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opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: A functional diversity approach of crop sequences reveals that weed diversity and abundance show different responses to environmental variability

1. Combining several crop species and associated agricultural practices in a crop sequence has the potential to control weed abundance while promoting weed diversity in arable fields. However, how the variability of environmental conditions that arise from crop sequences affects weed diversity and abundance remains poorly understood, with most studies to-date simply opposing weed communities in monoculture and in crop rotation. Here, we describe crop sequences along gradients of disturbance and resource variability using a crop functional trait and associated agricultural practices. We tested the hypothesis that variability of disturbances reduces weed abundance while variability of resources promotes weed diversity. 2. We used functional Hill's numbers to compute crop sequence functional diversity based on sowing date, herbicide spectrum and crop height - these are the respective proxies of disturbance timings, disturbance types and light availability. Using a large-scale weed monitoring database, we assessed crop sequence diversity for 1045 crop sequences of five consecutive cropping seasons. We computed weed richness and abundance at pluri-annual (pool of weeds observed across five cropping seasons) and annual (pool of weeds observed during a winter cereal cropping season preceded by five cropping seasons) scales. We also accounted for herbicide and tillage intensities to test whether management intensity affects the response of weed diversity and abundance to crop sequence diversity. 3. At the pluri-annual scale, weed richness increased with the diversity of crop height and sowing date while weed abundance decreased with sowing date diversity. Annual weed richness decreased with sowing date diversity while annual weed abundance poorly relied on crop sequence diversity. 4. Synthesis and applications. This study establishes a scientific basis for designing crop sequences according to specific weed management goals. We show that farmers may enhance arable weed diversity on a pluri-annual scale by sequentially sowing crop species that differ in their competitive ability and sowing date. They may also achieve a better control of weed abundance by increasing the diversity of crop sowing dates across the crop sequence.

opencc-zeroOct 2019View details →

Data from: Carcass predictability but not domestic pet introduction affects functional response of scavenger assemblage in urbanised habitats

<ol> <li>Urbanisation alters species richness and composition, but studies of urbanisation effects on ecological functions have often quantified variation in functional traits and changes in functional diversity rather than measuring directly how ecological functions vary between rural and urban assemblages. </li> <li>Consuming dead animal matter and recycling its nutrients stabilizes and structures food webs and therefore represents a key component of ecosystem functioning. Introduction of free-ranging domestic pet animals adds additional scavenger species to urban habitats, and increased predictability of carcass resources produced by human activities characterizes urban habitats. </li> <li>Here, we investigate the effect of urbanisation on the composition of diurnal and nocturnal scavenger assemblages and on the ecological function of carcass removal by using a carcass placement experiment in Swiss urban and adjacent rural habitats. </li> <li>While diurnal and nocturnal scavenger assemblages changed considerably from rural to urban areas by comprising particularly more domestic cats in the latter, carrion consumption rate did not differ between the two habitats. Predictability of carcass occurrence increased carrion consumption rate in both, urban and rural habitats but mainly native scavengers and not introduced domestic pets responded to the repeated placements.</li> <li>These results suggest that urbanisation shapes scavenger assemblage compositions without affecting their ecological function. The mechanism is likely due to a behavioural change of native scavengers in response to the occurrence of domestic pets resulting in functional plasticity of urban scavenger assemblages. The functional plasticity might be facilitated by the increased carcass predictability and additional anthropogenic food resources in urban habitats exploited by nutritionally flexible native scavenger species.</li> </ol>

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Avian functional responses to landscape recovery

Restoring native vegetation in agricultural landscapes can reverse biodiversity declines via species gains. Depending on whether the traits of colonizers are complementary or redundant to the assemblage, species gains can increase the efficiency or stability of ecological functions, yet detecting these processes is not straightforward. We propose a new conceptual model to identify potential changes to complementarity and redundancy in response to landscape change via relative changes in taxonomic and functional richness. We applied our model to a 14-year study of birds across an extensive agricultural region. We found compelling evidence that high levels of landscape-scale tree cover and patch-scale restoration were significant determinants of functional change in the overall bird assemblage. This was true for every one of the six traits investigated individually, indicating increased trait-specific functional complementarity and redundancy in the assemblage. Applying our conceptual model to species diversity data provided new insights into how the return of vertebrates to restored landscapes may affect ecological function.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Functional diversity response to geographic and experimental precipitation gradients varies with plant community type

Precipitation is a primary determinant of plant community structure in drylands. However, the empirical evidence and predictions are lacking for how plant functional diversity in desert and steppe communities respond to altered precipitation regimes. We examined how precipitation changes along the natural and experimental gradients affect different components of functional diversity in desert-shrub and steppe-grass communities. We compared the associations of precipitation changes with community-weighted means (CWM) of six traits, functional divergence (FDvar) of each single-trait, and multi-trait functional richness (FRic) and dispersion (FDis) for shrub and grass communities along the natural and experimental gradients. We also disentangle the roles of species turnover and intraspecific variations in affecting the responses of different functional diversity to precipitation changes. We found that in general, the similar responses of functional traits or diversity to both the natural and experimental precipitation gradient were dependent on plant community type. Across both two gradients, precipitation was positively associated with CWM of plant height and negatively associated with the CWM of specific leaf area and leaf thickness in grass community, while positively associated with FDvar of four traits and FDis in shrub communities. Both species turnover and intraspecific variations contributed to the responses of grass community traits to precipitation changes across both two gradients, and to functional divergence of traits and FDis in shrub community along the natural gradient. In contrast, species turnover variations contributed to functional divergence of traits and FDis in shrub community in experiment. These results suggest that there is better concordance between the effects of naturally and experimentally increased precipitation on functional diversity of plant communities, but different mechanisms behind the relationship of functional diversity-precipitation between shrub and grass communities. Grass communities can adapt to precipitation changes by average trait differences, while shrub communities persist through the functional divergence of single-trait and multi-trait dispersion, thus highlighting the important differences in adaptive strategies between shrub and grass communities. Our findings demonstrate that the short-term responses of plant communities to manipulative precipitation changes can reflect long-term shifts at spatial scales depending on the specific functional trait and diversity.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2013View details →

Figure 2 in Functional responses and feeding rates of Mesocyclops pehpeiensis Hu (Copepoda) fed different diets (rotifers, cladocerans, alga and cyanobacteria)

Figure 2. Functional response curves of Mesocyclops pehpeiensis fed Brachionus rubens with (closed circles) and without (open circles) algae at different densities and under different temperature regimes. Replicate data are plotted for each prey concentration. Transformations are based on the Michaelis–Menten equation shown in Material and Methods.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2013View details →

Figure 3 in Functional responses and feeding rates of Mesocyclops pehpeiensis Hu (Copepoda) fed different diets (rotifers, cladocerans, alga and cyanobacteria)

Figure 3. Phytoplankton (Chlorella vulgaris and Anabaena sp.) consumption by adult female Mesocyclops pehpeiensis. Values represent mean ± SE based on four replicates. For each phytoplankton species, data indicated by dissimilar letters are statistically significant (p <0.05, Tukey test).

opennotspecifiedFeb 2013View details →

Figure 1 in Functional responses and feeding rates of Mesocyclops pehpeiensis Hu (Copepoda) fed different diets (rotifers, cladocerans, alga and cyanobacteria)

Figure 1. Prey selectivity index (Manly's α) by the copepod Mesocyclops pehpeiensis offered different prey species at low (0.5 ind. ml−1) and high (2.0 ind. ml−1) densities. Data bars above the horizontal line represent active prey selection.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Equilibrium in plant functional trait responses to warming is stronger under higher climate variability during the Holocene

Aim.The functional trait composition of plant communities is thought to be largely determined by climate, but relationships between contemporary trait distributions and climate are often weak. Spatial mismatches between trait and climatic conditions are commonly thought to arise from disequilibrium responses to past environmental changes. We here investigated whether current trait-climate disequilibrium were likely to emerge during plant functional responses to Holocene climate warming. Location.North America Time period.14-0Kya Major taxa studied. Terrestrial plants Methods. We joined global trait data with paleoecological time-series and climate simulations on 425 sites. We estimated plant community functional composition for three leaf traits involved in resource use. We then quantified disequilibrium in plant trait temporal responses to climate change during two contrasted periods : a period of high climate variability (14-7 Kya), and a period low climate variability (7-0 Kya). Results. Functional trait composition showed consistent deviation from climatic equilibrium during both periods. The temporal dynamics of trait composition tends to be positively correlated to climate equilibrium expectations during Holocene climate warming (14-7 Kya), but not during a following period of low climate variability (7-0 Kya). Main conclusions.Long-term functional responses of plants to climate change showed mixed evidence for both equilibrium and disequilibrium responses. Temporal trait dynamics were closer to spatial dynamics expectations under high climate variability, indicating that relevance of space-for-time substitution might be partially dependent on climate variability. Our results further suggest that current mismatches between trait and climatic conditions may arise due to a divergence of factors influencing trait dynamics during low climate variability periods. These findings provide a counterpoint to the common assumption that contemporary trait-climate mismatches result from lagged responses to past climate warming. Our study also demonstrates the need for a deeper investigation of the potential influence of non-climatic factors on functional plant community dynamics.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2016View details →

CTAO Instrument Response Functions - version prod3b-v2

CTAO Instrument Response Functions - version prod3b-v2 **Please check the CTA webpage (<a href="https://www.cta-observatory.org/science/cta-performance/">https://www.cta-observatory.org/science/cta-performance/</a>)) for the most recent instrument response functions.** **Figures and files in this repository are superseded by newer versions and provided for archival reasons.** The CTA Observatory (CTAO) will provide very wide energy range and excellent angular resolution and sensitivity in comparison to any existing gamma-ray detector. Energies down to 20 GeV will allow CTAO to study the most distant objects. Energies up to 300 TeV will push CTAO beyond the edge of the known electromagnetic spectrum, providing a completely new view of the sky. This data repository provides access to performance evaluation and instrument response functions (IRFs) for CTA. - IRF version: prod3b-v2 - Telescope model and site configuration: <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/6219128">prod3b model</a> - Publication date: April 2019 - Archived webpage with performance figures included: [CTAO Performance Description (file Website.md)](Website.md) - Licence: his work is licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License](LICENSE). Citation and Acknowledgements: In cases for which the CTA instrument response functions are used in a research project, we ask to add the following acknowledgement in any resulting publication: “This research has made use of the CTA instrument response functions provided by the CTA Consortium and Observatory,  see https://www.cta-observatory.org/science/cta-performance/ (version prod3b-v2; [citation]) for more details.” Please use the following BibTex Entry for [citation] in the reference section of your publication: <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/5163273/export/hx">https://zenodo.org/record/5163273/export/hx</a> Description Monte Carlo Simulations: The performance values are derived from detailed Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of the CTA instrument based on the CORSIKA air shower code (v6.9+, with the hadronic interaction models QGSjet-II-04 and URQMD, [1]) and telescope simulation tool sim\_telarray [2]. A power-law gamma-ray spectrum with photon index 2.62 was assumed in the calculations, although none of the instrument response functions (e.g. differential flux sensitivities, effective areas, angular or energy resolutions) depends on the assumed spectral shape of the gamma-ray source. Background cosmic-ray spectra of proton and electron/positron particle types are modelled according to recent measurements from cosmic-ray instruments. Nominal telescope pointing is assumed, with all telescopes pointing directions parallel to each other (performance estimation for other pointing modes, e.g. divergent pointing will be provided in the future). Performance estimations are available for two zenith angles (20 deg and 40 deg), and for each zenith angle for two different azimuth angles (corresponding to pointing towards the magnetic North and South). There are significant performance differences found between the two azimuthal pointing directions (especially for the Northern site) as the impact of the geomagnetic field is large enough to influence notably the air shower development. For general studies, the use of the azimuth-averaged instrument response functions is recommended. Instrument Response Functions (IRFs): The analysis has been tuned to maximize the performance in terms of flux sensitivity. The optimal analysis cuts depend on the duration of the observation, therefore the IRFs are provided for 3 different observation times, from 0.5 to 50 h. IRFs are provided as binned histogram or FITS tables. It should be stressed, that the full potential of CTA in terms of angular and energy resolution is not revealed by these IRFS, due to the focus on the optimisation for best flux sensitivity. In general all histograms are binned with a 0.2-binning on the logarithmic energy axis (5 bins per decade); some selected histograms (e.g. effective areas or energy migration matrices) are provided with a finer binning. Effective area and energy migration matrix are available in a double version: one for the case in which there is no a priori knowledge of the true direction of incoming gamma rays (e.g. for the observation of diffuse sources), and another for observations of point-like objects (including among the analysis cuts one on the angle between the true and the reconstructed gamma-ray direction). IRFs are provided in ROOT format, as FITS tables, and for some on-axis IRFs also as simple ASCII files. The FITS tables can be used directly as input to science analysis tools. The values of the IRFs are identical for the different file format, with one exception: the angular point-spread function is approximated by a Gaussian function for the FITS tables, while the ROOT files contain the full distribution.   File Naming (examples): - CTA-Performance-prod3b-v2-North-20deg-average-50h.root: IRF for CTA Northern site on La Palma, 20 deg zenith angle, azimuth-averaged pointing, optimised for 50 hours of observation time - CTA-Performance-prod3b-v2-South-20deg-average-50h.root: IRF for CTA Southern site in Paranal, 20 deg zenith angle, azimuth-averaged pointing, optimised for 50 hours of observation time - CTA-Performance-prod3b-v2-South-40deg-S-30m.root: RF for CTA Southern site, 40 deg zenith angle, South pointing, optimised for 30 minutes of observation time List of files: - fits/CTA-Performance-prod3b-v2-FITS.tar.gz - IRFs in FITS format (making use of the HEASARC’s caldb indexing) - includes IRFs for 20 deg, 40 deg, and 60 deg zenith angle, average, north and south pointing - root/CTA-Performance-prod3b-v2-20deg-ROOT.tar.gz - IRFs in ROOT format for 20 deg zenith angle, azimuth-averaged, north and south pointing - root/CTA-Performance-prod3b-v2-40deg-ROOT.tar.gz - IRFs in ROOT format for 40 deg zenith angle, azimuth-averaged, north and south pointing - root/CTA-Performance-prod3b-v2-60deg-ROOT.tar.gz - IRFs in ROOT format for 60 deg zenith angle, azimuth-averaged, north and south pointing - ascii/CTA-Performance-prod3b-v2-20deg-ASCII.tar.gz - (selected) IRFs in ASCII format for 20 deg zenith angle, azimuth-averaged, north and south pointing - ascii/CTA-Performance-prod3b-v2-40deg-ASCII.tar.gz - (selected) IRFs in ASCII format for 40 deg zenith angle, azimuth-averaged, north and south pointing - ascii/CTA-Performance-prod3b-v2-60deg-ASCII.tar.gz - (selected) IRFs in ASCII format for 60 deg zenith angle, azimuth-averaged, north and south pointing ### CTA Science Performance Requirements **Performance requirements for CTA are currently under review. The attached requirements are preliminary and subject to change.** The following documents summarise the science performance requirements for CTA. These requirements correspond to the baseline implementation of CTA. Values for the requirements on differential sensitivity, angular and energy resolution are provided in plain text files. - Requirements description (CTA-SPE-SCI-00000-0001_Issue_1_SystemLevelSciencePerformanceReqs.pdf) - CTA-Performance-Requirements.tar.gz (ascii files) ## References - [1] https://www.ikp.kit.edu/corsika/ - [2] Bernloehr, K. 2008, Astroparticle Physics, 30, 149 ## Acknowledgements We would like to thank the computing centres that provided resources for the generation of the Instrument Response Functions: - CAMK, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Warsaw, Poland - CETA-GRID, Resource Center CETA-CIEMAT, Trujillo, Spain - CIEMAT-LCG2, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain - CYFRONET-LCG2, ACC CYFRONET AGH, Cracow, Poland - DESY-ZN, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Standort Zeuthen, Germany - GRIF, Grille de Recherche d’Ile de France, Paris, France - IN2P3-CC, Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3, Villeurbanne, France - IN2P3-CPPM, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille, Marseille, France - IN2P3-LAPP, Laboratoire d Annecy de Physique des Particules, Annecy, France - INFN-FRASCATI, INFN Frascati, Frascati, Italy - INFN-T1, CNAF INFN, Bologna, Italy - INFN-TORINO, INFN Torino, Torino, Italy - MPIK, Heidelberg, Germany - M3PEC, Mesocentre Aquitain, Bordeaux, France - OBSPM, Observatoire de Paris Meudon, Paris, France - PIC, port d’informacio cientifica, Bellaterra, Spain - prague_cesnet_lcg2, CESNET, Prague, Czech Republic - praguelcg2, FZU Prague, Prague, Czech Republic - SE-SNIC-T2, The Swedish WLCG Tier 2 InitiativeStockholm, Sweden

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

dataset for "A location and dispersion effects-based ridge analysis method using desirability functions for multi-response optimization"

dataset and code for “A location and dispersion effects-based ridge analysis method using desirability functions for multi-response optimization”

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Functional diversity of experimental annual plant assemblages drives plant responses to biological soil crusts in gypsum systems

1. Biological soil crusts (BSC) are complex biotic aggregates comprised of lichens, cyanobacteria, algae, and other microorganism that are known to differently affect plant development along life cycle by selecting plant functional traits based on species-specific effects. In addition, functional differences between interacting species should modulate their response ability to other environmental factors. Thus, it should be expected that the effects of the BSC on plants will be significantly determined by the own functional diversity in the community. 2. To understand the multiple effects of BSC and the extent to which the functional diversity of interacting plant species can modulate their effects on the development of coexisting species, we applied an experimental approach by manipulating the initial functional diversity of the entire annual plant community and BSC conditions in a common garden trial. We crossed three sorts of assemblages built on the basis of plant stature (combinations of only large, or only small, or diverse sized plant species in pots) with three lichen-dominated BSC disturbance scenarios (intact, or tiny mechanically disaggregated, or absent portions of BSC). 3. Biological soil crusts strongly affected the establishment and development of gypsophilous annual plants in a complex, multifaceted manner, which shifted throughout the plant life cycle. We demonstrated that lichen-dominated BSC could act as a major physical barrier to the establishment of annual plants at a heterogeneous fine spatial scale. Such a restrictive effect was particularly marked in presence of intact BSC. However, after annual plants overcame the restrictions imposed by BSC, the same biotic layer facilitated plant growth and fitness, regardless of its physical integrity, resulting in larger plants producing more fruits. 4. Importantly, our results suggest that the functional diversity structure of the community may also drive growth and fitness of coexisting species by activating alternative coexistence mechanisms such as niche partitioning or competition symmetry. This study highlights the importance of plant neighbourhood features for the performance of interacting species, and confirms a novel, experimental way to explore the effects of community diversity on plants for the interpretation of assembly mechanisms.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Spatially resolved transcriptomics reveals innervation-responsive functional clusters in skeletal muscle

Spatial Transcriptomics Data of murine skeletal muscle undergoing reversible nerve injury. Accompanying the manuscript, D'Ercole et al. "Spatially resolved transcriptomics reveals innervation-responsive functional clusters in skeletal muscle".   Release v1: This release Includes all the code used to generate the figures and the processed and integrated original dataset in rds format.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Tree community composition stabilizes ecosystem functions in response to drought

In summer 2018, Central Europe was hit by an extreme drought event that widely impacted ecosystems and markedly increased tree mortality in forest ecosystems across the continent. As climate models predict an increase in frequency and severity of such events, there is an urgent need to adapt forests in order to maintain the diverse benefits they provide. Soil processes play an essential role in this context and are key for a plethora of terrestrial ecosystem functions but are strongly dependent on water availability. Here we investigated how tree species richness, composition, and identity in a 13-year-old temperate tree diversity experiment influenced selected ecosystem functions (as important representatives of different ecosystem processes) during the 2018 summer drought. We focused on the stability of soil microbial biomass and standard litter decomposition, as well as tree species-specific mortality rates. Contrary to our expectations, tree species richness did not generally increase the resistance of soil functions and decrease tree mortality rates. However, the resistance of these functions was determined by tree species identity and community composition. For the resistance of both soil functions (microbial biomass and litter decomposition), we found that tree species richness effects depended on the presence of certain tree species. Moreover, we found that the performance of a specific tree species in monoculture, Norway Spruce, was a poor predictor of its response to drought in tree species mixtures. Taken together, the results of our study demonstrate that the species composition of tree stands determines tree mortality and the resistance of soil functions under drought. This indicates that enhancing multiple ecosystem functions under environmental disturbance requires maintaining diverse forests.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Supplementary material 4 from: Faria L, Cuthbert RN, Dickey JWE, Jeschke JM, Ricciardi A, Dick JTA, Vitule JRS (2023) The rise of the Functional Response in invasion science: a systematic review. NeoBiota 85: 43-79. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.85.98902

List of treatments used by the studies deriving Functional Response (FR) curves under different biotic and abiotic contexts

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Data for: Functional response metrics explain and predict high but differing ecological impacts of juvenile and adult lionfish

Recent accumulation of evidence across taxa indicates that the ecological impacts of invasive alien species are predictable from their Functional Response (FR; e.g. the maximum feeding rate) and Functional Response Ratio (FRR; the FR attack rate/handling time ratio). Here, we experimentally derive these metrics to predict the ecological impacts of both juvenile and adult lionfish (Pterois volitans), one of the world's most damaging invaders, across representative and likely future prey types. Potentially prey-population destabilising Type II FRs were exhibited by both life stages of lionfish towards four prey species: Artemia salina, Gammarus oceanicus, Palaemonetes varians and Nephrops norvegicus. FR magnitudes revealed ontogenetic shifts in lionfish impacts, while lionfish FRR values were substantially higher than mean FRR values across known damaging invasive taxa. Thus, both life stages of lionfish are predicted to contribute to differing but high ecological impacts across prey communities, including commercially important species. With lionfish invasion ranges currently expanding across multiple regions globally, efforts to reduce lionfish numbers and population size structure, and provision of prey refugia through habitat complexity, might reduce their impacts. However, early detection and complete eradication of individuals located in new regions is advised.

Fig. 4 in Functional characterization of an Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) dual-localized bifunctional nerolidol/linalool synthase gene involved in stress response

Fig. 4. In vitro enzymatic assays of recombinant SaNES/LIS. GC-MS identification of (E)-nerolidol (A) and linalool (B) derived from FPP and GPP under action of recombinant SaNES/LIS, respectively. m/z, mass-to-charge ratio.

Fig. 3 in Functional characterization of an Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) dual-localized bifunctional nerolidol/linalool synthase gene involved in stress response

Fig. 3. Subcellular localization of SaNES/LIS in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts. The full-length coding region of SaNES/LIS was fused to the YFP reporter gene in the vector pSAT6-EYFP-N1 to produce the pSAT6- SaNES/LIS construct. The fusion construct were then transferred into Arabidopsis protoplasts and analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy for YFP expression. The yellow columns show YFP fluorescence, the blue column shows chlorophyll auto-fluorescence, the merged column shows combined YFP fluorescence and chlorophyll auto-fluorescence, and the transmission column shows light-microscopy images of the intact protoplasts. (A) Control pSAT6-YFP construct. (B, C) pSAT6-SaNES/LIS (expressed in plastids and the cytosol, respectively). Arrows 1 and 2 indicate granular fluorescence and diffuse fluorescence, respectively in the plastid. Fluorescence was excited for YFP at 514 nm and for Chl at 543 nm. Scale bar = 10 μm. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 6 in Functional characterization of an Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) dual-localized bifunctional nerolidol/linalool synthase gene involved in stress response

Fig. 6. In vivo characterization of the SaNES/LIS gene, which was transiently expressed in tobacco leaves by Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration. Compounds were analyzed three days post-infiltration by GC-MS. New product peaks were observed in contrast to controls and were identified by comparing mass spectra with library data. Leaves of tobacco infiltrated by pBI121 alone were used as the control. Peak 1, linalool; peak 2, (E)-nerolidol. m/z, mass-to-charge ratio.

Fig. 2 in Functional characterization of an Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) dual-localized bifunctional nerolidol/linalool synthase gene involved in stress response

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree of SaNES/LIS protein within representative samples of known plant TPSs. The neighbor-joining tree was drawn using MEGA 7.0 (Kumar et al., 2016). Bootstrap values from 1000 replicates were used to assess the robustness of the trees.

Fig. 1 in Functional characterization of an Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) dual-localized bifunctional nerolidol/linalool synthase gene involved in stress response

Fig. 1. Protein sequence alignment of SaNES/LIS with proteins from Vitis vinifera and Magnolia champaca. The RRX8W motif, the Asp-rich domain DDXXD, and the NSE/DTE motif are indicated. These are highly conserved in plant TPSs. Completely conserved residues are shaded in black, and similar residues are shaded in light grey. Dashes indicate gaps introduced to maximize sequence alignment.