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1,186 results for “defensiveness”
Data from a test of female defense in male collared lizards
<p>A widely held principle in behavioral ecological research is that polygynous social systems evolve either by direct male defense of females or male defense of resources, although which of these mechanisms applies in particular species is rarely examined experimentally. We tested the relative importance of female versus resource defense in polygynous territorial male collared lizards (<em>Crotaphytus</em> <em>collaris</em>). Using a novel experimental design, we temporarily removed some of the resident females from male territories to create a female-free removal zone, whereas resident females were left intact within a non-removal zone. We then compared activity of males within each zone during three experimental phases: before we removed females, for two days when females were absent, and the day following return of females. If males defend females directly, we expected them to adjust the location of their patrol and display within removal and non-removal zones depending on the presence/absence of females, whereas we expected no such change if males defend resources. Male activity in the removal zone generally decreased when females were removed but then increased when females were replaced, whereas we observed the opposite pattern in the non-removal zone. The observed shifts in the location of patrol and display in response to the presence/absence of females, while resources remained constant, indicate that polygynous male collared lizards defend females directly. Our results suggest that male collared lizards take advantage of strong female philopatry to relatively small areas by focusing their patrol and display activities where potential mates reside.</p>
Plant species with higher chemical defenses enhance herbivore cellular immunity with differential effectiveness against two parasitoid species
<p>Insect herbivores simultaneously experience bottom-up effects of plant defensive chemistry and the top-down effects of natural enemies. At the intersection of these effects are herbivore immune systems, herbivore traits that have largely been overlooked in studies of plant-insect interactions. Most previous studies have demonstrated compromised immunity of herbivores that feed on plants with higher defensive chemistry. Many studies have used embedded microfilaments or silica beads as proxies for parasitoid eggs. Yet, parasitoids may evade or suppress host immune responses by injecting venom, calyx fluid, or through modifications of their egg surface structure, necessitating studies that include all three trophic levels to obtain a complete picture of how plant traits may modulate herbivore immunity.Here we examined the effect of host plant species that differ in glucosinolate (anti-herbivore compounds produced by plants in the Brassicaceae) concentrations on the immune status of an herbivore and its consequences for two species of parasitoids with different life history traits.We found that larvae of the butterfly Pieris rapae that fed on field mustard Brassica rapa, which contain 52-fold higher glucosinolate concentrations than collards B. oleracea, attained lower body weights and experienced prolonged development to adulthood.Yet, caterpillars that fed on B. rapa had enhanced cellular immunity, as measured by total and differential hemocyte counts, as well as melanization capacity compared to larvae that fed on B. oleracea.In turn, the likelihood that at least some eggs in clutches of the gregarious endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata would be encapsulated, leading to a reduction in brood size, were three times greater when their host caterpillars fed on B. rapa compared to B. oleracea. Interestingly, eggs of the solitary endoparasitoid Cotesia rubecula were rarely encapsulated irrespective of the host plant on which their host caterpillar fed. Therefore, our results suggest that plant defense metabolites can influence the expression of herbivore immunity, but the effectiveness of this response strongly depends on the identity of the parasitoid and its ability to evade the caterpillar immune response, and possibly the evolution of these trophic interactions in non-native systems.</p>
Military Air Defense System Requirements
<p>This repository contains the military air defense system requirements described in "Automatic requirements extraction, analysis, and graph representation using an approach derived from computational linguistics" by Faisal Mokammel, Eric Coatanéa, Joonas Coatanéa, Vladislav Nenchev, Eric Blanco, and Matti Pietola.</p>
Analyzing defense-in-depth properties of nuclear power plant instrumentation and control system architectures using ontologies
<p>A proof-of-concept OWL ontology for representing knowledge over nuclear overall instrumentation & control (I&C) system architectures, and two case studies built around a proposed US variant of the European Pressurized Water Reactor and the NuScale Small Modular Reactor.</p>
Data from: Are all forms of defense lost on islands? Persistence of an indirect defensive trait in six island colonists from New Zealand
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The loss of defense hypothesis posits that island colonizers experience a release from predation on the mainland and subsequently lose their defensive adaptations. However, while support for the hypothesis from direct defensive traits is abundant, far less is known about indirect defensive traits. Leaf domatia are cave-like structures produced on the underside of leaves that facilitate an indirect defensive interaction with predaceous and microbivorous mites. I tested the loss of defense hypothesis in six domatia-bearing taxa inhabiting New Zealand and its offshore islands. No support for the loss of defense hypothesis was found. Changes in domatia investment were instead associated with changes in leaf size – a trait that has been repeatedly observed to undergo rapid evolution on islands. Overall results suggest that not all types of defense are lost on islands. </span></p>
DATASET: Temperature Differentially Influences the Capacity of Trichoderma Species to Induce Plant Defense Responses in Tomato Against Insect Pests
<p>Species of the ecological opportunistic, avirulent fungus, <em>Trichoderma</em> are widely used in agriculture for their ability to protect crops from the attack of pathogenic fungi and for plant growth promotion activity. Recently, it has been shown that they may also have complementary properties that enhance plant defense barriers against insects. However, the use of these fungi is somewhat undermined by their variable level of biocontrol activity, which is influenced by environmental conditions. Understanding the source of this variability is essential for its profitable and wide use in plant protection. Here, we focus on the impact of temperature on <em>Trichoderma afroharzianum</em> T22, <em>Trichoderma atroviride</em> P1, and the defense response induced in tomato by insects. The <em>in vitro</em> development of these two strains was differentially influenced by temperature, and the observed pattern was consistent with temperature-dependent levels of resistance induced by them in tomato plants against the aphid, <em>Macrosiphum euphorbiae</em>, and the noctuid moth, <em>Spodoptera littoralis</em>. Tomato plants treated with <em>T. afroharzianum</em> T22 exhibited enhanced resistance toward both insect pests at 25°C, while <em>T. atroviride</em> P1 proved to be more effective at 20°C. The comparison of plant transcriptomic profiles generated by the two <em>Trichoderma</em> species allowed the identification of specific defense genes involved in the observed response, and a selected group was used to assess, by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), the differential gene expression in <em>Trichoderma</em>-treated tomato plants subjected to the two temperature regimens that significantly affected fungal biological performance. These results will help pave the way toward a rational selection of the most suitable <em>Trichoderma</em> isolates for field applications, in order to best face the challenges imposed by local environmental conditions and by extreme climatic shifts due to global warming.</p>
Defensive symbiosis in the wild: seasonal dynamics of parasitism risk and symbiont-conferred resistance
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Parasite-mediated selection can rapidly drive up resistance levels in host populations, but fixation of resistance traits may be prevented by costs of resistance. Black bean aphids (<em>Aphis fabae</em>) benefit from increased resistance to parasitoids when carrying the defensive bacterial endosymbiont <em>Hamiltonella defensa</em>. However, due to fitness costs that come with symbiont infection, symbiont-conferred resistance may result in either a net benefit or a net cost to the aphid host, depending on parasitoid presence as well as on the general ecological context. Balancing selection may therefore explain why in natural aphid populations, <em>H. defensa</em> is often found at intermediate frequencies.<strong> </strong>Here we present a two-year field study where we set out to look for signatures of balancing selection in natural aphid populations. We collected temporally well-resolved data on the prevalence of <em>H. defensa</em> in <em>A.f. fabae</em> and estimated the risk imposed by parasitoids using sentinel hosts.<strong> </strong>Despite a marked and consistent early-summer peak in parasitism risk and significant changes in symbiont prevalence over time, we found just a weak correlation between parasitism risk and <em>H. defensa </em>frequency dynamics. <em>H. defensa </em>prevalence in the populations under study was, in fact, better explained by the number of heat days that previous aphid generations were exposed to.<strong> </strong>Our study grants an unprecedentedly well-resolved insight into the dynamics of endosymbiont and parasitoid communities of <em>A.f. fabae </em>populations, and it adds to a growing body of empirical evidence suggesting that not only parasitism risk but rather multifarious selection is shaping <em>H. defensa</em> prevalence in the wild.</span></p>
Data from: Effects of light quality on colonization of tomato roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and implications for growth and defense
<p>Beneficial soil microbes can enhance plant growth and defense, but the extent to which this occurs depends on the availability of resources, such as water and nutrients. However, relatively little is known about the role of light quality, which is altered during shading, resulting in a low red: far-red ratio (R:FR) of light. We examined how low R:FR light influences arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF)-mediated changes in plant growth and defense using <em>Solanum lycopersicum </em>(tomato) and the insect herbivore <em>Chrysodeixis chalcites</em>. We also examined effects on third trophic level interactions with the parasitoid <em>Cotesia marginiventris</em>. Under low R:FR light, non-mycorrhizal plants activated the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), resulting in enhanced biomass production. However, mycorrhizal inoculation decreased stem elongation in shaded plants, thus counteracting the plant's SAS response to shading. Unexpectedly, activation of SAS under low R:FR light did not increase plant susceptibility to the herbivore in either non-mycorrhizal or mycorrhizal plants. AMF did not significantly affect survival or growth of caterpillars and parasitoids but suppressed herbivore-induced expression of jasmonic acid-signaled defenses genes under low R:FR light. These results highlight the context-dependency of AMF effects on plant growth and defense and the potentially adverse effects of AMF under shading.</p>
Ecosystem stability is determined by plant defense functional traits and population stability under mowing in a semi-arid temperate steppe
<ol> <li><span>As a common grassland management practice in many high-latitude regions worldwide, mowing has great impacts on grassland functioning and stability. Species richness, species asynchrony and species stability have been suggested as central in responses to environmental change. Mowing can evoke plant defense systems due to physical damages to plants. However, no studies have comprehensively evaluated the role of plant defense functional traits, species richness, species asynchrony and stability in ecosystem functioning under mowing regimes across time-scales. </span></li> <li> <span>In the present study, we set up short-term (4-years) and long-term (16-years) mowing experiments with three stubble heights (control, 10 cm, 2 cm) in a temperate steppe of Inner Mongolia. We investigated the effects of mowing-induced changes in distribution metrics associated with plant defense traits, i.e. mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis of trait distribution, on ecosystem stability of grassland communities using structural equation modeling.</span> </li> <li><span>We found that grassland ecosystem stability was enhanced by increasing mowing duration and decreasing stubble height. Mowing-induced increases in abundance and diversity of plant defense traits contributed to greater ecosystem stability by enhancing species asynchrony and population stability. Moreover, we found that mowing enhanced the abundance and diversity of plant defense traits of dominant species and contributed to population stability and species asynchrony, thus enhancing temporal stability of grassland ecosystems. </span></li> <li><span>These results demonstrate the important roles of plant defense traits in maintaining stability of grasslands under mowing, and highlight that, in addition to species richness, asynchrony and population stability, plant functional defense trait act in stabilizing ecosystem functions under human-induced environmental changes.</span></li> </ol>
Context‐dependent expression of variation in defensive behaviour in the lower termite Zootermopsis nevadensis
<p>Eusocial animals exhibit a sophisticated division of labour. The self-organized colony requires coordination of local interactions at the individual level. Termites are a well-known group exhibiting social organization among castes within a colony, and helper castes have facilitated their ecological and evolutionary success. Termites have soldier castes specialized in defence, but other castes are also known to exhibit defensive behaviour depending on the context. However, it is unclear how the variation in the frequencies of defensive behaviour emerged. Here, we investigate the effects of presence of nestmates on individual defensive behaviour in the dampwood termite <em>Zootermopsis nevadensis</em>. We experimentally prepared three conditions and observed biting behaviour against the ant <em>Camponotus obscuripes</em>. First, the frequency of biting was significantly higher in soldiers than that in pseudergates (i.e., workers) under isolated conditions. Second, the results showed that the frequencies of biting exhibited by soldiers were much higher than those of pseudergates in the pseudergate–soldier pairs. Finally, we investigated the social conditions in the presence of the same castes, that is, pseudergate–pseudergate and soldier–soldier pairs. The frequencies of biting exhibited by first-biting individuals were significantly higher than those exhibited by second-biting individuals in both paired conditions. Our findings demonstrate that defensive behaviour can be frequently observed in first-biting individuals despite the presence of two individuals of the same caste, suggesting that the variation of defensive behaviour may be increased in the presence of nestmates.</p>
Supplemental Datasets for 'Multiplexed effector screening for recognition by endogenous resistance genes using positive defense reporters in wheat protoplasts'
<p>Supplemental Datasets:</p><p><strong>Number </strong></p><p><strong>File name </strong></p><p><strong>Description </strong></p><p>S1 </p><p>S1_Figure1_Data.csv </p><p>Luminescence data for Figure 1, protoplast time course experiment </p><p>S2 </p><p>S2_RNAseqSampleTable.csv </p><p>List of samples and treatment groups for RNAseq experiment </p><p>S3 </p><p>S3_LFC_1_genes.xlsx </p><p>Lists of Gabo/GaboSr50, Fielder and all cultivar genes upregulated by log fold threshold of 1 </p><p>S4 </p><p>S4_GOTerms_Table.xlsx </p><p>GO terms analysis Query tables and g:profiler results tables </p><p>S5 </p><p>S5_LFC2_genes.xlsx </p><p>Lists of Gabo/GaboSr50, Fielder and all cultivar genes upregulated by log fold threshold of 2 </p><p> </p><p>S6 </p><p>S6_Primers.xlsx </p><p>List of primers used </p><p>S7 </p><p>S7_PlasmidList.xlsx </p><p>List of plasmids used </p><p>S8 </p><p>S8_Figures3-5Data.xlsx </p><p>Luminescence data used for generating Figures 3 - 7</p><p>S9</p><p> </p><p>S9_Figures3-7Stat.xlsx</p><p> </p><p>Stats output for Figures 3 - 7</p><p> </p><p>S10</p><p> </p><p>S10_SuppFiguresData.xlsx</p><p> </p><p>Data for Supplementary Figures S1 and S2</p><p> </p>
Late instar monarch caterpillars sabotage milkweed to acquire toxins, not to disarm plant defense
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Sabotaging milkweed by monarch caterpillars (<em>Danaus</em> <em>plexippus</em>) is a famous textbook example of disarming plant defense. By severing leaf veins or petioles, monarchs are thought to prevent the flow of toxic latex to their feeding site. Here we show that sabotaging by monarch caterpillars is not only an avoidance strategy. While young caterpillars appear to avoid latex, late-instar caterpillars actively ingest exuding latex, presumably to increase sequestration of toxic latex cardenolides used for defense against predators. Comparisons with caterpillars of the related but non-sequestering common crow butterfly (<em>Euploea</em> <em>core</em>) revealed three lines of evidence supporting our hypothesis. First, monarch caterpillars sabotage inconsistently and therefore the behavior is not obligatory to feed on milkweed, whereas sabotaging precedes each feeding event in <em>Euploea</em> caterpillars. Second, monarch caterpillars shift their behavior from latex avoidance in younger stages to eager drinking in later stages, whereas <em>Euploea</em> caterpillars consistently avoid latex and spit it out during sabotaging. Third, monarchs reared on detached leaves without latex, sequestered more cardenolides when caterpillars imbibed latex offered with a pipette. Thus, we conclude that monarch caterpillars have transformed the 'sabotage to avoid' strategy of their relatives into a 'sabotage to consume' strategy implying a novel behavioral adaptation to increase sequestration of cardenolides for defense.</span></p>
A nutrition-defense tradeoff drives diet choice in a toxic plant generalist
<p>Plant toxicity shapes the dietary choices of herbivores. Especially when herbivores sequester plant toxins, they may experience a tradeoff between gaining protection from natural enemies and avoiding toxicity. The availability of toxins for sequestration may additionally trade off with the nutritional quality of a potential food source for sequestering herbivores. We hypothesized that diet mixing might allow a sequestering herbivore to balance nutrition and defense (via sequestration of plant toxins). Accordingly, here we address diet mixing and sequestration of large milkweed bugs (<em>Oncopeltus fasciatus</em>) when they have differential access to toxins (cardenolides) in their diet. In the absence of toxins from a preferred food (milkweed seeds), large milkweed bugs fed on nutritionally adequate non-toxic seeds, but supplemented their diet by feeding on nutritionally poor, but cardenolide-rich milkweed leaf and stem tissues. This dietary shift corresponded to reduced insect growth but facilitated sequestration of defensive toxins. Plant production of cardenolides was also substantially induced by bug feeding on leaf and stem tissues, perhaps benefitting this cardenolide-resistant herbivore. Thus, sequestration appears to drive diet mixing in this toxic plant generalist, even at the cost of feeding on nutritionally poor plant tissue.</p>
Data from "Tissue and toxin-specific divergent evolution in plant defense"
<p>Files and code necessary to replicate the results from the manuscript are described as follows:</p> <p>Syrfampop.sas --> SAS code to conduct the analyses.<br> HPLC_asyr.csv --> contains the cardenolide data of root, leaf and seed tissue from each individual plant belonging to multiple families of each of the two populations (main analysis in SAS code).<br> chemmantelcorr.csv --> contains the correlation matrices between cardenolides within a given tissue (permutation test in SAS code)<br> SS.csv --> contains the sums of squares matrices of cardenolide concentrations at the population and family levels for each tissue and whole plant after the MANOVA in the SAS code (used for the R code in Martin et al. (2008)).<br> ehdbp.vcf --> Description of SNP data used for this study.<br> ehdbp.arp --> SNP data in Arlequin format ready for FST analysis.</p> <p><br> </p>
Fig. 3 in Notes on the defensive behavior and activity of Ablepharus kitaibelii (Bibron & Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1833) in Bulgaria
Fig. 3. Thanatosis in an adult individual of A. kitaibelii from Pastrina hill, Montana.
SI_IV_3_Reverse chemical ecology to study the defense of the plant host Sextonia rubra and the chemical mediators of its endophyte Fusarium falciforme against phytopathogen Trametes versicolor
<p>Ces travaux présentant les données supplémentaires générés lors de l'étude de la confrontation d'isolat identifiés comme des <em>Fusarium falciforme</em> contre<em> Trametes versicolor</em>.</p>
Effects of experimental warming on oak defenses and herbivory across latitudes
<p><span>Forest microclimatic variation</span><span> can result in substantial temperature differences at local scales with concomitant impacts on plant defences and herbivory. Such microclimatic effects, however, may differ across abiotically contrasting sites depending on background environmental differences. To test these cross-scale effects shaping species' ecological and evolutionary responses, </span><span>w</span><span>e </span><span>experimentally tested the effects of aboveground microhabitat warming on insect leaf herbivory and leaf defences (toughness, phenolic compounds) for saplings of sessile oak (<em>Quercus petraea</em>) across</span> <span>two abiotically contrasting sites spanning 9° latitude. We found higher levels of herbivory at the low-latitude site, but leaf traits showed mixed patterns across sites. Toughness and condensed tannins were higher at the high-latitude site, whereas hydrolysable tannins and hydroxycinnamic acids were higher at the low-latitude site. At the microhabitat scale, experimental warming increased herbivory but</span><span> did not affect </span><span>any of the measured leaf traits. Condensed tannins were negatively correlated with herbivory, suggesting that they drive variation in leaf damage at both </span><span>scales</span><span>. Moreover, the effects of microhabitat warming on herbivory and leaf traits were consistent across sites, </span><span>i.e., effects at the microhabitat scale play out similarly despite variation in factors acting at broader scales. These findings together suggest that herbivory responds to both microhabitat (warming) and broad-scale environmental factors, whereas leaf traits appear to respond more to environmental factors operating at broad scales (e.g., macroclimatic factors) than to warming at the microhabitat scale. In turn, leaf secondary chemistry (tannins) appears to drive both broad-scale and microhabitat-scale variation in herbivory. Further studies are needed using reciprocal transplants with more populations across a greater number of sites to tease apart plant plasticity from genetic differences contributing to leaf trait and associated herbivory responses across scales and, in doing so, better understand the potential for dynamics such as local adaptation and range expansion or contraction under shifting climatic regimes.</span></p>
Silicon-based anti-herbivore defense in tropical tree seedlings
<p>Silicon-based defenses effectively deter insect herbivores in many cultivated and wild grass species. Furthermore, in some of these species, silicon (Si) uptake and defense can be induced by herbivory. Tropical trees also take up Si and leaf Si concentrations vary greatly across and within species. As herbivory is a major driver of seedling mortality and niche differentiation of tropical tree species, understanding anti-herbivore defenses is pivotal. Yet, whether silicon is a constitutive and inducible herbivory defense in tropical forest tree species remains unknown.</p> <p>We grew seedlings of eight tropical tree species in a full factorial experiment, including two levels of plant-available soil Si concentrations (-Si/+Si) and a simulated herbivory treatment (-H/+H). The simulated herbivory treatment was a combination of clipping and application of methyl jasmonate. We then carried out multiple-choice feeding trials, separately for each tree species, in which leaves of each treatment combination were offered to a generalist caterpillar (<em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em>). Leaf damage was assessed.</p> <p>Three species showed a significant decrease in leaf damage under high compared to low Si conditions (by up to 72%), consistent with our expectation of Si-based defenses acting in tropical tree species. In one species, leaf damage was increased by increasing soil Si and in the remaining four species, no effect of soil Si on leaf damage was observed. Opposite to our expectation of Si uptake and defense being inducible by herbivory damage, simulated herbivory increased leaf damage in two species. Furthermore, simulated herbivory reduced Si concentrations in one species.</p> <p>Our results showed that tropical tree seedlings can be better defended when growing in Si-rich compared to Si-poor soils, and that the effects of Si on plant defense vary strongly across species. Furthermore, Si-based defenses may not be inducible in tropical tree species. Overall, constitutive Si-based defense should be considered part of the vast array of anti-herbivore defenses of tropical tree species. Our finding that Si-based defenses are highly species-specific combined with the fact that herbivory is a major driver of mortality in tropical tree seedling, suggests that variation in soil Si concentrations may have pervasive consequences for regeneration and performance across tropical tree species.</p>
Cryoanalgesia to Treat Post-Amputation Phantom Limb Pain: A Department of Defense Funded Multicenter Study
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03449667. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Treating Phantom Limb Pain Using Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blocks: A Department of Defense Funded Multicenter Study
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01824082. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
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