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555 results for “Woody”
Woody plant diversity before and after the Horseshoe Two Fire in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, USA
<p>Aim: Drastic changes in fire regimes are altering plant communities, inspiring ecologists to better understand the relationship between fire and plant species diversity. We examined the impact of a 90,000-ha wildfire on woody plant species diversity in an arid mountain range in southern Arizona, USA. We tested recent fire-diversity hypotheses by addressing the impacts of fire severity, fire variability, historical fire regimes, and topography on diversity.</p> <p>Location: Chiricahua National Monument, Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. USA., part of the Sky Islands of the US-Mexico borderlands.</p> <p>Taxon: Woody plant species.</p> <p>Methods: We sampled woody plant diversity in 138 plots before (2002-2003) and after (2017-2018) the 2011 Horseshoe Two Fire in three vegetation types and across fire severity and topographic gradients. We calculated gamma, alpha, and beta diversity and examined changes over time in burned vs. unburned plots and the shapes of the relationships of diversity with fire severity and topography.</p> <p>Results: Alpha species richness declined and beta and gamma diversity increased in burned but not unburned plots. Fire-induced enhancement of gamma diversity was confined to low fire severity plots. Alpha diversity did not exhibit a clear continuous relationship with fire severity. Beta diversity was enhanced by fire severity variation among plots and increased with fire severity up to very high severity, where it declined slightly.</p> <p>Main Conclusions: The results reject the intermediate disturbance hypothesis for alpha diversity but weakly support it for gamma diversity. Spatial variation in fire severity promoted variation among plant assemblages, supporting the pyrodiversity hypothesis. Long-term drought probably amplified fire-driven diversity changes. Despite the apparent benign impact of the fire on diversity, the replacement of two large conifer species with a suite of drought-tolerant shrubs signals the potential loss of functional diversity, a pattern that may warrant restoration efforts to retain these important compositional elements.</p>
Phylogenetic conservatism and coordination in traits of Chinese woody endemic flora
<p><span>The dataset contains 5 files, including:</span></p> <p><span><span>(1)<span> </span></span></span><span>“HLS. new” is a phylogenetic tree constructed with 1,387 species, we used Taxa01, Taxa02 in the phylogenetic tree construction process (refer to Taxa match species file). <strong>Please note</strong> that I marked <strong>outgroups</strong> (9 species) in yellow color, you may use “drop tips” function in R to delete them if it’s extra info for you;</span></p> <p><span><span>(2)<span> </span></span></span><span>“Taxa match species” , Taxa name are corresponding to “HLS. new”;</span></p> <p><span><span>(3)<span> </span></span></span><span>“OGU” is a species occurrence file, each gridcell could be regard as “community”, which we can use to analysis species assembling; </span></p> <p><span>Gridcell in this file corresponding to the Operational Geographic Units (OGUs). Species occurrence matrix were prepared according to Silva et al.'s (Cardoso da Silva, Cardoso de Sousa, & Castelletti, 2004) method: (a) To leverage the size effect, study area was divided into 50*50 km2 grid cells, covering the land area of China including Taiwan; (b) assign species occurrence into each grid cell; (c) delimit OGUs where contains at least two endemic species and land area covered more than half of grid cells (1,250 km<sup>2</sup>).</span></p> <p><span><span>(4)<span> </span></span></span><span>“Climate”. bio 1-19 were download from CHELSA: https://chelsa-climate.org/timeseries/; (Karger et al., 2017; Karger, Nobis, Normand, Graham, & Zimmermann, 2021). I also attached the description for chelsa.</span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span><span>(5)<span> </span></span></span><span>“Trait”. We tried our best to access to the information regarding to leaf length, height and seed diameter. For few cases, you may still find N.A. data. I believe it’s very common in macroecology research.</span></p>
Data from: The functional diversity–productivity relationship of woody plants is climatically sensitive
<p><span>Plot-scale experiments show that functional diversity (FD) plays a pivotal role in maintaining ecosystem functions such as net primary productivity (NPP). However, how FD affects NPP across larger scales under varying climatic conditions is sparsely studied, yet is important for forest–atmosphere interactions and policy development. </span></p> <p><span>Hence, we assess the effects of functional dispersion (FDis) and community-weighted means (CWMs) of woody plant traits on NPP across China and if such effects are modulated by climatic conditions at large scale. Using comprehensive datasets on distribution, functional traits and productivity for 9120 Chinese woody plant species, we evaluated the distribution pattern and the relationships of FDis and CWM (including three orthogonal trait indicators: plant size, photosynthetic capacity and flower duration) with NPP through multiple linear regression models. Structural equation models were used to test the effects of climatic conditions on FDis/CWM–NPP relationships.</span></p> <p><span>We found both general FD effects, but also that the magnitude of these could be modified by climate, with CWM and FDis of plant size especially promoting NPP in warm and wet regions, respectively. Climate indirectly increased NPP through positive effects on CWM or FDis, notably via mean photosynthetic capacity.</span></p> <p><span>This study provides the first comprehensive evidence for FD effects on NPP under varying climates at large scale. Importantly, our results suggest a general increase in the importance of plant traits for woody vegetation NPP with rising temperatures and wetter climates. Restoration and reforestation actions need to carefully consider not just CWMs and FDis, but, as an additional path, also their interactions with climate, to predict how FD may promote ecosystem functioning under future climatic conditions.</span></p>
Study of the state of woody plants in arid conditions of Mangistau (Kazakhstan)
<p><span>This study, conducted with meticulous attention to detail, comprehensively examines the state of plants and their adaptation to Kazakhstan's extra-arid climatic zone of the Mangistau. It uses the collections of woody plants from the Mangyshlak Experimental Botanical Garden in Aktau as a case study and extrapolates the results to the entire region. The study area is arid and unsuitable for many plants, so examining physiological adaptation mechanisms and strategies for preserving plants in unfavourable conditions is crucial. The study employed a range of methods, including the measurement of the intensity of transpiration, leaf hydration, and the content of chlorophyll A, B, and carotenoids. These methods were chosen for their proven effectiveness in similar studies and their ability to provide accurate and reliable data. The samples were also assessed using a point system for resistance to drought, phytophagy, gas tolerance, salt tolerance, winter hardiness, and soil fertility. The results obtained and entered into the IEBG platform “DinTseR” to assess the value of the introduction using a diagnostic scale revealed a high variability (up to 51.7-52.2%) of physiological indicators of growth and development. The highest values of transpiration intensity were observed in deciduous trees and shrubs, rose varieties (205-243 mg/g fresh leaf mass per hour), leaf water content - in climbing plants (68.9%), chlorophyll A and B content - in deciduous plants, and plants - old trees, fruit trees and varietal roses (3.46-3.93 and 1.34-1.84%). Their concentration in coniferous species is almost two times lower (0.63%). A correlation was also made between various significant factors. Twenty regression equations and forecasts have been identified that can be used to diagnose and assess resistance, thereby reducing the cost of determining the introduction value in the conditions of Mangistau. These findings are essential in understanding and preserving the unique flora of the Mangistau region.</span></p>
Understanding woody plant encroachment: A plant functional trait approach
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EstablishMed: a dataset of transition probabilities for woody plant establishment in the Mediterranean Region
<p><strong>Motivation</strong>: Plant establishment is the result of sequential demographic processes, namely post-dispersal seed survival, seed germination, seedling survival and sapling survival. These processes can be quantified as transition probabilities between life stages through field experiments, and their product provides an overall establishment probability. This information is essential to understand demography within populations and plant colonization potential under global change scenarios. The Mediterranean Region constitutes a biodiversity hotspot characterised by severe summer droughts, which suppose a critical demographic bottleneck for perennial plant establishment. Despite many studies have quantified transition probabilities of woody species in this region, information is scattered through literature and has not yet been compiled. To fill this gap, we collated data from a systematic literature review and completed them with new unpublished data to create the <em>EstablishMed</em> dataset.</p> <p><strong>Main types of variables contained</strong>: <em>EstablishMed</em> is a compilation of 4728 records of transition probabilities that quantify demographic processes operating during plant establishment. All records belong to native species and were obtained <em>in situ </em>under field conditions. Each record includes information about the specific spatiotemporal context of the study (i.e., year, site, population, habitat and microhabitat) and the experimental procedures employed (e.g., degree of protection against natural enemies). In addition, we included taxonomic and trait information of the study species (i.e., seed mass, dispersal syndrome and life form), and the bioclimate of the study sites.</p> <p><strong>Spatial location and grain</strong>: The dataset covers the whole Mediterranean Region. The finest spatial resolution corresponds to microhabitat types within populations.</p> <p><strong>Time period and grain</strong>: Data were extracted from 271 studies originated between 1991 and 2024.</p> <p><strong>Major taxa and level of measurement</strong>: 134 woody species from 80 genera and 39 families.</p> <p><strong>Software format</strong>: <em>EstablishMed</em> is available in .csv format in Dryad repository.</p>
Leaf area predicts conspecific spatial aggregation of woody species
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> Addressing how woody plant species are distributed in space can reveal inconspicuous drivers that structure plant communities. The spatial structure of conspecifics varies not only at local scales across co-existing plant species but also at larger biogeographical scales with climatic parameters and habitat properties. The possibility that biogeographical drivers shape the spatial structure of plants, however, has not received sufficient attention.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Global synthesis.</p> <p><strong>Time period:</strong> 1997 - 2022.</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied:</strong> Woody angiosperms and conifers.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We carried out a quantitative synthesis to capture the interplay between local scale and larger scale drivers. We modelled conspecific spatial aggregation as a binary response through logistic models and Ripley's L statistics and the distance at which the point process was least random with mixed effects linear models. Our predictors covered a range of plant traits, climatic predictors and descriptors of the habitat.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> We hypothesized that plant traits, when summarized by local scale predictors, exceed in importance biogeographical drivers in determining the spatial structure of conspecifics across woody systems. This was only the case in relation to the frequency with which we observe aggregated distributions. The probability of observing spatial aggregation and the intensity of it was higher for plant species with large leaves but further depended on climatic parameters and mycorrhiza.</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions:</strong> Compared to climatic variables, plant traits perform poorly in explaining the spatial structure of woody plant species, even though leaf area is a decisive plant trait that is related to whether we observe homogenous spatial aggregation and its intensity. Despite the limited variance explained by our models, we found that the spatial structure of woody plants is subject to consistent biogeographical constraints and that these exceed beyond descriptors of individual species, which we captured here through leaf area.</p>
Extracted sequences of fungal OTUs on coarse woody debris Bavarian Forest
<p>Extarcted sequences of fungal communities in coarse woody debris, sampled in the Bavarain Forest, Germany, in 2012, 2013 and 2015. A deadwood experiment with 67 stems (length 5m, dia ~33cm; 34x <em>Fagus sylvatica</em> and 33x <em>Abies alba</em>) was established in 2011. Per sampling year four drilling cores per stem were collected and pooled. PCR was performed on ITS2 region using barcoded gITS7 and ITS4. Treatment describes whether it is an experimentally created forest gap or a closed canopy. Taxonomic information and community composition only references to the most abundant OTUs used in Rieker et al. (2024): How to best detect threatened deadwood fungi – comparing metabarcoding and fruit body surveys. <em>Biological Conservation.</em></p> <p>Sample collection and processing are further described in</p> <p>Rieker et al. (2024): How to best detect threatened deadwood fungi – comparing metabarcoding and fruit body surveys. <em>Biological Conservation.</em></p> <p>and lab protocols follow Baldrian et al. (2016): Fungi associated with decomposing deadwood in a natural beech-dominated forest. <em>Fungal ecology, 23, 109-122.</em></p>
Text-fig. 9. Lower part of a fossil woody stem in the tuffaceous beds at Siziman. in Mid-Latitude Palaeogene Floras Of Eurasia Bound To Volcanic Settings And Palaeoclimatic Events - Experience Obtained From The Far East Of Russia (Sikhote-Alin') And Central Europe (Bohemian Massif)
Text-fig. 9. Lower part of a fossil woody stem in the tuffaceous beds at Siziman.
Figure 2 in Bird communities of different woody vegetation types from the Niraj Valley, Romania
Figure 2. PCoA of the bird communities from the woody vegetation based on the Bray–Curtis index.
Figure 1 in Bird communities of different woody vegetation types from the Niraj Valley, Romania
Figure 1. PCoA of the bird communities from the woody vegetation based on the Jaccard index.
Woody cover and geology as stabilising forces in semi-arid savannas
<p>Data accompanying the paper:</p> <p>L.M. Vermeulen, B. Verbist, K. Van Meerbeek, J. Slingsby, P.N. Bernardino, B. Somers. 2024. Woody cover and geology as stabilising forces in semi-arid savannas.</p>
Bud traits and post-fire responses of Cerrado woody species, Southeastern Brazil
<p>1) Species growing in fire-prone savannas usually persist by resprouting from their buds. In this study, we evaluated how various persistence traits allow bud protection for improved survival in fire-prone ecosystems.</p> <p>2) Using an integrative morphological and macroanatomical approach, we analyzed how woody plants protect their buds. We tested bud protection at the community level and evaluated: a) how bud protection changes along a fire frequency gradient, b) if it differs between shrubs and trees and c) whether the level of bud protection is related to post-fire responses of 28 woody savanna species.</p> <p>3) A mix of traits involving bud protection may enable woody species persistence in fire-prone ecosystems. Savanna species better protected their buds than forest species by developing bark and trichomes that allowed resprouting after fire. Regarding growth forms, shrub species capable of resprouting aboveground had their buds better protected than trees.</p> <p>4) Bud protection is not only linked with their position to the bark, but also with the presence of trichomes. Profuse trichomes covering buds were related to savanna species. Some species with no bud protection by bark but with trichomes covering their buds were able to resprout after fire. The presence of accessory buds is also a trait more related to savannas, possibly influencing the resprouting after fire as they are better protected and increase the bud bank. Finally, different persistence traits interact with one another to better protect the buds, requiring a detailed screening of the traits to assess species responses to fire.</p> <p>5) Synthesis. During fire, species have their aerial biomass consumed by the flames. To be able to resprout new branches and persist in the environment, they must have well-protected buds. In this study, we evaluated different ways that woody species protect their buds and related them with their resprouting strategy after fire. We investigated the protection by the bark, presence of trichomes and accessory buds. By studying the woody community in a gradient of savannas and forests we found that buds can be protected by bark, trichomes, or soil. Species can present a mix of these traits and strategies, which enhances their resprouting after fire.</p>
Towards an understanding of the latitudinal patterns in thermal tolerance and vulnerability of woody plants under climate warming
<p>Predicting spatial patterns in thermal tolerance and vulnerability of species under climate warming remains a challenge. Current knowledge is mainly from experiment-based thermal physiology of limited numbers of ectotherms, yet large-scale evaluations on plants remain elusive. Here, using distribution maps with spatial resolutions of 20×20 km for 5628 woody species in China, we propose a novel approach, i.e. thermal distribution curves, to describe species' realized thermal niches, and then estimate their thermal tolerance and warming risks under projected climate warming in 2050s and 2070s. We find that species' vulnerability and potential local extinction risks within grid cells decrease with latitude and increase with aridity due to narrow thermal tolerance of species located at low latitudes and arid regions. Over 90% of species could still tolerate future warming in most areas, indicating relatively optimistic expectation of potential local extinctions. Our study presents a new framework to quantify climate warming impacts on a large number of species without sufficient physiological information, and provides fundamental references for conservation planning under climate change.</p>
Global patterns of rainfall partitioning by invasive woody plants
<p>Aim: Invasive species have the potential to alter hydrological processes by changing the local water balance. However, general patterns of how rainfall is partitioned into interception, throughfall and stemflow for invasive species worldwide have been seldom explored. We (a) describe the percentage of interception, throughfall and stemflow for the invasive woody plant species; (b) analyse the influence of morphological attributes (i.e., life-form, bark roughness, leaf type, leaf phenology and leaf area index) of invasive species on rainfall partitioning; and (c) compare the rainfall partitioning fluxes for co-occurring invasive and native species, testing whether these fluxes variation depends on water availability of the study location.</p> <p>Location: Global.</p> <p>Time period: Present.</p> <p>Major taxa studied: Plants.</p> <p>Methods: We compiled data of 100 studies that assessed rainfall partitioning by invasive species (N=67) and registered their morphological attributes. By means of a meta-analysis we compared the rainfall partitioning by native and invasive species (N=47 comparisons) and assessed how their fluxes were affected by water availability.</p> <p>Results: Interception, throughfall and stemflow ranged from 1.6 - 59.5%, 39.1 - 92.7% and 0.1 - 31.6% of total rainfall, respectively. The bark roughness and leaf type were the most important attributes driving rainfall partitioning fluxes. While rough-barked species constrain rainfall inputs by promoting higher losses due to interception, smooth-barked species with broadleaves enhance the amount of rainwater reaching the soil by maximizing stemflow. For pair-wise comparisons, invasive species have higher stemflow values than native species for both drylands and humid areas, and higher throughfall in drylands, but less in humid areas.</p> <p>Main conclusions: Our findings suggest that specific morphological attributes of invasive species determine higher localized water inputs, which may represent an ecohydrological advantage, particularly in water-limited ecosystems. These insights also suggest that the ecological role of stemflow, throughfall and interception should be considered in future plant invasions research.</p>
Laser Ablation Tomography of Woody Plants
<p>Movies generated by LATscan from stems of distinct woody vines (climbing plants). Movie 1 illustrates anastomoses and splitting between vascular cylinders in the compound stem of Paullinia pinnata (Sapindaceae), a woody vine normally growing in tropical forests. Movie 2 illustrates the wood and bark of the adult stem of four species of woody vines. The movie starts off showing the transverse view, then reorients to a tangential view. Species name (from left to right): Wisteria floribunda, Gnetum urens, Cocculus orbiculatus and Menispermum canadense. The videos are associated to the paper "Laser ablation tomography (LATscan) as a new tool for anatomical studies of woody plants". </p>
How detritivores, plant traits and time modulate coupling of leaf versus woody litter decomposition rates across species
<p>1. Plant functional traits are increasingly used to understand ecological relationships and (changing) ecosystem functions. For understanding ecosystem-level biogeochemistry, we need to understand how (much) traits co-vary between different plant organs across species, and its implications for litter decomposition. However, we do not know how the degree of synchronous variation in decomposition rates between organs across species could be influenced by different keystone invertebrates decomposing different senesced plant organs, especially in warm-climate forests. Here we asked whether interspecific patterns in wood and leaf decomposition rates and in the spectra of resource economics traits underpinning them, co-vary across woody species; and how (much) the keystone invertebrate decomposers of the litter of these organs enhance or lower such co-variation of decomposition rates through time. </p> <p>2. We addressed these questions through an 18-month "common-garden" decomposition experiment using leaf, twig and branch litter of 41 woody species in two distant subtropical forest sites in east China. We quantified the effects of leaf, twig, and branch functional traits and their respective key invertebrates (moth larvae, termites) on the decomposition rates of those organs. </p> <p>3. Interspecific variation in wood traits was partly decoupled from that in leaf traits across species, while strong coupling was found between twigs and branches. The co-variation between leaf and woody organ decomposition rates was altered dynamically through the shifting activities of the key decomposers, which created non-linear relationships of invertebrate litter consumption as a function of species rankings along the resource economic trait spectra of leaves and branches.</p> <p>4. The deviations from coupling of decomposition rates between organs were likely caused by combinations of three mechanisms: (1) (de-)coupling between organs of other traits, not commonly considered in resource economics spectra (e.g., resins) (2) leaf and wood decomposers having specific diet requirements, and (3) temporal patterns of the decomposers' activity.</p> <p>5. Synthesis. Our study highlights the importance of considering the different ways by which invertebrate detritivores drive decomposition processes through time. Under the ongoing biodiversity decline, future research would benefit from a better understanding of the role of the dynamic interactions between detritivore activities and plant functional traits on the carbon turnover in ecosystems.</p>
Data for: Elevational changes in insect herbivory on woody plants in six mountain ranges of temperate Eurasia: Sources of variation
<p>Current theory predicts that the intensity of biotic interactions, and particularly herbivory, decreases with increasing latitude and elevation. However, recent studies have revealed substantial variation in both the latitudinal and elevational patterns of herbivory. This variation is often attributed to differences in study design and type of data collected by different researchers. Here, we used a standardised sampling protocol along elevational gradients in six mountain ranges, located at different latitudes within temperate Eurasia, to uncover the sources of variation in elevational patterns in insect herbivory on woody plant leaves. We discovered the considerable variation in elevational patterns among different mountain ranges; nevertheless, herbivory generally decreased with increasing elevation at both the community-wide and individual plant species levels. This decrease was mostly due to openly living defoliators, whereas no significant association was detected between herbivory and elevation among insects living within plant tissues (i.e. miners and gallers). The elevational decrease in herbivory was significant for deciduous plants but not for evergreen plants, and for low-stature plants but not for tall plants. The community-wide herbivory increased with increases in both specific leaf area and leaf size. The strength of the negative correlation between herbivory and elevation increased from lower to higher latitudes. We conclude that elevational gradients in herbivory demonstrate considerable variation, and that this variation is mostly associated with herbivore feeding habit, some plant traits and latitude of the mountain range.</p>
Data for: Steal the rain: Interception loses and rainfall partitioning by a broad-leaf and a fine-leaf woody encroaching species in a southern African semi-arid savanna
<p><span>Woody plant encroachment (WPE) has been found to alter ecosystem functioning and services in savannas. In rain-limited savannas, increasing woody cover can reduce streamflow and groundwater by altering </span>evapotranspiration rates and rainfall partitioning<span>, but the ecological relevance of this impact is not well known. </span><span>This study quantified the altered partitioning of rainfall by two woody plant structural types (fine- and broad-leaved trees) across a gradient of encroachment in a semi-arid savanna in South Africa. Averaged across both plant functional types, loss of rainfall through canopy interception and subsequent evaporation roughly doubled (from 20.5</span> to <span>43.6% of total rainfall) with a roughly 13-fold increase in woody cover (from 2.4 to </span>31.4 m<sup>2</sup>/ha tree basal cover). Spatial partitioning changes comprised <span>fourfold increases in stemflow (from 0.8</span> to <span>3.9% of total rainfall) and a decline in throughfall proportion of about two-fifths (from 80.2% to 47.3% of total rainfall). </span>Changes in partitioning were dependent on plant functional type; rainfall interception by the fine-leaved multi-stemmed shrub <em>Dichrostachys</em> <em>cinerea</em> was almost double that of the broad-leaved tree <em>Terminalia sericea</em> at the highest levels of woody encroachment (i.e., 49.7% vs 29.1% of total rainfall intercepted at tree basal area of 31.4 m<sup>2</sup>/ha). Partitioning was also dependent on rainfall characteristics, with the proportion of rainfall intercepted inversely related to rainfall event size and intensity. Therefore, increasing tree cover in African grassy ecosystems reduces the amount of canopy throughfall, especially beneath canopies of fine-leaved species in smaller rainfall events. Rainfall interception traits may thus confer a selective advantage, especially for fine-leaved woody plant species in semi-arid savannas. </p>
Foliar N, P and K global upscaled maps in woody plants
<p>Global foliar N, P and K maps in woody plants.</p> <p>Further details in: Vallicrosa, H., Sardans, J., Maspons, J., Zuccarini, P., Fernández-Martínez, M., Bauters, M., Goll, D.S., Ciais, P., Obersteiner, M., Janssens, I.A. and Peñuelas, J. (2022), Global maps and factors driving forest foliar elemental composition: the importance of evolutionary history. New Phytol, 233: 169-181. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17771">https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17771</a></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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