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Fig. 3 in Eocene phymaraphiniid demosponges from South Western Australia: filling the gap

Fig. 3. Morphological variability of the phymaraphiniid sponge Twertupia subglabra (Chapmann and Crespin, 1934) from the Fitzgerald River National Park (A, Doyle Road; B–D, F, G, J, K, Twertup area; E, H, I, Hamersley River area), Australia, upper Eocene. A. ZPAL Pf. 14/1. B. ZPAL Pf. 14/2. C. WAM 2023.2a. D. ZPAL Pf. 14/3. E. ZPAL Pf. 14/4. F. ZPAL Pf. 14/5. G. ZPAL Pf. 14/6. H. ZPAL Pf. 14/7. I. ZPAL Pf. 14/8. J. WAM 2023.2b. K. ZPAL Pf. 14/9.

Fig. 9 in Eocene phymaraphiniid demosponges from South Western Australia: filling the gap

Fig. 9. Geographic distribution of extant and fossil representatives of the demosponge family Phymaraphiniidae.

Fig. 8 in Eocene phymaraphiniid demosponges from South Western Australia: filling the gap

Fig. 8. Choanosomal desma skeleton of the extant phymaraphiniid sponge Kaliapis incrustans (Vacelet and Vasseur, 1971) from Madagascar, MNHN E531, Tu63, composed of trider desmas.

Fig. 5 in Eocene phymaraphiniid demosponges from South Western Australia: filling the gap

Fig. 5. Morphological variability of the phymaraphiniid sponge Pickettispongia tabelliformis (Chapmann and Crespin, 1934) from the Fitzgerald River National Park (B, Doyle Road; A, C Hamersley River area), Australia, upper Eocene. A. Opposite side views (A1, A2) and transverse section (A3) showing narrow slit in the middle, WAM 2023.3/a. B. ZPAL PF. 14/10. C. Opposite side views (C1, C2) and transverse section (C3) showing narrow slit in the middle, ZPAL Pf. 14/11.

Fig. 2 in Eocene phymaraphiniid demosponges from South Western Australia: filling the gap

Fig. 2. Specimens of phymaraphiniid sponges illustrated by Chapman and Crespin (1934) and Laubenfels (1953). A, B. Type material of Twertupia subglabra (Chapman and Crespin, 1934) (originally Thamnospongia subglabra; Chapman and Crespin 1934: pl. 9: 17, 18), Hamersley River area, Australia, upper Eocene. A. Holotype, GSWA H1. B. Paratype GSWA H16. C, D. Twertupia subglabra (originally Stachyspongia neoclavatella; Laubenfels 1953: text-fig. 2A right and left), SW Australia, exact locality unknown, upper Eocene, WA23732 (two different specimens with the same collection number). E. Type material of Pickettispongia tabelliformis (Chapman and Crespin, 1934) (originally Discodermia tabelliformis; Chapman and Crespin 1934: pl. 7: 7), Hamersley River area, Australia, upper Eocene. GSWA 1/3966, E1, E2, opposite surface views, E3, section view.

Fig. 4 in Eocene phymaraphiniid demosponges from South Western Australia: filling the gap

Fig. 4. Skeletal features of the phymaraphiniid sponge Twertupia subglabra (Chapmann and Crespin, 1934), from the Fitzgerald River National Park (A, B, F, H, Doyle Road; C, D, E, G, I, Hamersley River area), Australia, upper Eocene. A. Upper surface showing ectosomal disco/phyllotriaenes; between them rhizoclone-like modified desmas are visible, ZPAL Pf. 14/st.A822. B. General view of the choanosomal skeleton with canal openings, ZPAL Pf. 14/ st.A819. C. Detailed view of choanosomal skeleton surface showing trider desmas and their sculpture in oblique view, ZPAL Pf. 14/st.906. D. Surface of choanosomal skeleton showing development of the secondary skeleton composed of flattened modified triders covering canal openings, ZPAL Pf. 14/ st.906. E. Young trider desma partly incorporated into the skeleton, ZPAL Pf. 14/st.A743. F. Surface of choanosomal skeleton showing variable sculpturing of the triders, ZPAL Pf. 14/st.A819. G. Details of trider sculpture and articulations, ZPAL Pf. 14/st.906. H, I. Trider sculpture variability. H. ZPAL Pf. 14/st.A748. I. ZPAL Pf. 14/st.A821.

Fig. 1 in Eocene phymaraphiniid demosponges from South Western Australia: filling the gap

Fig. 1. Palaeogeography of the Eocene in SW Australia (A) and location of investigated sections (B, stars). Eocene sediment shaded. Based on Gammon et al. (2000b).

Fig. 7 in Eocene phymaraphiniid demosponges from South Western Australia: filling the gap

Fig. 7. Loose spicules of the extant phymaraphiniid sponge Kaliapsis incrustans (Vacelet and Vasseur, 1971) from Madagascar, MNHN E531, Tu63. A–C. Microrhabds. D, E. Amphiasters. F–J. Ectosomal phyllotriaenes in top (F–H, note tuberculation) and lower surface views (I, J, note short rhabd).

Fig 9 in Bridging the gap: A new species of arboreal Abronia (Squamata: Anguidae) from the Northern Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

Fig 9. Habitat of Abronia cunemica sp. nov. near Coapilla, Chiapas, Mexico. (A) Live and dead Pinus chiapensis trees in a cattle pasture, (B) intact Pinus- Quercus forest, (C) microhabitat of Quercus spp. trees laden with epiphytes. Photographs taken by Adam G. Clause on 19 February 2022 (A) and 14 August 2021 (B–C). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295230.g009

Fig 8 in Bridging the gap: A new species of arboreal Abronia (Squamata: Anguidae) from the Northern Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

Fig 8. Geographic distribution of Abronia cunemica sp. nov. and nearby arboreal congeners in Chiapas and Oaxaca, Mexico. Inset photographs show characteristic differences in adult dorsal head color between A. cunemica sp. nov. (pale yellow, with dark markings distinct) and the closely related A. morenica (pale gray/tan, with dark markings absent or faint). The holotypes (adult males) of both species are shown; photograph of A. cunemica sp. nov. intentionally mirrored horizontally. Photographs by Adam G. Clause. Map layers courtesy of Natural Earth (public domain). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295230.g008

Fig 1 in Bridging the gap: A new species of arboreal Abronia (Squamata: Anguidae) from the Northern Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

Fig 1. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus Abronia based on 3425 RADseq loci. Numbers on branches are bootstrap values. B. = Barisia; E. = Elgaria; G. = Gerrhonotus. Species group names (I–VIII) follow the most recent molecular phylogenetic hypothesis of Abronia [38]. Color boxes indicate morphology-based taxonomic assignments [39]: subgenus Abronia (turquoise), subgenus Scopaeabronia (violet), subgenus Auriculabronia (blue), subgenera Abaculabronia plus Lissabronia (pale green), and former genus Mesaspis (pale orange). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295230.g001

Fig 2 in Bridging the gap: A new species of arboreal Abronia (Squamata: Anguidae) from the Northern Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

Fig 2. Cross-validation results of conStruct analysis comparing the spatial and nonspatial conStruct models (in blue and green, respectively) run with K 1 through 4. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295230.g002

Fig 5 in Bridging the gap: A new species of arboreal Abronia (Squamata: Anguidae) from the Northern Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

Fig 5. Holotype of Abronia cunemica sp. nov. from Coapilla, Chiapas, Mexico (MZFC-HE 36544, 29 mm head length). Dorsal view (top), left lateral view (middle), and ventral view (bottom) of head in preservative. All scale bars = 10 mm. Photographs by Israel Solano-Zavaleta. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295230.g005

Fig 4 in Bridging the gap: A new species of arboreal Abronia (Squamata: Anguidae) from the Northern Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

Fig 4. Results of species delimitation in the (A. ornelasi (A. morenica, presumed new species)) clade applying the heuristic index gdi to parameter estimates from BPP. The dotted lines correspond to gdi = 0.2 and 0.7. Horizontal lines represent means and boxes 95% confidence intervals around means. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295230.g004

Fig 3 in Bridging the gap: A new species of arboreal Abronia (Squamata: Anguidae) from the Northern Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

Fig 3. Results of conStruct analysis using K = 3 for the spatial model showing layer contributions. Samples from left to right: presumed new species (first two samples), A. morenica (next three samples), and A. ornelasi.

Fig 6 in Bridging the gap: A new species of arboreal Abronia (Squamata: Anguidae) from the Northern Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

Fig 6. Color variation in life of type series of Abronia cunemica sp. nov. from Coapilla, Chiapas, Mexico. (A) Adult male holotype, MZFC-HE 36544, 127 mm snout-to-vent length (SVL); (B) adult female paratype, MZFC-HE 36545, 113 mm SVL; (C) adult female paratype, MZFZ 4514 (AGC 1492), 110 mm SVL; (D) adult female paratype, MZFZ 4513 (AGC 1491), 107 mm SVL; (E) juvenile male paratype, MZFZ 4512 (AGC 1484), 91 mm SVL. Photographs by Emmanuel Javier-Vázquez. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295230.g006

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FIGURE 4 in Seeking for gaps in taxonomic descriptions of endemic fishes: a pathway to challenge the Linnean shortfall in a Neotropical basin

FIGURE 4 | Histograms of the year of endemic fish species descriptions according to the fluvial hierarchy of watercourses. Higher negative skewness (-3,18) in low order streams (first to third order, left histogram), and lower negative skewness (-2,57) in high order streams (seventh to ninth order, right histogram).

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FIGURE 1 in Seeking for gaps in taxonomic descriptions of endemic fishes: a pathway to challenge the Linnean shortfall in a Neotropical basin

FIGURE 1 | Spatial distribution of localities where the holotype of endemic fish species was found in the Tocantins-Araguaia River basin (grey circles). The red circles delimit the transition zone between upper, middle, and lower sections of the basin.

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Evaluation of the Impact of the Educational Revolution in Peru and the Gender Wage Gap, 2017-2021

Background: Women's educational attainment and their generation of value through education has increased the prospects for achieving economic equality between men and women. However, women continue to earn lower wages than men, reflecting growing inequality in several countries. Therefore, the objective of the study is to estimate the impact of education on the gender wage gap in Peru over the period 2017-2021. Methods: Quantitative, explanatory study aimed at identifying the impact of education on the gender wage gap in Peru during the period 2017-2021. The research design is non-experimental and uses a time series that analyses the influence of the latent variable of education on the gender wage gap. This is a continuous variable to estimate the Tobit model. Results: The results show that the gender gap in Peru exhibited a decreasing trend between men and women during the period 2017-2020, with an average reduction of 10% until 2020 due to the health crisis. The highest average salary was achieved by men in 2019, reaching S/2289.97 soles, while women reached an average salary of S/1368.85 soles. In the post-pandemic scenario for 2021, the gender gap increased by 3%, with men earning an average salary of S/1999.63 soles and women earning an average salary of S/1281.16 soles. The analysis from 2017-2021 shows that years of education had a positive impact on the gender wage gap in Peru based on the Tobit model estimation. Conclusions: During the analysis period of 2017-2021, years of education had a positive impact on the gender wage gap in Peru, with the greatest impact occurring during the health crisis. The probability of women's incomes improving with an increase in years of education was 2.35%, while for men, the highest impact was in 2018, with a probability of income improvement of 2.16% in terms of marginal effect.

Fig. 16 in Figs. 18-21 in Using the Integrative Approach to Update a Gap of One Century: Redescription and New Distribution Records of the South American Tarantulas (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae).

Fig. 16. Mothocya parvostis manca (2.96 mm) infesting a yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus juvenile (12.22 mm). (A–D) Pereopods 3–6, respectively. (E, F) Pleopods 1, 2, respectively. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.