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Figure 7 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 7. Lower jaw morphology of Messelophis variatus: A, lateral view of the right dentary of the holotype specimen SMF ME 1828 a+b; B, medial view of the right lower jaw in the embedded side of the specimen SMF ME 1828 a+b; C, lateral view of the right compound bone of specimen SMF ME 958 b. Scale bars: 1 mm. Abbreviations: an, angular, cb, compound bone; co, coronoid; d, dentary; mf, mental foramen; sc, surangular crest; sf, anterior surangular foramen; sp, splenial; sup, surangular process.

Figure 17 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 17. Maximum-parsimony cladograms of snake relationships depicting the placement of Messel minute boas: A, strict consensus of the eight trees obtained (tree length, L = 456) based on osteological characters; B, most parsimonious tree (L = 6332) based on the combined analysis of morphological, mitochondrial, and nuclear data partitions. Bootstrap (above) and Bremer support (below) values for each node are indicated. Note the position of Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (in blue) nested into the boid clade in both cladograms.

Figure 4 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 4. Dorsal view of left prefrontal (A), right postorbital (B), and right ectopterygoid of Messelophis variatus (AMNH FARB 30650). D, dorsolateral view of left preorbital region of Boa constrictor based on HRXCT data. E, dorsal view of right postorbital region of Ungaliophis continentalis based on HRXCT data. F, dorsal view of the right palatomaxillary arch of Ungaliophis continentalis (three-dimensional cutaway view based on HRXCT data). For Messelophis panels, scale bars equal 1 mm, the others are not to scale. Abbreviations: ec, ectopterygoid; fr, frontal; la, dorsal lappet; ld, lacrimal duct; lf, lateral foot process; ll, lateral lamina of prefrontal; ll-dl, undifferentiated lateral and dorsal lamina of prefrontal; lp, anterolateral prong; mfp, medial foot process; mp, anteromedial prong; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; ol, outer orbital lobe; p, parietal; pfr, prefrontal; pl, palatine; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid.

Figure 5 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 5. Dorsal view of skull roof of Messelophis variatus (AMNH FARB 30650). Scale bar equals 2 mm. Abbreviations: fr, frontal; p, parietal; po, postorbital; pot, prootic; pop, postorbital process; sg, sagittal crest; sgp; sagittal process; sop, supraorbital process.

Figure 3 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 3. Dorsolateral view of the rostral region of Messelophis variatus (A), Tropidophis haetianus (B), Yurlunggur sp. (C), and Uropeltis woodmasoni (D). Arrows indicate the contact area between the transverse process of the premaxilla and the anterior tip of maxilla. Not drawn to scale. Abbreviations: mx, maxilla; pmx, premaxilla; tp, transverse process of premaxilla.

Figure 6. A in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 6. A, embedded side of the holotype specimen of Messelophis variatus (SMF ME 1828 a+b), with a left lateral view of the skull. Lateral views of the posterior part of the skulls of Tropidophis haetianus (B), Lichanura trivirgata (C), and Exiliboa placata (D). Abbreviations: b, bubble; cb, compound bone; frc, foramen for the re-entry of the cid nerve; ls, laterosphenoid; ot, otooccipital; p, parietal; pot, prootic; q, quadrate; s, stapes; st, supratemporal; V2, anterior trigeminal foramen; V3, posterior trigeminal foramen; VII, foramen for the passage of the facial nerve.

Figure 14 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 14. Three-dimensional reconstruction of braincase elements of the paratype specimen of Messelophis ermannorum (HLMD-Me 7915) based on HRXCT data in dorsal view (A, C) and endocranial view (B); dorsal view of braincase of the boine Chilabothrus striatus (D) and Ungaliophis continentalis (E), based on HRXCT data; F, three-dimensional cutaway view along the frontal axis of the braincase of Ungaliophis continentalis, based on HRXCT data. Scale bar: 2 mm. Abbreviations: at, atlantal crest; ds, depression that receives the supratemporal bone; nc, nuchal crest; ot, otooccipital; p, parietal; pa, paroccipital process; pot, prootic; q, quadrate; sg, sagittal crest of the supraoccipital; so, supraoccipital; st, supratemporal.

Figure 19 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 19. Comparisons between cranial elements of Platyspondylia lepta and Messelophis ermannorum. Lateral (A) and medial (B) views of right compound bone of P. lepta (MNHN PFR 6357); lateral (C) and medial (D) views of threedimensional reconstruction of the lower jaw of the paratype specimen of M. ermannorum (HLMD-Me 7915), based on HRXCT data; posterior view of left quadrate of P. lepta (MNHN PDS 3118) (E) and M. ermannorum (F). Scale bar: 2 mm. Abbreviations: cp, coronoid prominence, pc, prearticular crest, sc, surangular crest, sh, stylohyal.

Figure 16 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 16. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the lower jaw of the paratype specimen of Messelophis ermannorum (HLMD- Me 7915), based on HRXCT data. Lateral (A) and medial (B) view of left dentary; lateral (C) and medial (D) view of left compound bone; medial view of left coronoid, angular, and splenial bones (E). F, three-dimensional reconstruction based on HRXCT data of lateral and medial view of the lower jaw of Eryx colubrinus. Scale bars: 2 mm. Abbreviations: amf, anterior mylohyoid foramen; an, angular; cb, compound bone; co, coronoid; cp, coronoid prominence; d, dentary; mf, mental foramen; mg, Meckelian groove; pc, prearticular crest; pmf, posterior mylohyoid foramen; q, quadrate; sc, surangular crest; sf, anterior surangular foramen; sp, splenial; sup, surangular process.

Figure 13 in Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)

Figure 13. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull roof elements of the paratype specimen of Messelophis ermannorum (HLMD-Me 7915) based on HRXCT data. Scale bar: 3 mm. Abbreviations: ds, depression that receives the supratemporal bone; ec, ectopterygoid; fr, frontal; mpp, medial parietal pillar; mx, maxilla; fp, medial frontal pillar; n, nasal; p, parietal; pfr, prefrontal; po, postorbital; pot, prootic; pop, postorbital process; pt, pterygoid; sg, sagittal crest; sgp; sagittal process; so, supraoccipital; sop, supraorbital process; stp, supratemporal process; tb, parietal table.

FIG. 26. — B in The discovery of a Balaenomorpha (Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp.) from the upper Miocene of the Netherlands sheds new light on the cranial anatomy of archaic rorqual relatives

FIG. 26. — B, Bootstrap tree of the matrix based on Duboys de Lavigerie et al. 2020. The numbers at the nodes are bootstrap values (higher than 50).

FIG. 23 in The discovery of a Balaenomorpha (Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp.) from the upper Miocene of the Netherlands sheds new light on the cranial anatomy of archaic rorqual relatives

FIG. 23. — Anteroventral (left) and posterodorsal (right) views of Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp., with a schematic indication of expanded ('inflated') regions (compared to the neurocranium of Pelocetus, Uranocetus and Piscobalaena). Note the sub-triangular ventral squamosal fossa (1), with a strong ventrally protruding wall (D) and the wide, rounded dorsal squamosal fossa (2). A, dense mediodorsal parietal; B, dense anterodorsal supraoccipital; C, layered anteromedioventral squamosal body; D, inflated ventral squamosal wall; E, inflated and laterally expanded anterior surface of the postglenoid process; F, inflated and laterally expanded posterolateral postglenoid process; G, inflated laterodorsal squamosal and posterolaterodorsal zygomatic process; H, inflated and mediolaterally expanded exoccipital. Scale bars: 10 cm.

FIG. 9. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n in The discovery of a Balaenomorpha (Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp.) from the upper Miocene of the Netherlands sheds new light on the cranial anatomy of archaic rorqual relatives

FIG. 9. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp., MAB 010293, holotype. Anteroventral view. a, anterior; m, medial. Scale bar: 10 cm.

FIG. 18. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n in The discovery of a Balaenomorpha (Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp.) from the upper Miocene of the Netherlands sheds new light on the cranial anatomy of archaic rorqual relatives

FIG. 18. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp., MAB 010293, holotype. Right periotic: A, ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, posteromedial view; D, medial view. a, anterior; d, dorsal; l, lateral; m, medial; p, posterior; pl, posterolateral. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 22. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n in The discovery of a Balaenomorpha (Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp.) from the upper Miocene of the Netherlands sheds new light on the cranial anatomy of archaic rorqual relatives

FIG. 22. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp., MAB 010293, holotype. Periotic, lateral view (anterior to the right): additions in purple-grey; right purple-grey spot, reconstruction of the broken anterior process (maximum size possible); middle purple-grey spot, the addition of the fragment of the lateral side of the anterior process that is still attached to the squamosal; left purple-grey spot, addition of the fragment of the lateral tuberosity that is still attached to the squamosal.

FIG. 14. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n in The discovery of a Balaenomorpha (Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp.) from the upper Miocene of the Netherlands sheds new light on the cranial anatomy of archaic rorqual relatives

FIG. 14. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp., MAB 010293, holotype. Anterolateral view with all preserved sutures indicated (yellow lines). White arrows, narrow posteroventrolateral parietal foramen. d, dorsal; m, medial. Scale bar: 30 cm.

FIG. 11. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n in The discovery of a Balaenomorpha (Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp.) from the upper Miocene of the Netherlands sheds new light on the cranial anatomy of archaic rorqual relatives

FIG. 11. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp., MAB 010293, holotype. Detailed views of the parietal and the anterior supraoccipital: A, anterodorsal view; B, anterior view; C, ventral view; D, posteromedial view. Dark blue lines, sutures; clear blue lines, sections; dotted magenta lines, zones; black hatched surface, broken surfaces of the parietal. a, anterior; d, dorsal; l, lateral; m, medial. Scale bars: 5 cm.

FIG. 27. — B in The discovery of a Balaenomorpha (Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp.) from the upper Miocene of the Netherlands sheds new light on the cranial anatomy of archaic rorqual relatives

FIG. 27. — B, Bootstrap tree for the matrix based on Bisconti et al. 2020. The numbers at the nodes are bootstrap values (higher than 50).

FIG. 10. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n in The discovery of a Balaenomorpha (Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp.) from the upper Miocene of the Netherlands sheds new light on the cranial anatomy of archaic rorqual relatives

FIG. 10. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp., MAB 010293, holotype: A, sections from right to left at 2, 25, 65, 90, 150 and 190 mm from the anterior tip, superimposed on an anterolateral view of the neurocranium. B, the same sections, superimposed on a posterodorsal view, from bottom to top at 2, 25, 65, 90, 150 and 190 mm from the anterior tip. Clear blue lines, sections as preserved; dotted clear blue lines, fractures as preserved; white lines, estimated shape of missing parts based on adjacent preserved parts; dotted black lines, estimated shape of the lateral temporal crest dorsal to the base of the zygomatic process. a, anterior; l, lateral. Scale bar: A, not to scale; B, 10 cm.

FIG. 2 in The discovery of a Balaenomorpha (Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp.) from the upper Miocene of the Netherlands sheds new light on the cranial anatomy of archaic rorqual relatives

FIG. 2. — Dinoflagellate cyst zonation cf. Munsterman et al. 2019. Abbreviations: Ma, million years ago; Tor, Tortonian; Aan, Achomosphaera andalousiensis; Cpa, Cannospaeropsis passio; Ede, Erymnodinium delectabile; Ltr, Labyrinthodinium truncatum; Pgo, Palaeocystodinum golzowensis; Spl, Systematophora placacantha; Sso, Sumatradinium soucouyantiae. Red lines indicate the limits of the dinozone Southern North Sea DN9, the dinozone the specimen is dated from.