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1,047 results for “constraint”
Treelists, constraints and logfiles for: Relative time constraints improve molecular dating
<p>Dating the tree of life is central to understanding the evolution of life on Earth. Molecular clocks calibrated with fossils represent the state of the art for inferring the ages of major groups. Yet, other information on the timing of species diversification can be used to date the tree of life. This is the case for instance for horizontal gene transfer events and ancient coevolutionary relationships such as (endo)symbioses, which can imply temporal relationships between two nodes in a phylogeny (Davin et al. 2018). This can be particularly helpful when the geological record is sparse, e.g. for microorganisms, which represent the vast majority of extant and extinct biodiversity. Here, we demonstrate that relative age constraints, when combined with fossil calibrations, can significantly improve both the accuracy and resolution of molecular clock estimates. We provide an implementation of relative age constraints in RevBayes (Hoehna et al. 2016) that can be combined in a modular manner with the wide range of molecular dating methods available in the software. To validate our method in a realistic data setting we apply it to two data sets of 40 Cyanobacteria and 62 Archaea respectively, and provide cross-validations of fossil calibrations and relative age constraints.</p>
Data from: Dietary constraints of phytosaurian reptiles revealed by dental microwear textural analysis
Phytosaurs are a group of large, semi-aquatic archosaurian reptiles from the Middle–Late Triassic. They have often been interpreted as carnivorous or piscivorous due to their large size, morphological similarity to extant crocodilians and preservation in fluvial, lacustrine and coastal deposits. However, these dietary hypotheses are difficult to test, meaning that phytosaur ecologies and their roles in Triassic food webs remain incompletely constrained. Here, we apply dental microwear textural analysis to the three-dimensional sub-micrometre scale tooth surface textures that form during food consumption to provide the first quantitative dietary constraints for five species of phytosaur. We furthermore explore the impacts of tooth position and cranial robusticity on phytosaur microwear textures. We find subtle systematic texture differences between teeth from different positions along phytosaur tooth rows, which we interpret to be the result of different loading pressures experienced during food consumption, rather than functional partitioning of food processing along tooth rows. We find rougher microwear textures in morphologically robust taxa. This may be the result of seizing and processing larger prey items compared to those captured by gracile taxa, rather than dietary differences per se. We reveal relatively low dietary diversity between our study phytosaurs and that individual species show a lack of dietary specialisation. Species are predominantly carnivorous and/or piscivorous, with two taxa exhibiting slight preferences for 'harder' invertebrates. Our results provide strong evidence for higher degrees of ecological convergence between phytosaurs and extant crocodilians than previously appreciated, furthering our understanding of the functioning and evolution of Triassic ecosystems.
Data Tables from contribution titled "Joint geophysical-petrological modeling on the Ivrea geophysical body beneath Valsesia, Italy: Constraints on the continental lower crust" published in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
<p><strong>TABLE CAPTIONS</strong></p> <p><strong>Table 1: </strong>Average and specific bulk compositions of the representative exposed primitive rocks of the deep lower crust and upper mantle of the IVZ (Balmuccia and Lower Mafic Complex in Valsesia, Finero in Val Cannobina, and Sessera river in Val Sessera) used for the Perple_X calculations using the two thermodynamic models STX11 and HP02. Mn, Ni, P, and Cr were not used for the Perple_X calculations. Mg# is calculated as Mg / (Mg + Fe) (mole fractions). Symbols in the last row indicate the rock compositions that are reported (✓) and not reported (✗) in Figure 5. Average compositions are normalized to 100 wt.% on a volatile-free basis; specific compositions report original totals and H<sub>2</sub>O contents estimated based on the volumetric proportions hydrous minerals (amphibole and phlogopite) at the scale of the bulk rock. References: 1) Voshage et al. (1990); 2) Voshage et al. (1990), Shervais and Mukasa (1991), Hartmann and Wedepohl (1993), Rivalenti et al. (1995), and Mukasa and Shervais (1999); 3) Pin and Sills (1986); 4) Pin and Sills (1986), Shervais and Mukasa (1991), Hartmann and Wedepohl (1993), Rivalenti et al. (1995), and Mukasa and Shervais (1999); 5) Shervais and Mukasa (1991) and Mazzucchelli et al. (2009); 6) Sinigoi et al. (1991; 2011); 7) Hartmann and Wedepohl (1993); 8) Coltorti and Siena (1984); 9) Siena and Coltorti (1989), Lu et al. (1997a; b), and Stähle et al. (2001).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Table 2: </strong>Summary of <em>V<sub>P</sub></em> and <em>r</em> from the thermodynamic calculations based on representative rock compositions listed in Table 1. Mineral abbreviations: Pl = plagioclase, Spl = spinel, Grt = garnet, Ky = kyanite, Px = pyroxene, Cr-Di = Cr-diopisde, Am = amphibole, Phl = phlogopite.</p>
local constraints - v1
<p>Data & codes supporting the local constraints study</p> <p>Includes:</p> <p>- matlab codes used for the study:</p> <p> + main</p> <p> + functions</p> <p>- basic data and elaborated data supporting the study</p> <p>Does not include:</p> <p>- other functions (SMEV, GEV, etc) can be found at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3971558">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3971558</a></p> <p>- original rain gauge data: original data cannot be shared by the authors and can be retrieved from the Israeli Meteorological Service (https://ims.gov.il/) and from the Ministry of Water and Irrigation of Jordan, Technical Affairs, Studies Directorate, Hydrological and Meteorological Information Systems (rainfall stations archives files).</p> <p>Codes were run under Matlab R2016a</p>
Physiological costs and age constraints of a sexual ornament: an experimental study in a wild bird
Sexual ornaments are often considered honest signals of quality because potential costs or constraints prevent their display by low-quality individuals. Testing for potential physiological costs of ornaments is difficult, as this requires experimentally forcing individuals to produce and display elaborate ornaments. We use this approach to test whether a sexually selected trait is physiologically costly to male superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus). Male fairy-wrens moult from brown to blue breeding plumage at different times of the year, and females strongly prefer the few males that are blue early, during winter. We used short-acting testosterone implants to stimulate males to produce 'early-blue' plumage and assessed costs during and after moult using a panel of physiological indices. Testosterone-implanted, T-males moulted in winter and produced blue plumage six weeks before control-implanted, C-males. T-males moulted while in lower body condition, had lower fat reserves, and were more likely to be parasitised by lice. However, we detected no negative effects on immune function, blood parasites, exposure to stressors, or survival. Juvenile males never naturally display early-blue plumage, but we found no evidence for increased costs paid by juvenile T-males. Instead, juvenile T-males moulted later than adult T-males, suggesting that age presents an absolute constraint on ornament exaggeration that cannot be fully overcome by testosterone treatment. Together, these small costs and large, age-related constraints may enforce signal honesty, and explain female preference for early-blue males.
Slab transport of fluids to deep focus earthquake depths - thermal modeling constraints and evidence from diamonds
<p>This data set contains earthquake data and thermal models of subduction zones used in Shirey, S. B., Wagner, L. S., Walter, M. J., Pearson, D. G., & van Keken, P. E., "Slab transport of fluids to deep focus earthquake depths - thermal modeling constraints and evidence from diamonds", submitted to AGU Advances.</p> <p>There are four zip files:<br> 1) Events.zip contains the earthquake location data;<br> 2) PTeq.zip contains the estimated pressure and temperature in the EQ locations as projected onto slab top and Moho<br> 3) ThermalModels.zip contains the temperature along paths parallel to the slab top for each subduction zone<br> 4) ThermalModels_vtu.zip contains the temperature on the full computational grid<br> <br> See the README files for information on the data formats for 1-3.</p>
Data from: Nocturnal foraging lifts time-constraints in winter for migratory geese but hardly speeds up fueling
<p>Climate warming advances the optimal timing of breeding for many animals. For migrants to start breeding earlier, a concurrent advancement of migration is required, including pre-migratory fueling of energy reserves. We investigate whether barnacle geese are time-constrained during pre-migratory fueling and whether there is potential to advance or shorten the fueling period to allow an earlier migratory departure. We equipped barnacle geese with GPS-trackers and accelerometers to remotely record birds' behavior, from which we calculated time budgets. We examined how time spent foraging was affected by the available time (during daylight and moonlit nights) and thermoregulation costs. We used an energetic model to assess onset and rates of fueling, and whether geese can further advance fueling by extending foraging time. We show that d<span>uring winter, when facing higher thermoregulation costs, geese consistently foraged at night, especially during moonlit nights, in order to balance their energy budgets. In spring, birds made use of the increasing day length and gained body stores by foraging longer during the day, but birds stopped foraging extensively during the night. Our model indicates that by continuing night-time foraging throughout spring, geese may have some leeway to advance and increase fueling rate, potentially reaching departure body mass 4 days e</span>arlier. In light of rapid climatic changes on the breeding grounds, whether this advancement can be realized and whether it will be sufficient to prevent phenological mismatches remains to be determined.</p>
Data from: Evolutionary constraints on tree size and aboveground biomass in tropical dry forests
<p>1. The extent (or lack) of phylogenetic signal for key ecological traits reveals the role of evolutionary processes on present-day ecosystem function and hints on future ecological trends under climate change scenarios. This approach has been applied to South American tropical moist forests, but not to the highly threatened seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTF), despite acknowledgement of their unique evolutionary history. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated the legacy of evolutionary processes on vital ecological characteristics among SDTF trees: regional dominance, tree size and soil preference.</p> <p>2. We used tree community data on 313 plots of SDTF (12.52 hectares) and locally collected soil data in central-eastern Brazil. For each assessed trait (three for regional dominance, three for tree size and nine for soil preference), we investigated the legacy of evolution using two different approaches: calculating the extent of phylogenetic signal and comparing the fit of four different models of evolution.</p> <p>3. Aboveground woody biomass and tree size showed strong phylogenetic signal. Most of the SDTF biomass stock was concentrated in a few large-sized and closely related tree genera. Among the soil preference variables, only phosphorus displayed significant, albeit weak, phylogenetic signal.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. Our study is the first to show that evolutionary constraints related to tree size significantly determine regional biomass stocks of SDTF in a few closely related tree lineages. This suggests that even isolated SDTF fragments with low taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity can play an important role in the global carbon cycle, storing disproportionally large amounts of carbon in trees that belong to high-biomass lineages. Whether these lineages also share climate change-induced mortality risk deserves future investigation, as they are largely responsible for the maintenance of regional SDTF biomass stocks.</p>
Incubation temperature as a constraint on clutch size evolution
<p>1. Elucidating factors that limit the number of offspring produced is fundamental to understanding life-history evolution. Here, we examine the hypothesis that parental ability to maintain an optimal physical developmental environment for all offspring constrains clutch size via effects on offspring quality.</p> <p>2. Experimental laboratory studies of birds have shown that a <1°C difference in average incubation temperature has diverse effects on fitness-related post-hatching offspring phenotypes. Thus, the inability of parents to maintain optimal incubation temperatures could constrain clutch sizes.</p> <p>3. A fundamental question that has not been sufficiently addressed is whether larger clutch sizes lead to within nest variation in egg temperature that is large enough to produce offspring with different phenotypes within a brood. This could lead to differential survival among offspring, and could create a tradeoff between offspring number and quality.</p> <p>4. We manipulated clutch size in nests of free-living wood ducks and measured incubation temperature among and within clutches using multiple temperature loggers.</p> <p>5. As clutch size increased, average incubation temperatures were lower and more variable, and eggs took longer to hatch. Notably, the range in average incubation temperature among eggs within nests increased with clutch size and exceeded 1°C in large clutches.</p> <p>6. Clutch size did not affect hatch success. In conjunction with our companion laboratory studies that used artificial incubation to document the effects of temperature variation on fitness-related traits in this species, our work suggests that suboptimal incubation temperatures could be a factor that limits clutch size through diminishing returns on post-hatch offspring quality.</p>
Adaptive specialization and constraint in morphological defenses of planktonic larvae
<ol> <li>Morphological defenses of plankton can include armor, spines, and coloration. Spines defend from gape-limited fish predators while pigmentation increases visibility to fishes but defends from ultraviolet radiation (UVR).</li> <li>Planktonic crab larvae (zoeae) exhibit inter- and intra-specific variability in the lengths of defensive spines, extent of pigmentation, and body size. The determinants of this variability and the relationships among these traits are largely unknown.</li> <li>Larvae may employ generalized defenses against the dual threats of UVR and predation or specialized defenses against their primary threat, with an unknown role of allometric or phylogenetic constraints. Generalization would result in longer spines compensating for the increased predation risk imposed by darker pigments, while specialization would lead to more investment in either defense from predation (long spines) or UVR (dark pigments), at the expense of the other trait.</li> <li>We examined 1) the relationship between spine lengths and pigmentation, 2) the scaling of spine lengths with body size, and 3) phylogenetic constraint in spine lengths, pigmentation, and body size, among and within 21 species of laboratory-hatched and 23 species of field-collected crab larvae from Panama and California.</li> <li>We found a negative relationship between spine length and pigmentation among species from laboratory and field. Within species, we found a marginally significant negative relationship among field-collected larvae.</li> <li>Spine lengths showed positive allometric scaling with carapace length while spine and carapace lengths, but not pigmentation, had significant phylogenetic signals.</li> <li>The negative relationship we observed between pigmentation and spine length supports our defense specialization hypothesis.</li> <li>Positive allometric scaling of spine lengths means larger larvae are better defended from predators, which may indicate that larvae face greater predation risk as they grow larger.</li> <li>Phylogenetic constraint may have arisen because related species encounter similar predation threats. Conversely, phylogenetic constraint in the evolution of spine lengths may induce convergent behaviors resulting in related species facing similar predation threats.</li> <li>Our results improve understanding of the evolution of the larval morphology of crabs, morphological defenses in the plankton, and evolutionary responses of morphology to multiple spatially-segregated selective forces.</li> </ol>
Data from: Developmental constraints and resource environment shape early emergence and investment in spines in saplings
Abstract <p> Background and Aims </p><p>Herbivory by large mammals imposes a critical recruitment bottleneck on plants in many systems. Spines defend plants against large herbivores and how early they emerge in saplings may be one of the strongest predictors of sapling survival in herbivore-rich environments. Yet little effort has been directed at understanding the variability in spine emergence across saplings.</p> Methods <p>We present a multi-species study examining whether and how sapling size,spine type and species' environmental niche (light and precipitation environment) influence early emergence and biomass investment in spines. A phylogenetically diverse pool of 45 species possessing different spine types (spines, prickles and thorns; that are derived from distinct plant organs: leaf, epidermis or cortex, and branch, respectively), were grown under common garden conditions, and patterns of spine emergence and biomass allocation to spines at 5 and 15 weeks after transplanting were characterized.</p> Key Results <p>Spine type and species' resource niche were the main factors driving early emergence and investment patterns. Spines emerged earliest in leaf spine-bearing species, and latest in thorn-bearing species. The probability of early spine emergence increased with decreasing precipitation, and was greater in species from open than closed habitats. Sapling investment in spines changed with plant mass but was contingent on spine type and habitat type.</p> Conclusions <p>Different spine types have strikingly different timing of expression, suggesting that developmental origins of spines play a critical role in sapling defences. Furthermore, species from different precipitation and light environments (open vs. closed habitats) showed contrasting patterns of early spine expression suggesting that resource limitation in their native range may have driven divergent evolution of early defence expression.</p> <p></p>
Universal metabolic constraints shape the evolutionary ecology of diving in animals
<p>Diving as a lifestyle has evolved on multiple occasions when air-breathing terrestrial animals invaded the aquatic realm, and diving performance shapes the ecology and behaviour of all air-breathing aquatic taxa, from small insects to great whales. Using the largest dataset yet assembled, we show that maximum dive duration increases predictably with body mass in both ectotherms and endotherms. Compared to endotherms, ectotherms can remain submerged for longer, but the mass scaling relationship for dive duration is much steeper in endotherms than in ectotherms. These differences in diving allometry can be fully explained by inherent differences between the two groups in their metabolic rate and how metabolism scales with body mass and temperature. Therefore, we suggest that similar constraints on oxygen storage and usage have shaped the evolutionary ecology of diving in all air-breathing animals, irrespective of their evolutionary history and metabolic mode. The steeper scaling relationship between body mass and dive duration in endotherms not only helps explain why the largest extant vertebrate divers are endothermic rather than ectothermic, but also fits well with the emerging consensus that large extinct tetrapod divers (e.g. plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs and mosasaurs) were endothermic.</p>
Comparative analysis of larval growth in Lepidoptera reveals instar-level constraints
1. Juvenile growth trajectories evolve via the interplay of selective pressures on age and size at maturity, and developmental constraints. In insects, the moulting cycle is a major constraint on larval growth trajectories. 2. Surface area to volume ratio of a larva decreases during growth, so renewal of certain surfaces by moulting is likely needed for the maintenance of physiological efficiency. A null hypothesis of isometry, implied by Dyar's Rule, would mean that the relative measures of growth remain constant across moults and instars. 3. We studied ontogenetic changes and allometry in instar-specific characteristics of larval growth in 30 lepidopteran species in a phylogenetic comparative framework. 4. Relative instar-specific mass increments (RMI) typically, but not invariably, decreased across instars. Ontogenetic change in RMIs varied among families with little within-family variation. End-of-instar growth deceleration (GD) became stronger with increasing body size across instars. Across-instar change in GD was conserved across taxa. Ontogenetic allometry was generally non-isometric both in RMI and GD. 5. Results indicate that detailed studies on multiple species are needed for generalizations concerning growth trajectory evolution. Developmental and physiological mechanisms affecting growth trajectory evolution show different degrees of evolutionary conservatism, which must be incorporated into models of age and size at maturation.
Data from: Evidence for complex life cycle constraints on salamander body form diversification
Metazoans display a tremendous diversity of developmental patterns, including complex life cycles composed of morphologically disparate stages. In this regard, the evolution of life cycle complexity promotes phenotypic diversity. However, correlations between life cycle stages can constrain the evolution of some structures and functions. Despite the potential macroevolutionary consequences, few studies have tested the impacts of life cycle evolution on broad-scale patterns of trait diversification. Here we show that larval and adult salamanders with a simple, aquatic-only (paedomorphic) life cycle had an increased rate of vertebral column and body form diversification compared to lineages with a complex, aquatic-terrestrial (biphasic) life cycle. These differences in life cycle complexity explain the variations in vertebral number and adult body form better than larval ecology. In addition, we found that lineages with a simple terrestrial-only (direct developing) life cycle also had a higher rate of adult body form evolution than biphasic lineages, but still 10-fold lower than aquatic-only lineages. Our analyses demonstrate that prominent shifts in phenotypic evolution can follow long-term transitions in life cycle complexity, which may reflect underlying stage-dependent constraints.
Data from: Disturbance-mediated consumer assemblages determine fish community structure and moderate top-down influences through bottom-up constraints
<ol> <li>Disturbance is a strong structuring force that can influence the strength of species interactions at all trophic levels, but controls on the contributions to community structure of top-down and bottom-up processes across such gradients remain poorly understood. Changes in the composition of predator and consumer assemblages, and their associated traits, across gradients of environmental harshness (e.g., flooding) are likely to be a particularly important influence on the strength of top-down control and may drive bottom-up constraints.</li> <li>We examined how consumers with particular traits, and the predators that consumed them, varied across a gradient of stream flooding disturbance and used experiments to assess the predation impact on those contrasting consumer communities (ultimately quantifying how flood disturbance altered the strength of top-down control).</li> <li>Consumer community composition and mobility were strongly related to flood disturbance; the biomass and drift of protected primary consumers (i.e., those with morphological defences) decreased with increasing flood disturbance. Predatory fish species had different disturbance niches, and path analysis identified that both direct flood-disturbance effects and indirect bottom-up constraints of flood-disturbance on consumers influenced predatory fish composition and biomass. Fishes generally fed most effectively on consumer types associated with their particular niche, but all fishes were strongly size-selective when feeding on protected consumers. Although protected consumers did not grow large enough to escape predation, an <i>in situ </i>experiment showed protected consumers were at a reduced risk of predation as disturbance increased compared to unprotected consumers.</li> <li>Overall, top-down control declined with flood disturbance, but the effect depended on consumer traits. Predatory fishes were only capable of exerting top-down control on protected consumers in benign habitats but impacted unprotected consumers across a larger range of the disturbance gradient. Collectively our findings suggest that a shift towards a more disturbed state will probably result in reduced predator impacts and a weakening of top-down control. Moreover, predicted increases in the frequency and intensity of climatic events causing disturbance, such as flooding, are likely to result in a community shift that disproportionately impacts protected consumers and the predators that utilise them as prey through the subsequent bottom-up constraints.</li> </ol>
Data from: Maternal oxidative stress and reproduction: testing the constraint, cost and shielding hypotheses in a wild mammal
1. Oxidative stress has been proposed as a central causal mechanism underlying the life history trade-off between current and future reproduction and survival in wild animals. 2. Whereas mixed evidence suggests that maternal oxidative stress may act both as a constraint and a cost to reproduction, some studies have reported a lack of association between reproduction and maternal oxidative stress. 3. The oxidative shielding hypothesis offers an alternative explanation, suggesting that mothers may pre-emptively mitigate the oxidative costs of reproduction by increasing antioxidant defences prior to reproduction. 4. We tested the oxidative constraint, cost, and shielding hypotheses using a longitudinal field study of oxidative stress levels in a species that breeds using daily energy income, the Columbian ground squirrel (Urocitellus columbianus). 5. Elevated maternal oxidative damage prior to reproduction was associated with higher maternal investment in litter mass at birth, but not at weaning. 6. Breeding females increased their antioxidant capacity and decreased their oxidative damage from birth to lactation compared to non-breeding females measured at the same time periods. However, lower maternal oxidative stress during lactation was not associated with higher offspring survival or mass growth over this period. 7. Our results provide little evidence for maternal oxidative stress acting as a constraint on, or cost to, reproduction in Columbian ground squirrels, but partially support the idea that oxidative shielding occurred to buffer potential oxidative costs of reproduction.
Data from: Local range boundaries versus large-scale tradeoffs: climatic and competitive constraints on tree growth
Species often respond to human‐caused climate change by shifting where they occur on the landscape. To anticipate these shifts, we need to understand the forces that determine where species currently occur. We tested whether a long‐hypothesised trade‐off between climate and competitive constraints explains where tree species grow on mountain slopes. Using tree rings, we reconstructed growth sensitivity to climate and competition in range centre and range margin tree populations in three climatically distinct regions. We found that climate often constrains growth at environmentally harsh elevational range boundaries, and that climatic and competitive constraints trade‐off at large spatial scales. However, there was less evidence that competition consistently constrained growth at benign elevational range boundaries; thus, local‐scale climate‐competition trade‐offs were infrequent. Our work underscores the difficulty of predicting local‐scale range dynamics, but suggests that the constraints on tree performance at a large‐scale (e.g. latitudinal) may be predicted from ecological theory.
Data from: Examining the microclimate hypothesis in Amazonian birds: indirect tests of the 'visual constraints' mechanism
Proposed mechanisms for the decline of terrestrial and understory insectivorous birds in the tropics include a related subset that together has been termed the "microclimate hypothesis." One prediction from this hypothesis is that sensitivity to bright light environments discourages birds of the dimly lit rainforest interior from using edges, gaps, or disturbed forest. Using a hierarchical Bayesian framework and capture data across time and space, we tested this by first determining vulnerability based on differences in within-species capture rates between disturbed and undisturbed forest for 64 bird species at the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project in central Amazonian Brazil. We found that 35 species (55%) were vulnerable to anthropogenic habitat degradation, whereas only four (6%) were more commonly captured in degraded forest. To infer visual sensitivity, we then examined two different characters: eye size (maximum pupil diameter) relative to body mass and the initiation time of dawn song, which presumably reflects a species' visual capacity under low light intensities. We predicted that species with large relative eye sizes and birds with earlier dawn songs would exhibit increased vulnerability in degraded habitats with bright light. Contrary to our predictions, however, vulnerability was positively correlated with the mean start time of dawn song. This indicates that species that wait to initiate dawn song are also more vulnerable to habitat degradation. After correcting for body size, there was no effect of eye size on vulnerability. Together, our results do not provide quantitative support for the light sensitivity mechanism of the microclimate hypothesis. More sensitive, experimental tests, such as behavioral assays with controlled light environments, especially in a comparative framework, are needed to rigorously evaluate the role of light sensitivity as an aspect of the microclimate hypothesis among Neotropical birds.
Data from: Fertilizer legacies meet saltwater incursion: challenges and constraints for coastal plain wetland restoration
Coastal wetland restoration is an important tool for climate change adaptation and excess nutrient runoff mitigation. However, the capacity of restored coastal wetlands to provide multiple ecosystem services is limited by stressors, such as excess nutrients from upstream agricultural fields, high nutrient legacies on-site, and rising salinities downstream. The effects of these stressors are exacerbated by an accelerating hydrologic cycle, expected to cause longer droughts punctuated by more severe storms. We used seven years of surface water and six years of soil solution water chemistry from a large (440 ha) restored wetland to examine how fertilizer legacy, changes in hydrology, and drought-induced salinization affect dissolved nutrient and carbon concentrations. To better understand the recovery trajectory of the restored wetland, we also sampled an active agricultural field and two mature forested wetlands. Our results show that nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in soil solution were 2–10 times higher in the restored wetland compared to two mature forested wetlands, presumably due to legacy fertilizer mobilized by reflooding. Despite elevated nutrient concentrations relative to reference wetlands, the restored wetland consistently attenuated N and P pulses delivered from an upstream farm. Even with continued loading, N and P concentrations in surface water throughout the restored wetland have decreased since the initial flooding. Our results suggest that high nutrient concentrations and export from wetlands restored on agricultural lands may be a severe but temporary problem. If field to wetland conversion is to become a more widespread method for ameliorating nutrient runoff and adapting coastal plain ecosystems to climate change, we should adopt new methods for minimizing the initial export phase of wetland restoration efforts.
Supporting data: Structure-based Markov random field model for representing evolutionary constraints on functional sites
<p>Supporting data for the paper:</p> <p>Chan-Seok Jeong, Dongsup Kim. Structure-based Markov random field model for representing evolutionary constraints on functional sites. Submitted. (2015)</p> <p>See 'README' for a description of the contents.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.