2019.4037); N. dorsal view (male, 2019.4037); O. ventral view (female, SDBDU 2019.4034); P. ventral view (male, SDBDU 2019.4037); Q. sampling localities of R. vittatus at Middle and North Andamans in the present study.

FIGURE 7 in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 7. Members of the genus Rohanixalus. A. Dorsolateral view of R. hansenae from the type locality, Nong Khor, Thailand; B. dorsolateral view of R. marginis (holotype) from Perlis State Park chalets, Perlis, Peninsular Malaysia; C. dorsal view of R. cf. nauli, from Batang Gadis National Park, North Sumatra, Indonesia with a jelly-nest; D. dorsolateral view of R. cf. nauli, from Batang Gadis National Park, North Sumatra, Indonesia; E. dorsolateral view of R. cf. nauli, from Bukit Barisan Forest Park, North Sumatra, Indonesia; F. dorsolateral view of R. punctatus (Paratype, JBS 9274) from Gwa, Rakhine State, Myanmar (CC Public domain 3.0; AmphibiaWeb); G. dorsolateral view of R. vittatus from Rangat, Middle Andaman Islands, India; H. dorsolateral view of R. senapatiensis from Manipur, India; I. dorsolateral view of R. shyamrupus from Namdapha, Arunachal Pradesh.

FIGURE 6 in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 6. Members of the Feihyla vittiger group and their nest structure. A. F. inexpectata in dorsolateral view; B. F. kajau in dorsolateral view; C. eggs of F. kajau; D. early development in F. kajau at approximately stage 19; E. F. vittiger in dorsolateral view; F. an egg clutch of F. vittiger with developing embryos (approximately stage 21); G–M. Feihyla vittiger in life: G–J. dorsolateral view; K. dorsal view; L. posterior view of thighs; M. lateral view.

FIGURE 3 in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 3. Nest structure and egg clutch morphology in the closely related Asian genera Chirixalus, Feihyla, and Rohanixalus. A. Foam nest in genus Chirixalus: an amplected pair of C. simus on a freshly laid foam nest; B. bubble nest in genus Rohanixalus: R. vittatus female with a freshly laid egg clutch; C. jelly-nest in genus Feihyla: eggs of Feihyla fuhua; D. schematic illustration of egg clutch morphology in genus Rohanixalus; E. schematic illustration of egg clutch morphology in Feihyla palpebralis group (Feihyla sensu stricto); F. schematic illustration of egg clutch morphology in Feihyla vittiger group; G. schematic illustration of egg clutch morphology in genus Chirixalus.

FIGURE 5 in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 5. Members of the Feihyla palpebralis group and their nest structure. A–E. Feihyla fuhua from Mt. Dawei, Yunnan Province, China. A. Dorsolateral view; B. lateral view (arrow indicating a white streak); C. dorsal view; D. freshly laid eggs in a jelly-nest (arrow indicating pigmented pole); E. developing embryos; F–G. Feihyla palpebralis from the type locality, Langbian Plateau, Lam Dong Province, Vietnam: F. dorsolateral view; G. freshly laid eggs in a jelly-nest (arrow indicating pigmented pole); H–I. Feihyla fuhua from Maguan County, Yunnan Province, China: H. dorsolateral view (arrow indicating a white streak); I. freshly laid eggs in a jelly-nest (arrow indicating pigmented pole).

FIGURE 4 in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 4. Distribution of genetically confirmed records of all known Feihyla and Rohanixalus members (indicated by circles) and their respective type localities (indicated by triangles). Numbers corresponding to each species are indicated alongside the distribution spots.

FIGURE 2. A–B in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 2. A–B. DNA Barcoding based on mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequences: A. genus Feihyla; B. genus Rohanixalus gen. nov.; C. distribution of the new genus Rohanixalus. Images represent the corresponding species and their broad geographical ranges.

FIGURE 1. Maximum Likelihood tree showing phylogenetic relationships among 124 in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 1. Maximum Likelihood tree showing phylogenetic relationships among 124 representative taxa from all recognised genera of the subfamily Rhacophorinae. Relationships are inferred based on 1,937 bp of mitochondrial (12SrRNA, tRNAVAL, 16SrRNA) and nuclear (RHO and RAG1) genes. Numbers above and below the branches indicate Bayesian Posterior Probabilities and RAxML bootstrap support values, respectively.

FIGURE 1 in New species amongst Sri Lanka's extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)

FIGURE 1. Holotype female of Philautus pardus, 32.1 mm SVL, BMNH 1947.2.7.96. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view.

FIGURE 4 in New species amongst Sri Lanka's extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)

FIGURE 4. Holotype female of Philautus maia, 44.6 mm SVL, BMNH 76.3.21.18. A. Illustration of eggs carried on venter in Günther (1876). B. Ventral view, showing depressions made by eggs. C. Lateral view, showing speckled pattern.

FIGURE 3. A in New species amongst Sri Lanka's extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)

FIGURE 3. A. Factor scores (no rotation) of principal components analysis of mensural data of Philautus pardus (square), P. viridis (rhombus), P. stuarti (star), and P. variabilis (circle) (females represented by open symbols, males by solid symbols). B. Canonical variables plot of discriminant function analysis of sizeadjusted residuals (the 95% confidence ellipses are centered on the centroid of each species).

FIGURE 2 in New species amongst Sri Lanka's extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)

FIGURE 2. Holotype female of Philautus pardus, 32.1 mm SVL, BMNH 1947.2.7.96. A. Lateral view of head. B. Dorsal view of head. C. Left hand. D. Left foot. E. Diagrammatic representation of leftfoot webbing. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 5 in New species amongst Sri Lanka's extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)

FIGURE 5. Holotype female of Philautus maia, 44.6 mm SVL, BMNH 76.3.21.18. A. Lateral aspect of head. B. Thigh, showing reticulated pattern. C. Left hand. D. Left foot. E. Diagrammatic representation of leftfoot webbing. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 6. A in New species amongst Sri Lanka's extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)

FIGURE 6. A. Factor scores (no rotation) of principal components analysis of mensural data of P. m a i a (square), P. reticulatus (circle), P. lunatus (rhombus) and P. papillosus (star) (females represented by open symbols, males by solid symbols). B. Canonical variables plot of discriminant function analysis of sizeadjusted residuals (the 95% confidence ellipse is centered on the centroid).

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Rhacophorus (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Guangxi Province, China

FIGURE 6. Strict consensus of 14 cladograms of 30 steps (consistency index of 0.72, homoplasy index of 0.28), resulting from a maximum parsimony analysis of 18 characters from Jiang et al. (1987).

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Rhacophorus (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Guangxi Province, China

FIGURE 5. Type locality of Rhacophorus minimus sp. nov. (indicated by star) in Guangxi Province, China.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Rhacophorus (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Guangxi Province, China

FIGURE 4. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and mouth (C) views of the tadpole of Rhacophorus minimus (KIZ 2003GXJX033). Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Rhacophorus (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Guangxi Province, China

FIGURE 3. Photograph in life of an amplectant pair of Rhacophorus minimus (male CAS 232043, female KIZ 2003GXJX0010).