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FIGURE 56 in Two new species of Anax Leach, 1815 from the Solomon Islands and Tonga (Odonata: Aeshnidae)

FIGURE 56. Distribution of Anax spp. within Australian-Oceanian area (blue: general distribution based on Table 1; red: material used in the present study).

FIGURES 1–6 in Two new species of Anax Leach, 1815 from the Solomon Islands and Tonga (Odonata: Aeshnidae)

FIGURES 1–6. Anax spp., male terminalia, dorsal: (1) Anax sp. Q; (2) A. fumosus celebense; (3) A. fumosus (from Orr & Kalkman 2015); (4) A. panybeus; (5) A. piraticus (from Kennedy 1934); (6) A. strenuus (from Martin 1909).

FIGURE 3-1 in Taxonomy of the genus Diochus Erichson (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Staphylininae, Diochini) of Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and Solomon Islands

FIGURE 3-1. Diochus loebli sp. nov.: A. forebody, dorsal view; B. antenna; C. proleg; D. mandible; E. female sternite VIII; F. female sternite IX–X; G. spermatheca. (Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm, B–G = 0.1 mm).

FIGURE 5. Diochus papuanus Cameron, 1939 in Taxonomy of the genus Diochus Erichson (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Staphylininae, Diochini) of Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and Solomon Islands

FIGURE 5. Diochus papuanus Cameron, 1939: A. forebody, dorsal view; B. antenna; C. male sternite VIII; D. male tergite VIII; E. male sternite IX; F. male tergites IX–X; G. aedeagus, dorsal view; H. labels. (Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm, B–G = 0.1 mm).

FIGURE 2-2 in Taxonomy of the genus Diochus Erichson (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Staphylininae, Diochini) of Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and Solomon Islands

FIGURE 2-2. Diochus elongatus sp. nov.: A. aedeagus, dorsal view; B. male sternite VIII; C. male tergite VIII; D. male tergites IX–X; E. male sternite IX; F. female sternite VIII; G. female sternite X; H. female sternite IX; I. spermatheca.(Scale bars: A = 0.05 mm, B–I = 0.1 mm).

FIGURE 4-1 in Taxonomy of the genus Diochus Erichson (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Staphylininae, Diochini) of Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and Solomon Islands

FIGURE 4-1. Diochus chambrieri sp. nov.: holotype: A. forebody, dorsal view; B. antenna; C. proleg; D. mandible; E. male sternite VIII; F. male tergite VIII; G. male sternite IX; H. male tergites IX–X; I. aedeagus, dorsal view; J. aedeagus, ventral view; paratypes: K. aedeagus, ventral view; L. male sternite VIII. (Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm, B–L= 0.1 mm).

FIGURE 4-2 in Taxonomy of the genus Diochus Erichson (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Staphylininae, Diochini) of Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and Solomon Islands

FIGURE 4-2. Diochus chambrieri sp. nov.: A. aedeagus, dorsal view; B. male sternite VIII; C. male tergite VIII; D. male tergites IX–X; E. male sternite IX; F. female sternite VIII; G. female sternite X; H. female sternite IX; I. spermatheca.(Scale bars: A = 0.05 mm, B–I = 0.1 mm).

FIGURE 2-1 in Taxonomy of the genus Diochus Erichson (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Staphylininae, Diochini) of Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and Solomon Islands

FIGURE 2-1. Diochus elongatus sp. nov.: holotype: A. forebody, dorsal view; B. antenna; C. proleg; D. mandible; E. male sternite VIII; F. male tergite VIII; G. male sternite IX; H. male tergites IX–X; I. aedeagus, dorsal view; J. aedeagus, ventral view; paratypes: K. aedeagus, ventral view; L–M. male sternite VIII. (Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm, B–M = 0.1 mm).

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomy of the genus Diochus Erichson (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Staphylininae, Diochini) of Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and Solomon Islands

FIGURE 1. Habitus of four species from Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and Solomon Islands in dorsal view: A. Diochus elongatus sp. nov.; B. D. chambrieri sp. nov.; C. D. papuanus Cameron, 1939, D. D. loebli sp. nov. (Scale bar: 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 3-2 in Taxonomy of the genus Diochus Erichson (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Staphylininae, Diochini) of Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and Solomon Islands

FIGURE 3-2. Diochus loebli sp. nov.: A. female sternite VIII; B. female sternite X; C. female sternite IX; D. spermatheca. (Scale bars: 0.1 mm).

TABLE 1 in Two new species of Anax Leach, 1815 from the Solomon Islands and Tonga (Odonata: Aeshnidae)

TABLE 1. Overview of Australian-Oceanian Anax species including the two species described as new with distributional details mostly from Tsuda (2000) and Dow et al. (2024).<table><tbody><tr><th>Species + bibliographic reference</th><th>Known distribution</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>A. strenuus Hagen, 1867, p. 34</th><td>Hawaii</td></tr><tr><th>A. fumosus celebense Lieftinck, 1942, p. 595</th><td>Indonesia, Sulawesi</td></tr><tr><th>A. fumosus fumosus Hagen, 1867, p. 42</th><td>Indonesia, Halmahera, Buru, Seram, Moluccas, Papua New Guinea</td></tr><tr><th>A. georgius Selys, 1872, p. 179</th><td>Northern Australia, Timor and East Timor</td></tr><tr><th>A. gibbosulus Rambur, 1842, p. 187</th><td>Australia, Indonesia, Sulawesi, Lombok, Timor New Caledonia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Samoa</td></tr><tr><th>A. guttatus (Burmeister, 1839), p. 840</th><td>widely distributed from India to the Pacific, from China to north east Australia and Solomon Islands</td></tr><tr><th>A. insulanus spec. nov.</th><td>Solomon Islands</td></tr><tr><th>A. maclachlani Förster, 1898, p. 290</th><td>Papua New Guinea</td></tr><tr><th>A. panybeus Hagen, 1867, p. 42</th><td>Indonesia, Singapore, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, Sabah, Labuan, Brunei, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Japan, Myanmar, Philippines, Taiwan</td></tr><tr><th>A. papuensis (Burmeister, 1839), p. 841</th><td>Australia, Java, Sumba New Caledonia?, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea</td></tr><tr><th>A. piraticus Kennedy, 1934, p. 346</th><td>Guam, Northern Mariana Islands</td></tr><tr><th>A. pugnax Lieftinck, 1942, p. 605</th><td>Papua New Guinea</td></tr><tr><th>A. selysi Förster, 1900, p. 88</th><td>Papua New Guinea</td></tr><tr><th>A. tonga spec. nov.</th><td>Tonga</td></tr></tbody></table>

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Comparison of adult census size and effective population size support the need for continued protection of two Solomon Island endemics

Because a population's ability to respond to rapid change is dictated by standing genetic variation, we can better predict a population's long-term viability by estimating and then comparing adult census size (N) and effective population size (Ne). However, most studies only measure N or Ne, which can be misleading. Using a combination of field and genomic sequence data, we here estimate and compare N and Ne in two range-restricted endemics of the Solomon Islands. Two Zosterops White-eye species inhabit the small island of Kolombangara, with a high elevation species endemic to the island (Z. murphyi) and a low elevation species endemic to the Solomon Islands (Z. kulambangrae). Field observations reveal large values of N for both species with Z. kulambangrae numbering at 114,781 ± 32,233 adults, and Z. murphyi numbering at 64,412 ± 15,324 adults. In contrast, genomic analyses reveal that Ne was much lower than N, with Z. kulambangrae estimated at 694.5 and Z. murphyi at 796.1 individuals. Further, positive Tajima's D values for both species suggest that they have experienced a demographic contraction, providing a mechanism for low values of Ne. Comparison of N and Ne suggests that Z. kulambangrae and Z. murphyi are not at immediate threat of extinction but may be at genetic risk. Our results provide important baseline data for long-term monitoring of these island endemics, and argue for measuring both population size estimates to better gauge long-term population viability.

FIG. 27 in Some heteronemerteans (Nemertea) from the Solomon Islands

FIG. 27. (A) The single most parsimonious tree (length 1250, CI 50.81, RI 50.44) based on branch-and-bound search and 262 parsimony-informative characters from a 1747 nucleotide-long stretch of the 18S rDNA gene. (B) Majority rule concensus tree from bootstrap analysis (5000 replications, full heuristic search). Figures above branches refer to the presence (in %) of that clade among the bootstrap replicates, and the Žgures below (in italics) refer to tree length when the clade collapses.

FIGS 24 in Some heteronemerteans (Nemertea) from the Solomon Islands

FIGS 24±26. Kukumia solomonensis gen. et sp. nov. (24) Transverse section through the brain region to show the closed-oV posterior portion of a lateral cephalic furrow, indicated by an arrow. (25) Transverse section through the ciliated canal of a cerebral sensory organ. (26) Transverse section to show an excretory tubule close to the dorsolateral portion of the foregut. All photomicrographs of the holotype, sections stained with the Mallory trichrome method. Scale bars: (24) 51 mm; (25, 26) 5100 mm.

FIGS 16 in Some heteronemerteans (Nemertea) from the Solomon Islands

FIGS 16±23. Kukumia solomonensis gen. et sp. nov. (16) Transverse section through part of the foregut wall, showing its epithelium and subepithelial gland cell zone. (17) Transverse section through the brain just behind the origin of the mid-dorsal blood vessel (indicated by an arrow) to show part of the U-shaped blood vessel arching below the rhynchocoel. (18) Transverse section through the brain close behind the previous photomicrograph to show the mid-dorsal, mid-ventral and lateral blood vessels and the anterior region of an outer blood channel alongside a dorsal cerebral lobe and a cerebral sensory organ. (19) Transverse section just behind the brain to show a cerebral sensory organ bathed by a spacious blood channel; the lateral vessel between the cerebral organ and rhynchocoel joins with the outer channel just posterior to this level. (20) Transverse section through the rhynchocoelic villus. (21) Transverse section through part of the intestinal region to show the thick walls of a lateral blood vessel. (22) Transverse section through a convoluted region of a lateral blood vessel. (23) Transverse section through the head to show the wide cephalic furrows and general appearance of the cephalic region. All photomicrographs of the holotype, sections stained with the Mallory trichrome method. Scale bars: (16, 20) 5100 mm; (17– 19, 23) 5500 mm; (21, 22) 550 mm.

FIGS 5 in Some heteronemerteans (Nemertea) from the Solomon Islands

FIGS 5±10. Kukumia solomonensis gen. et sp. nov. (5) Transverse section through part of the dorsal body wall in the foregut region, showing the appearance of the epidermis, subepidermal musculature, dermis and outer body wall longitudinal muscle layer. (6) Transverse section through part of the dorsal body wall in the posterior region of the body; note the diVerence in the appearance of the dermis in comparison with Žgure 5. (7) Enlargement of part of the anterior dermis, in transverse section, to show the concentric arrangement of the dermal connective tissues interwoven with peripheral bundles of body wall outer longitudinal muscle Žbres. (8) Part of the outer longitudinal body wall muscle layer in transverse section, showing some of the radial muscle and connective tissue Žbrils which traverse the body wall. (9) Transverse section through the dorsal body wall in the foregut region to show the upper and lower mid-dorsal nerves. (10) Transverse section through a lateral nerve cord to show the inner and outer neurilemma, radial connective tissue and muscle Žbrils penetrating the outer ganglionic zone and the bundles of longitudinal myoŽbrillae (indicated by arrows). All photomicrographs of the holotype, sections stained with the Mallory trichrome method. Scale bars: (5, 6, 8, 10) 5100 mm; (7, 9) 550 mm.

FIG. 4 in Some heteronemerteans (Nemertea) from the Solomon Islands

FIG. 4. Kukumia solomonensis gen. et sp. nov. Drawing of complete specimen, taken from a photograph of the living individual. Scale bar 5 10 mm.

FIG. 3 in Some heteronemerteans (Nemertea) from the Solomon Islands

FIG. 3. Baseodiscus quinquelineatus. Drawing of a complete preserved individual to show the colour pattern characteristic of this species. Figure taken from Gibson (1979: Žgure 8), used with permission of Academic Press. Scale bar 55 cm.

FIG. 2 in Some heteronemerteans (Nemertea) from the Solomon Islands

FIG. 2. Notospermus tricuspidatus. Drawing of complete specimen, taken from life, with enlargements of the cephalic region to show diVerences between the living (A) and preserved (B) shape of the head and appearance of the transverse white cephalic band. Figure taken from Gibson (1981: Žgure 21), used with permission of Academic Press. Scale bar 53 cm; refers to complete individual only.

FIG. 1 in Some heteronemerteans (Nemertea) from the Solomon Islands

FIG. 1. Map of the Solomon Islands to show the collection location along the north-west coast of Guadalcanal. The position of Honiara is indicated by the asterisk.