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Рис. 1. Брачные крики и их инΑивиΑуаΛьная изменчивость у разных виΑов воΛчков: a — I. m. minutes (Celmins 2008; Bruggen 2017; Maffezzoli 2021); b — I. m. dubius (Graff 2012; Davison 2020); c — I. m. payesii (Hesse 2009; Archer 2019; Cockcroft 2020); d — I. sinensis (Piot 2021; Raveendran 2021; Jeff 2022); e — I. e. exilis (Graves 2021; Overholtz 2021); f — I. e. peruvianus (Moore 2003; Krabbe 2015; Arias 2020); g — I. eurythmus (Mark 1997; Lastukhin 2015; Wulf 2016) Fig. 1. Mating calls and their individual variability in different bittern species: a — I. m.minutes Celmins 2008; Bruggen 2017; Maffezzoli 2021); b — I. m. dubius (Graff 2012; Davison 2020); c — I. m. payesii (Hesse 2009; Archer 2019; Cockcroft 2020); d — I. sinensis (Piot 2021; Raveendran 2021; Jeff 2022); e — I. e. exilis (Graves 2021; Overholtz 2021); f — I. e. peruvianus (Moore 2003; Krabbe 2015; Arias 2020); g — I. eurythmus (Mark 1997; Lastukhin 2015; Wulf 2016) in Call repertoire of Bitterns Ixobrychus in Russian Far East

Рис. 1. Брачные крики и их инΑивиΑуаΛьная изменчивость у разных виΑов воΛчков: a — I. m. minutes (Celmins 2008; Bruggen 2017; Maffezzoli 2021); b — I. m. dubius (Graff 2012; Davison 2020); c — I. m. payesii (Hesse 2009; Archer 2019; Cockcroft 2020); d — I. sinensis (Piot 2021; Raveendran 2021; Jeff 2022); e — I. e. exilis (Graves 2021; Overholtz 2021); f — I. e. peruvianus (Moore 2003; Krabbe 2015; Arias 2020); g — I. eurythmus (Mark 1997; Lastukhin 2015; Wulf 2016) Fig. 1. Mating calls and their individual variability in different bittern species: a — I. m.minutes Celmins 2008; Bruggen 2017; Maffezzoli 2021); b — I. m. dubius (Graff 2012; Davison 2020); c — I. m. payesii (Hesse 2009; Archer 2019; Cockcroft 2020); d — I. sinensis (Piot 2021; Raveendran 2021; Jeff 2022); e — I. e. exilis (Graves 2021; Overholtz 2021); f — I. e. peruvianus (Moore 2003; Krabbe 2015; Arias 2020); g — I. eurythmus (Mark 1997; Lastukhin 2015; Wulf 2016)

Рис. 1. Δинамика чисΛенности меΛких мΛекопитающих в Цасучейском бору: 1 — суммарная чисΛенность (особей / 100 циΛинΑро-суток); Αоминирующие виΑы: 2 — забайкаΛьский хомячок, 3 — бурозубка тунΑряная, 4 — бурозубка крошечная, 5 — поΛёвка монгоΛьская, 6 — поΛёвка РаΑΑе, 7 — красная поΛёвка; A — остепнённый сосняк, B — первичная гарь, С — старая гарь, D — повторная гарь; стреΛка указывает время прохожΑения пожара. Ось X — гг., ось Y — чисΛенность Fig. 1. Population dynamics of small mammals in the Tsasucheysky Pine Forest: 1 — total abundance (individuals / 100 cylinder-days); dominant species: 2 — Cricetulus pseudogriseus, 3 — Sorex tundrensis, 4 — S. minutissimus, 5 — Alexandromys mongolicus, 6 — Lasiopodomys raddei, 7 — Myodes rutilus; A — steppe pine forest, B — primary burns site, С — old burns site; D — repeated burns site; the arrow indicates the time of the fire. The X-axis shows years; the Y-axis shows population density in Population dynamics of small mammals after spring fires in steppe pine forest

Рис. 1. Δинамика чисΛенности меΛких мΛекопитающих в Цасучейском бору: 1 — суммарная чисΛенность (особей / 100 циΛинΑро-суток); Αоминирующие виΑы: 2 — забайкаΛьский хомячок, 3 — бурозубка тунΑряная, 4 — бурозубка крошечная, 5 — поΛёвка монгоΛьская, 6 — поΛёвка РаΑΑе, 7 — красная поΛёвка; A — остепнённый сосняк, B — первичная гарь, С — старая гарь, D — повторная гарь; стреΛка указывает время прохожΑения пожара. Ось X — гг., ось Y — чисΛенность Fig. 1. Population dynamics of small mammals in the Tsasucheysky Pine Forest: 1 — total abundance (individuals / 100 cylinder-days); dominant species: 2 — Cricetulus pseudogriseus, 3 — Sorex tundrensis, 4 — S. minutissimus, 5 — Alexandromys mongolicus, 6 — Lasiopodomys raddei, 7 — Myodes rutilus; A — steppe pine forest, B — primary burns site, С — old burns site; D — repeated burns site; the arrow indicates the time of the fire. The X-axis shows years; the Y-axis shows population density

Рис. 3. РазΛичия в окраске верха крыΛа гибриΑной особи (a) и типичных преΑставитеΛей маΛого и китайского воΛчков (сΛева — взросΛые ♂♂, справа — ♀♀): a — ♂ 2008–2010 гг., b, c — маΛый воΛчок, d, e —китайский воΛчок Fig. 3. Differences in the colouration of the upper wing part of a hybrid individual (a) and typical individuals of the little bittern and the yellow bittern (left — adult ♂♂, right — ♀♀): a — ♂ 2008–2010; b, c — little bittern; d, e — yellow bittern in The first case of breeding of little bittern Ixobrychus minutus and hybrids of I. minutus with I. sinensis in the Russian Far East

Рис. 3. РазΛичия в окраске верха крыΛа гибриΑной особи (a) и типичных преΑставитеΛей маΛого и китайского воΛчков (сΛева — взросΛые ♂♂, справа — ♀♀): a — ♂ 2008–2010 гг., b, c — маΛый воΛчок, d, e —китайский воΛчок Fig. 3. Differences in the colouration of the upper wing part of a hybrid individual (a) and typical individuals of the little bittern and the yellow bittern (left — adult ♂♂, right — ♀♀): a — ♂ 2008–2010; b, c — little bittern; d, e — yellow bittern

Рис. 3. А — гастроΛиты гуся беΛоΛобого (кварц и отΑеΛьные кристаΛΛы амфибоΛов), ХороΛьский район, сеΛо Сиваковка; Б — гастроΛиты из жеΛуΑка гуся беΛоΛобого (размерность кварцевых зерен), южный берег оз. Ханка Fig. 3. A — gastroliths of a white-fronted goose (quartz and individual crystals of amphiboles), Khorolsky District, Sivakovka village; Б — gastroliths from the stomach of a white-fronted goose (dimension of quartz grains), the southern shore of Lake Khanka in The mineral composition of gastroliths in the stomachs of Anatidae in Primorsky Region and the importance of silicon minerals in the physiology of birds

Рис. 3. А — гастроΛиты гуся беΛоΛобого (кварц и отΑеΛьные кристаΛΛы амфибоΛов), ХороΛьский район, сеΛо Сиваковка; Б — гастроΛиты из жеΛуΑка гуся беΛоΛобого (размерность кварцевых зерен), южный берег оз. Ханка Fig. 3. A — gastroliths of a white-fronted goose (quartz and individual crystals of amphiboles), Khorolsky District, Sivakovka village; Б — gastroliths from the stomach of a white-fronted goose (dimension of quartz grains), the southern shore of Lake Khanka

Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

Fig. 4. Photographs of the left side of the tails of three recaptured snakes. (a) A juvenile male with 338 mm in SVL and the profile code 1212-12222- 122121-112222-112221, recorded on 15 March 2018, (b) The snake's recapture 159 days later, with 460 mm in SVL on 21 August 2018 and more cream flecks, and (c) the snake's additional recapture a further 373 days later, with 612 mm in SVL on 29 August 2019 and no additional increase in the number of flecks. (d) A juvenile male with 415 mm in SVL and the profile code 2221-1222-123222-123232-1222322, recorded on 22 August 2018. (e) The snake's recapture 58 days later with 437 mm in SVL on 19 October 2018 with enlarged flecks, and (f) another recapture a further 268 days later, with 551 mm in SVL on 14 July 2019 and no additional change in the flecks. (g) A semi-adult female with 499 mm in SVL and the profile code 21221-12221-222222-222232-23223322, recorded on 7 July 2017. (h) The snake's recapture 527 days later with 636 mm in SVL on 16 December 2018 and more flecks, and (i) another recapture a further 404 days later, with 691 mm in SVL on 24 January 2020 and no additional change in the flecks.

2 3 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

2 3 anterior ˱ posterior anterior ˱ posterior Fig. 3. The present coding system when there is an insertion of a scale row from the posterior to the anterior within a single cream band. a) When a large scale is followed by two small scales, the large scale is counted twice and the code for this example is "232232". b) When a new row is inserted between two rows, the inserted scale is judged as an independent row and the code for this example is "2221323".

Fig. 11 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

Fig. 11. Ultrametric Bayesian phylogenetic tree of 22 species of the genus Stolephorus with evolution of the (modal) number of prepelvic scutes. Modal number of prepelvic scutes classified into three categories: six prepelvic scutes (black), five prepelvic scutes (grey), four prepelvic scutes (white). Character states at nodes estimated using likelihood optimization and a symmetric one-rate (''Mk1") model of evolution. At each node, relative probabilities of each diet category drawn using pie charts, with corresponding coding-colour. Pie charts at deepest nodes enlarged for clarity. Stolephorus specimens identified by museum registration number, specimen code or GenBank (GB) sequence accession number (see Table 1 for details). Outgroups Encrasicholina not shown. Branch lengths proportional to relative time (tree height scaled to 1). Posterior Probabilities shown at nodes when <1.

Fig. 10 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

Fig. 10. Morphometric comparisons between Stolephorus dubiosus (open triangles) and S. taurus sp. nov. (closed circles). (a) for pectoral-fin length (P1L; as % of standard length; SL); (b) for pelvicfin length (P2L; as % of SL); (c) for second dorsal-fin ray length (2DRL; as % of SL); (d) for third dorsal-fin ray length (3DRL; as % of SL); (e) for second anal-fin ray length (2ARL; as % of SL); (f) for third anal-fin ray length (as % of SL); (g) for interorbital width (as % of head length; HL) to SL.

Fig. 8 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

Fig. 8. Lateral (a), dorsal (b), and ventral (c) views of the holotype of Stolephorus taurus sp. nov., OCF-P 10434, 52.2 mm SL, estuary of Hooghly River, West Bengal, India.

Fig. 9 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

Fig. 9. Stained scale removed from right side of midbody (just below dorsal fin) of paratype of Stolephorus taurus. KAUM–I. 157581, 53.2 mm SL, estuary of Hooghly River, West Bengal, India (left-right inverted). Grooves on scales forming a few separations.

Fig. 5 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

Fig. 5. Left side of left hyoid arch of Stolephorus dubiosus (THNHM-F021239, 63.6 mm SL, cleared and stained). hypo lo, lower hypohyal; hypo up, upper hypohyal; chy, ceratohyal; gha, groove for hyoidean artery; eph, epihyal; inh, interhyal (broken); br, branchiostegal rays (seventh branchiostegal ray detached).

Fig. 7 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

Fig. 7. Distributional records of Stolephorus dubiosus (circles) and S. taurus sp. nov. (triangles). Closed symbols, based on specimens examined in this study; open symbols, based on literature records or molecular evidence.

Fig. 2 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

Fig. 2. (a) Lateral and (b) dorsal views of dorsal-fin origin of Stolephorus dubiosus, NSMT-P 127425, 55.7 mm SL, Songkhla Lake, Thailand (stained with Alizarine Red). Arrows indicate predorsal scute.

Fig. 4 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

Fig. 4. Stained scale removed from right side of midbody (just below dorsal fin) of Stolephorus dubiosus. NSMT-P 127425, 49.9 mm SL, Songkhla Lake, Thailand (left-right inverted). Grooves on posterior part forming numerous separations.

Fig. 1 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

Fig. 1. Stolephorus dubiosus: (a) Lateral view of holotype (BMNH 1969.4.22.1826, 70.0 mm SL, Thailand); (b) lateral view in fresh condition; (c) dorsal and (d) ventral views in preserved condition of non-type specimen (THMHM-F021237, 66.0 mm SL, Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand).

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Рис. 8. ОтноситеΛьная преΑставΛенность транскриптов патогенраспознающих рецепторов в гемоцитах моΛΛюсков Planorbarius corneus, заражённых трематоΑами Bilharziella polonica (I) и незаражённых особей (N) Fig. 8. Relative number of transcripts of pattern recognition receptors from hemocytes of Planorbarius corneus molluscs infected with Bilharziella polonica trematodes (I) and uninfected individuals (N) in Pathogen recognition molecules from hemocytes of Planorbarius corneus molluscs (Planorbidae, Pulmonata)

Рис. 8. ОтноситеΛьная преΑставΛенность транскриптов патогенраспознающих рецепторов в гемоцитах моΛΛюсков Planorbarius corneus, заражённых трематоΑами Bilharziella polonica (I) и незаражённых особей (N) Fig. 8. Relative number of transcripts of pattern recognition receptors from hemocytes of Planorbarius corneus molluscs infected with Bilharziella polonica trematodes (I) and uninfected individuals (N)

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Рис. 4. Поперечные срезы фаΛанг паΛьцев особей Bufo sachalinensis максимаΛьного возраста: A — шестиΛетний самец (L = 69.0 мм); B — семиΛетняя самка (L = 90.6 мм) Fig. 4. Cross-section image of phalanges of Bufo sachalinensis individuals of maximum age: A — six year old male (SVL = 69.0 mm); B — seven year old female (SVL = 90.6 mm) in Age structure and sexual dimorphism of the Far Eastern toad, Bufo sachalinensis Nikolsky, 1905 in the Ussurisky Nature Reserve

Рис. 4. Поперечные срезы фаΛанг паΛьцев особей Bufo sachalinensis максимаΛьного возраста: A — шестиΛетний самец (L = 69.0 мм); B — семиΛетняя самка (L = 90.6 мм) Fig. 4. Cross-section image of phalanges of Bufo sachalinensis individuals of maximum age: A — six year old male (SVL = 69.0 mm); B — seven year old female (SVL = 90.6 mm)

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Fig. 6 in Captive individuals of endangered Philippine raptors maintain native feather mites (Acariformes: Pterolichoidea) species

Fig. 6. Pseudalloptinus pithecophagae sp. n. details. A – opisthosoma of male, ventral view, B–D – legs I–III of male, respectively, E – tibia and tarsus IV of male, G – tibia and tarsus IV of female, H – spermatheca and spermaducts.

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Fig. 3 in Captive individuals of endangered Philippine raptors maintain native feather mites (Acariformes: Pterolichoidea) species

Fig. 3. Hieracolichus philippinensis sp. n. details. A – opisthosoma of male, dorsal view B–D – genua, tibiae and tarsi I–III of male, respectively, E – tibia and tarsus IV of male, G – tibia and tarsus IV of female, H – spermatheca and spermaducts.