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1,074 results for “invasive species”
Data from: DNA metabarcoding for biodiversity monitoring in a national park: screening for invasive and pest species
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Lake food webs: Species invasion progressively disrupts the trophic structure of native food webs
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Correlation of native and exotic species richness: a global meta-analysis finds no invasion paradox across scales
This data set is also available on the Dryad Digital repository (link : https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.59kv753) This dataset was created for investigating the biotic resistance hypothesis, that is, the idea that species‐rich communities are more successful at resisting invasion by exotic species than are species‐poor communities. It has been argued that native–exotic richness relationships (NERR) are negative at small spatial scales and positive at large scales, but evidence for the role of spatial scale on NERR has been contradictory. However, no formal quantitative synthesis had previously examined whether NERR is scale‐dependent across multiple studies, and previous studies on NERR have not distinguished spatial grain and extent, which may drive very different ecological processes Therefore, a global systematic review was carried out to create this dataset, which includes 204 individual cases of observational (non‐experimental) NERRs from 101 publications. Further, the above-mentioned hypotheses were investigated using a hierarchical mixed‐effects meta‐analysis, which showed that NERR was indeed highly scale dependent across studies and increased with the log of grain size. Also, no clear patterns of NERR across different spatial extents were found, suggesting that extent plays a less important role in determining NERR than does grain, although there was a complex interaction between extent and grain size. Almost all studies on NERR were found to have been conducted in North America, western Europe, and a few other regions, with little information on tropical or Arctic regions. NERR was also found to increase northward in temperate regions and vary with longitude. These results were published in the paper titled Correlation of native and exotic species richness: a global meta‐analysis finds no invasion paradox across scales (Peng et al. 2018), which represents the first global quantitative analysis of scale‐based NERR.
Fig. 2 in New data on distribution and biology of the invasive species Hydrotaea aenescens (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera, Muscidae)
Fig. 2. Copulating pair of H. aenescens attacked by another male.
Fig. 5 in New data on distribution and biology of the invasive species Hydrotaea aenescens (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera, Muscidae)
Fig. 5. Copulating pair of H. aenescens
Community-level direct and indirect impacts of an invasive plant favour exotic over native species
<p class="CxSpFirst">1. Indirect interactions mediated by shared enemies or mutualists (i.e., apparent competition) can influence whether invasive plants harm or benefit co-occurring species. However, studies to date have largely examined single pairwise interactions, limiting our understanding of the interplay among different types of interactions and whether indirect impacts systematically favour native or exotic species. Predicting indirect interaction strength has also proven challenging, and it remains unclear whether the strengths of different indirect interactions are correlated.</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">2. We conducted a field experiment in a grassland invaded by Scotch broom (<i>Cytisus scoparius</i>) to compare the strength of its indirect impacts, via both soil fungi or herbivores, on 21 native and exotic legume species growing in pots buried in the ground. Direct interactions of plants with soil fungi were controlled using nylon mesh pot windows of differing porosity (1 or 38 µm) to prevent or allow soil fungi hyphal growth. Arthropod herbivores were controlled through spraying pyrethrum pesticide. To assess indirect impacts, interactions were compared between plants adjacent to or 50 m away from an extensive Scotch broom invasion. We measured plant performance (survival, height, and biomass), arthropod and hare herbivory, and rhizobia nodulation.</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">3. Despite increasing arthropod herbivory of both native and exotic plant species, Scotch broom had a net positive impact on their survival and growth, through sheltering them from abiotic stress, and indirectly via beneficial soil fungi and release from hare browsing. Soil fungi also increased arthropod herbivory, decreased rhizobia nodulation, and disproportionately promoted the growth of exotic plants. Overall, exotic plants experienced stronger interactions, which favoured them with beneficial soil fungi and rhizobia but not hare browsing. Finally, indirect interaction strength was not correlated among indirect interactions mediated by different interaction partners.</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">4. Synthesis: We demonstrate that invaders affect their competitors through multiple interacting indirect pathways that were stronger than direct 'nurse plant' effects, emphasising the importance of a community-level approach to studying biological invasions. Exotic species experienced stronger positive and negative impacts than natives, but were facilitated overall, potentially contributing to exotic dominance in communities.</p>
Species identity and diversity effects on invasion resistance of tropical freshwater plant communities
<p>Biotic resistance mediated by native plant diversity has long been hypothesized to reduce the success of invading plant species in terrestrial systems in temperate regions. However, still little is known about the mechanisms driving invasion patterns in other biomes or latitudes. We help to fill this gap by investigating how native plant community presence and diversity, and the presence of native phylogenetically closely related species to an invader, would affect invader <i>Hydrilla verticillata</i> establishment success in tropical freshwater submerged plant communities. The presence of a native community suppressed the growth of <i>H. verticillata</i>, but did not prevent its colonisation. Invader growth was negatively affected by native plant productivity, but independent of native species richness and phylogenetic relatedness to the invader. Native plant production was not related to native species richness in our study. We show that resistance in these tropical aquatic submerged plant communities is mainly driven by the presence and biomass of a native community independent of native species diversity. Our study illustrates that resistance provided by these tropical freshwater submerged plant communities to invasive species contrasts to resistance described for other ecosystems. This emphasizes the need to include understudied systems when predicting patterns of species invasiveness and ecosystem invasibility across biomes. </p>
Data from: RapidRat: development, validation and application of a genotyping-by-sequencing panel for rapid biosecurity and invasive species management
<p>Invasive alien species (IAS) are among the main causes of global biodiversity loss. Invasive brown (Rattus norvegicus) and black (R. rattus) rats, in particular, are leading drivers of extinction on islands, especially in the case of seabirds where >50% of all extinctions have been attributed to rat predation. Eradication is the primary form of invasive rat management, yet this strategy has resulted in a ~10-38% failure rate on islands globally. Genetic tools can help inform IAS management, but such applications to date have been largely reactive, time-consuming, and costly. Here, we developed a Genotyping-in-Thousands by sequencing (GT-seq) panel for rapid species identification and population assignment of invasive brown and black rats (RapidRat) in Haida Gwaii, an archipelago comprising ~150 islands off the central coast of British Columbia, Canada. We constructed an optimized panel of 443 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using previously generated double-digest restriction-site associated DNA (ddRAD) genotypic data (27,686 SNPs) from brown (n=295) and black rats (n=241) sampled throughout Haida Gwaii. The informativeness of this panel for identifying individuals to species and island of origin was validated relative to the ddRAD results; in all comparisons, admixture coefficients and population assignments estimated using RapidRat were consistent. To demonstrate application, 20 individuals from novel invasions of three islands (Agglomerate, Hotspring, Ramsay) were genotyped using RapidRat, all of which were confidently assigned (>98.5% probability) to Faraday and Murchison Islands as putative source populations. These results indicated that a previous eradication on Hotspring Island was conducted at an inappropriate geographic scale; future management should expand the eradication unit to include neighboring islands to prevent re-invasion. Overall, we demonstrated that RapidRat is an effective tool for managing invasive rat populations in Haida Gwaii and provided a clear framework for GT-seq panel development for informing biodiversity conservation in other systems.</p>
Evidence for an extreme founding effect in a highly successful invasive species: data and R code
<p>The adaptive potential of invasive species is thought to decrease during founding events due to reduced genetic diversity, limiting the new population's ability to colonize novel habitats. Barbary ground squirrels (<i>Atlantoxerus getulus</i>) were purportedly introduced as a single breeding pair to the island of Fuerteventura but have expanded to over a million individuals spread across the island in just over 50 years. We estimated the number of founders and measured the level of genetic diversity in this population using the mitochondrial displacement loop and microsatellite markers. Island samples (<i>n</i> = 19) showed no variation in the d-loop, suggesting a single founding female, while Moroccan samples (<i>n</i> = 6) each had unique mitochondrial haplotypes. The microsatellite data of the island population (<i>n</i> = 256 individuals) revealed a small effective population size, low levels of heterozygosity, and high levels of inbreeding, supporting a founding population size of two to three individuals. Our results suggest that <i>A. getulus</i> has undergone an intense genetic bottleneck during their colonization of the island. They are one of the few species where introduction effort does not explain invasion success, although further investigation may explain how they have avoided the worst expected effects following an extreme genetic bottleneck.</p>
Data from: Climate oscillation and alien species invasion influences oceanic seabird distribution
Spatial and temporal distribution of seabird transiting and foraging at sea is an important consideration for marine conservation planning. Using at-sea observations of seabirds (n = 317), collected during the breeding season from 2012 to 2016, we built boosted regression tree (BRT) models to identify relationships between numerically dominant seabird species (red-footed booby, brown noddy, white tern and wedge-tailed shearwater), geomorphology, oceanographic variability, and climate oscillation in the Chagos Archipelago. We documented positive relationships between red-footed booby and wedge-tailed shearwater abundance with the strength in the Indian Ocean Dipole, as represented by the Dipole Mode Index (6.7% and 23.7% contribution respectively). The abundance of red-footed boobies, brown noddies and white terns declined abruptly with greater distance to island (17.6%, 34.1% and 41.1% contribution respectively). We further quantified the effects of proximity to rat-free and rat-invaded islands on seabird distribution at sea, and identify breaking point distribution thresholds. We identified areas of increased abundance at sea and habitat use-age under a scenario where rats are eradicated from invaded nearby islands and recolonised by seabirds. Following rat eradication, abundance at sea of red-footed booby, brown noddy, and white terns increased by 14%, 17% and 3% respectively, with no important increase detected for shearwaters. Our results have implication for seabird conservation and island restoration. Climate oscillations may cause shifts in seabird distribution, possibly through changes in regional productivity and prey distribution. Invasive species eradications and subsequent island recolonization can lead to greater access for seabirds to areas at-sea, due to increased foraging or transiting through, potentially leading to distribution gains and increased competition. Our approach predicting distribution after successful eradications enables anticipatory threat-mitigation in these areas, minimising competition between colonies and thereby maximising the risk of success and the conservation impact of eradication programmes.
Data from: Manipulation of cytosine methylation does not remove latitudinal clines in two invasive goldenrod species in Central Europe
<p><em><span>Invasive species frequently differentiate phenotypically in novel environments within a few generations, often even with limited genetic variation. For the invasive plants <i>Solidago canadensis </i>and <i>S. gigantea</i>,<i> </i>we tested whether such differentiation might have happened through heritable epigenetic changes in cytosine methylation. In a two-year common-garden experiment, we grew plants from seeds collected along a latitudinal gradient in their non-native Central European range to test for trait differentiation and whether differentiation disappeared when seeds were treated with the demethylation agent zebularine. Microsatellite markers revealed no population structure along the latitudinal gradient in </span></em><em><i><span>S. canadensis</span></i></em><em><span>, but three genetic clusters in </span></em><em><i><span>S. gigantea</span></i></em><em><span>. </span></em><em><i><span>Solidago canadensis</span></i></em><em><span> showed latitudinal clines in flowering phenology and growth. In </span></em><em><i><span>S. gigantea</span></i></em><em><span>, the number of clonal offspring decreased with latitude. Although zebularine had a significant effect on early growth, likely through effects on cytosine methylation, latitudinal clines remained (or even got stronger) in plants raised from seeds treated with zebularine. Thus, our experiment provides no evidence that epigenetic mechanisms by selective cytosine methylation contribute to the observed phenotypic differentiation in invasive goldenrods in Central Europe.</span></em></p>
Species redistribution combined with invasive dominance but not species turnover promotes biotic homogenization following invasion
<p>Disentangling the processes lead to biotic homogenization is important and will guide conservation efforts. Temporal turnover in species composition (i.e., β-diversity) and changes in local α-diversity are two distinct processes drive biotic homogenization, but these effects may be masked by invasive dominance. After removing invasive dominance, we compared the changes in species diversity and species distribution patterns before and after invasion aims to measure the relative contribution of species turnover and local diversity changes to biological homogenization. Invasive dominance indeed had an important contribution to biotic homogenization, and the effects increased with an increase in the invasive species number. Species composition of native plots was not significantly different from invaded plots when removing invasive species. Invasion changed native species distribution patterns and promoted the wide spread of most species, which causes an increase in local richness and community evenness. We highlight that species redistribution combined with invasive dominance but not species turnover promotes biotic homogenization, especially at early invasion stages. Avoiding the ecological impacts of biotic homogenization following invasion will require much stronger proactive management to prevent invasive dominance as well as increase monitoring at the early stages of invasion.</p>
Appendix 4 to "The Status of Biological Invasions and their Management in South Africa in 2019"—Species list change tracker
<p>For more details see: http://iasreport.sanbi.org.za</p> <p>SANBI and CIB 2020. Appendix 4 to "The Status of Biological Invasions and their Management in South Africa in 2019"—Species list change tracker. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch and DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3947778</p>
Data from: Native species dispersal reduces community invasibility by increasing species richness and biotic resistance
1. Recent studies indicate that diversity-invasibility relationships can depend upon spatial scale, but the contributing role of native species dispersal among local communities in mediating these relationships remains unaddressed. Metacommunity ecology highlights the effects of species dispersal rates on local diversity, thereby suggesting native species dispersal may influence local biotic resistance to invasion by non-native species. However, effects of native species dispersal rates on local native diversity and invasibility could depend upon any intraspecific differences of the invader that may alter establishment success. 2. Here, I experimentally tested for the influence of native dispersal-diversity relationships on the invasibility of native communities by a non-native species represented by core, midrange, and peripheral regions of the introduced geographic range. 3. In mesocosms, native plankton communities were connected by low or moderate rates of dispersal to yield dispersal-rate driven differences in native species richness prior to invasion by a non-native zooplankter, Daphnia lumholtzi. After invasion, establishment success and effects of the non-native species on native community structure and ecosystem properties were evaluated as a function of dispersal rate and invader source region relative to a control without native species. 4. Native species richness was greater at the moderate dispersal rate than the low dispersal rate, and yielded a dispersal rate dependent diversity-invasibility relationship that was robust to invader source region. There was almost no establishment success of the non-native species at moderate dispersal and reduced success at low dispersal relative to the control. Invader population growth rates were negative only at the moderate dispersal rate. Effects of species dispersal on native community and ecosystem response were more influential than effects of invasion and impacts associated with invader source region. 5. The results demonstrate that dispersal-diversity relationships can influence diversity-invasibility relationships at the local spatial scale. These dispersal-driven responses of invasion were unaffected by any ecological differences associated with invasion history related intraspecific variation of the non-native species. This study emphasizes that dispersal rates of native species in metacommunities can differentially alter local biotic resistance to invasion. Thus, native species dispersal rates have largely been an underappreciated local diversity maintenance mechanism that can confer insurance against biological invasions.
Protection offered by leaf fungal endophytes to an invasive species against native herbivores depends on soil nutrients
1. Natural grassland ecosystems are increasingly threatened by excessive loadings of nutrients and by the presence of species bred for high productivity. By manipulating grazing regimes and nutrient availability, agricultural practices facilitate the establishment and spread of certain forage plant species outside managed landscapes, challenging local biodiversity. The ecological success of some species in the invaded range sometimes seems to be associated with the symbiosis with foliar fungal endophytes. Symbiotic fungi may increase the competitiveness of host species, but also the resistance to herbivory through the production of toxic secondary compounds such as alkaloids. While progress has been made in understanding how soil nutrients modulate other benefits offered by fungal endophytes to plants (for example, stress tolerance, competitive ability, etc), the consequences for a higher trophic level (i.e. herbivores) and the potential feedbacks on plant invasion have not been explored yet. 2. We explored the relative and interactive importance of soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in modulating the interaction of the invasive grass tall fescue -associated with fungal endophytes- and native herbivores in a natural grassland. We hypothesized that N and P nutrients modulate differentially leaf quality traits, namely nutritional value and fungal alkaloid contents, determining the level of damage by native insect herbivores on the exotic tall fescue. 3. We found that only P addition significantly increased native caterpillar density in the field, which corresponded to a concomitant increase in leaf damage. Contrary to expectations, the concentration of the alkaloid ergovaline in leaves was not strongly related to N. It was the level of soil P which dictated the concentration of the element (P) in the leaves and reduced the level of defence against herbivores in this endophyte-symbiotic species. Then, herbivore performance increased, and plants were more prone to be attacked. 4. Synthesis: Our study indicates a strong control of soil P fertility on the tritrophic interaction among plants, fungal endophytes and native herbivores. This highlights the potential role of increased soil nutrients on the invasion spread of endophyte-symbiotic forage plants in natural grasslands.
Data from: Nitrogen fertilization differentially enhances nodulation and host growth of two invasive legume species in an urban environment
Invasive plants negatively impact native communities by altering ecosystem processes and reducing species diversity. Plants in the legume family are overrepresented among invasive taxa and establish in disturbed environments common in urban ecosystems. Mutualisms with rhizobia and anthropogenic activities, such as nitrogen fertilization, may be key mechanisms driving legume invasions of urban habitats. Moreover, legume species and genetic lineages within species may vary in their responses to nitrogen fertilization, making some more likely to invade than others. Despite this threat, it remains unclear whether nitrogen fertilization impacts mutualism and plant growth traits of invasive legumes in urban environments, and whether these effects depend on the genetic origin of invaders. We conducted a common garden experiment using two widespread, invasive legume species, Medicago sativa and Trifolium pratense, to test the effects of species, genetic origin of lineages within species, and nitrogen fertilization on the mutualism. Soil nitrogen was manipulated and effects on traits associated with the mutualism (nodule traits) and plant growth were quantified. Nitrogen fertilization improved nodule traits and host growth for both species, but M. sativa and certain genetic lineages of this species benefited more from fertilization than any of the tested T. pratense lineages. This work reveals how anthropogenic activities alter mutualism traits and plant growth in urban environments, potentially facilitating invasions by leguminous taxa. Because species and lineages varied in the strength of their responses to fertilization, over time some invading legumes may outcompete other plant species or lineages, leading to differential impacts on native communities in urban environments.
Data from: Plant-soil feedback contributes to predicting plant invasiveness of 68 alien plant species differing in invasive status
<p>Understanding what species characteristics allow some alien plants to become invasive while others fail is critical to our understanding of community assembly processes. While many characteristics have been shown to predict plant invasiveness, the importance of plant-soil feedback (PSF) in invasions has been difficult to assess since individual studies include only a few species and use disparate methodology. We studied PSF of 68 invasive and non-invasive alien species in a single two-phase common garden experiment, and compared the relative importance of PSF, residence time, phylogenetic novelty and plant traits for plant invasiveness. Additionally, we explored relationships between PSF, residence time and phylogenetic novelty. PSF for seedling establishment, but not for biomass, was a significant predictor of invasive status, with invasive species having more positive PSF than non-invasive species. Its explanatory power was, however, much lower than that of specific leaf area, height, and residence time. Phylogenetically novel species experienced less negative PSF than species with native congeners, suggesting they benefit more from enemy release. PSF of non-invasive species, contrary to that of invasive species, was becoming more negative with increasing residence time. We demonstrated that PSF for seedling establishment plays a role in predicting plant invasiveness and is a better predictor than more commonly studied PSF for plant biomass. Other species traits, such as specific leaf area, however, predict plant invasiveness much better than the PSF.</p>
Data from: Testing genotypic variation of an invasive plant species in response to soil disturbance and herbivory
Herbivores, competitors, and predators can inhibit biological invasions ("biotic resistance" sensu Elton 1959), while disturbance typically promotes biological invasions. Although biotic resistance and disturbance are often considered separately in the invasion literature, these two forces may be linked. One mechanism by which disturbance may facilitate biological invasions is by decreasing the effectiveness of biotic resistance. The effects of both disturbance and biotic resistance may vary across invading genotypes, and genetic variation in the invasive propagule pool may increase the likelihood that some genotypes can overcome biotic resistance or take greater advantage of disturbance. We conducted an experimental field trial in which we manipulated soil disturbance (thatch removal and loosening soil) and the presence of insect herbivores and examined their effects on the invasion success of 44 Medicago polymorpha genotypes. As expected, insecticide reduced leaf damage and increased Medicago fecundity, suggesting that insect herbivores in this system provide some biotic resistance. Soil disturbance increased Medicago fecundity, but did not alter the effectiveness of biotic resistance by insect herbivores. We found significant genetic variation in Medicago in response to disturbance, but not in response to insect herbivores. These results suggest that the ability of Medicago to invade particular habitats depends on the amount of insect herbivory, the history of disturbance in the habitat, and how the specific genotypes in the invader pool respond to these factors.
Data from: Plant water use affects competition for nitrogen: why drought favors invasive species in California
Classic resource competition theory typically treats resource supply rates as independent; however, nutrient supplies can be affected by plants indirectly, with important consequences for model predictions. We demonstrate this general phenomenon by using a model in which competition for nitrogen is mediated by soil moisture, with competitive outcomes including coexistence and multiple stable states as well as competitive exclusion. In the model, soil moisture regulates nitrogen availability through soil moisture dependence of microbial processes, leaching, and plant uptake. By affecting water availability, plants also indirectly affect nitrogen availability and may therefore alter the competitive outcome. Exotic annual species from the Mediterranean have displaced much of the native perennial grasses in California. Nitrogen and water have been shown to be potentially limiting in this system. We parameterize the model for a Californian grassland and show that soil moisture–mediated competition for nitrogen can explain the annual species' dominance in drier areas, with coexistence expected in wetter regions. These results are concordant with larger biogeographic patterns of grassland invasion in the Pacific states of the United States, in which annual grasses have invaded most of the hot, dry grasslands in California but perennial grasses dominate the moister prairies of northern California, Oregon, and Washington.
Phenology-based classification of invasive annual grasses to the species level
<p><span>The ability to detect and map invasive plants to the species level, both at high resolution and over large extents, is essential for their targeted management. Yet development of such remote sensing methodology is challenged by the spectral and structural similarities among many invasive and native plant species. We developed a multi-temporal classification approach that uses unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery to map two invasive annual grasses to the species level, and to distinguish these from key functional types of native vegetation, based upon differences in plant phenology. For a case study area in the western Great Basin, USA, we intentionally over-sampled with frequent (n=9) UAV flights over the growing season. Using this information we compared the importance of spectral variation at a given point in time (i.e., with and without near-infrared wavelengths), with spectral variation across multiple time periods. We found that differences in species phenology allowed for accurate classification of nine cover types, including the two annual grass species of interest, using just three dates of imagery that captured species-specific differences in the timing of active growth, seed head production, and senescence. Availability of near-infrared imagery proved less important than true-color RGB imagery collected at appropriate time periods. Thus, multi-temporal information provides a substitute for more extensive spectral information obtained from a single point in time. The substitution of temporal for spectral information is particularly well suited to UAV remote sensing, where RGB image collection is inexpensive, and the timing can be flexible. The datasets arising from our multi-temporal classification approach provide high-resolution information for modeling patterns of invasive plant spread, for quantifying plant invasion risk, and for early detection of novel plant invasions when patch sizes are still small. Widespread application and up-scaling of our approach requires 42 advances in our ability to model the variability in phenology that occurs across years and over fine spatial scales, even within a single species.</span></p>
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