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544 results for “life-history”
Data from: Hybridization alters early life-history traits and increases plant colonization success in a novel region
Hybridization is hypothesized to promote invasiveness, but empirical tests comparing the performance of hybrid versus parental taxa in novel regions are lacking. We experimentally compared colonization ability of populations of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) versus populations of advanced-generation hybrids between wild and cultivated radish (R. sativus) in a southeast Texas pasture, well beyond the known invasive range of hybrid radish. We also manipulated the strength of interspecific competition to better generalize across variable environments. In both competitive environments, hybrid populations produced at least three times more seeds than wild radish populations, a distinction that was driven by greater hybrid seedling emergence, earlier hybrid emergence and more hybrid seedlings surviving to flower, rather than by greater individual fecundity. Flowering duration in hybrids was less negatively affected by competition than it was in wild radishes, while early emergence was associated with subsequent high seed output in both biotypes. Our data show that hybridization can enhance colonization success in a novel region, and, by comparison with previous studies, that the life-history traits enhancing hybrid success can differ across regions, even for lineages originating from the same hybridization event. These results imply a much larger arena for hybrid success than previously appreciated.
Data from: Insulin-like growth factor 1 and life-history evolution of passerine birds
1. Natural selection has generated a diversity of ways in which vertebrates allocate their resources between fundamental life-history traits. The availability of possible evolutionary trajectories of these traits is limited by various genetic, physiological, and phylogenetic constraints. This causes trade-offs due to shared resource pools for, or genetic linkage of, competing traits. The majority of these trade-offs are mediated by hormones and create the variability of phenotypes that can be observed in nature. 2. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is an evolutionarily conserved peptide, which has been shown to be essential in the regulation of body size, the pattern of reproductive investment and lifespan across a broad taxonomic range of model species in laboratory and domesticated conditions. However, studies addressing corresponding evolutionary hypotheses on a broader scale and in free-living vertebrates are very rare. 3. In this phylogenetic comparative study on free-living passerines (Passeriformes), we explore the way in which plasma IGF-1 levels underlie the evolution of body size and demographic fitness correlates (clutch size, egg weight, lifespan). 4. We showed firstly that IGF-1 levels were positively associated with the body size of passerines, although smaller birds had larger IGF-1-mediated investment into building up their body faster. IGF-1 levels were negatively associated with lifespan of passerines, and more so in birds with smaller body weight. Finally, IGF-1 levels were negatively associated with clutch size in heavier species, and positively associated with egg weight in species with higher body weight and longer duration of parental care. The pattern was opposite in species with smaller body weight and shorter duration of parental care. 5. The described evolutionary framework indicates that variation in IGF-1 levels can be regarded as an important mechanism that may underlie life-history evolution in passerines. IGF-1 could act as a physiological link mediating the inter-regulatory growth–reproduction–lifespan "life-history triangle" on the pace-of-life continuum. Interestingly, body weight and investment into parental care have likely imposed a constraining effect on the IGF-1-mediated co-evolution of demographic fitness traits, such as lifespan or reproductive investment. This has limited the availability of adaptive pathways via which those traits could evolve as passerines diversified.
Data from: Root foraging performance and life-history traits
Plants use their roots to forage for nutrients in heterogeneous soil environments, but different plant species vastly differ in the intensity of foraging they perform. This diversity suggests the existence of constraints on foraging at the species level. We therefore examined the relationships between the intensity of root foraging and plant body traits across species in order to estimate the degree of coordination between plant body traits and root foraging as a form of plant behavior. We cultivated 37 perennial herbaceous Central European species from open terrestrial habitats in pots with three different spatial gradients of nutrient availability (steep, shallow and no gradient). We assessed the intensity of foraging as differences in root placement inside pots with and without a spatial gradient of resource supply. For the same set of species, we retrieved data about body traits from available databases: maximum height at maturity, mean area of leaf, specific leaf area, shoot lifespan, ability to self-propagate clonally, maximal lateral spread (in clonal plants only), realized vegetative growth in cultivation and realized seed regeneration in cultivation. Clonal plants and plants with extensive vegetative growth showed considerably weaker foraging than their non-clonal or slow-growing counterparts. There was no phylogenetic signal in the amount of expressed root foraging intensity. Since clonal plants foraged less than non-clonals and foraging intensity did not seem to be correlated with species phylogeny, we hypothesize that clonal growth itself (i.e. the ability to develop at least partly self-sustaining ramets) may be an answer to soil heterogeneity. Whereas unitary plants use roots as organs specialized for both resource acquisition and transport to overcome spatial heterogeneity in resource supply, clonal plants separate these two functions. Becoming a clonal plant allows higher specialization at the organ level, since a typical clonal plant can be viewed as a network of self-sustainable harvesting units connected together with specialized high-throughput connection organs. This may be an effective alternative for coping with spatial heterogeneity in resource availability.
Data from: Biogeography and host-related factors trumps parasite life-history: limited congruence among the genetic structures of specific ectoparasitic lice and their rodent hosts
Parasites and hosts interact across both micro- and macroevolutionary scales where congruence among their phylogeographic and phylogenetic structures may be observed. Within southern Africa, the four-striped mouse genus, Rhabdomys, is parasitized by the ectoparasitic sucking louse, Polyplax arvicanthis. Molecular data recently suggested the presence of two cryptic species within P. arvicanthis that are sympatrically distributed across the distributions of four putative Rhabdomys species. We tested the hypotheses of phylogeographic congruence and cophylogeny among the two parasite lineages and the four host taxa, utilizing mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Despite the documented host-specificity of P. arvicanthis, limited phylogeographic correspondence and nonsignificant cophylogeny was observed. Instead, the parasite–host evolutionary history is characterized by limited codivergence and several duplication, sorting and host-switching events. Despite the elevated mutational rates found for P. arvicanthis, the spatial genetic structure was not more pronounced in the parasite lineages compared with the hosts. These findings may be partly attributed to larger effective population sizes of the parasite lineages, the vagility and social behaviour of Rhabdomys, and the lack of host-specificity observed in areas of host sympatry. Further, the patterns of genetic divergence within parasite and host lineages may also be largely attributed to historical biogeographic changes (expansion-contraction cycles). It is thus evident that the association between P. arvicanthis and Rhabdomys has been shaped by the synergistic effects of parasite traits, host-related factors and biogeography over evolutionary time.
Data from: Life-history strategies indicate live-bearing in Nothosaurus (Sauropterygia)
In Sauropterygia, a diverse group of Mesozoic marine reptiles, fossil evidence of viviparity (live‐bearing) only exists for Pachypleurosauria and Plesiosauria, and was assumed to also be the case for nothosaurs. Previous studies have successfully applied an extant squamate model to sauropterygian life‐history traits. In extant squamates, oviparity and viviparity are associated with differences in life‐history trait combinations. We establish growth curves for Nothosaurus specimens based on their humeral histology. We then analyse life‐history traits derived from these curves and compare inferred traits to those of modern squamates and pachypleurosaurs to assess their reproduction mode. We show that birth to adult size ratios (i.e. birth size divided by the mother's size) provide good estimates of clutch sizes in extant squamates and in viviparous extinct marine reptiles, but these ratios cannot discriminate viviparous and oviparous squamates. Thus, large ratios do not indicate viviparity in fossil taxa to which the extant squamate model is applicable. Applying differences in birth size, age at maturation, and maximum longevity that are observed between extant viviparous and oviparous squamates to our Nothosaurus sample, we identified 7 out of 24 specimens as being potentially viviparous. Conversely, they suggested oviparity for many nothosaurs but also for many pachypleurosaur samples. Under the assumption that the entire clade Pachypleurosauria was viviparous, the majority of nothosaurs would also have been viviparous as they comprised trait combinations similar to those seen in pachypleurosaurs. Overall, this suggests that within nothosaurs and pachypleurosaurs both reproduction modes existed in different taxa.
Data from: Primary dermal fibroblasts and pectoralis muscle show similar patterns of oxidative stress in tropical and temperate birds despite differing life-histories
<p><span>Tropical birds have a "slower pace of life," with lower rates of whole-animal metabolism, smaller metabolically active organs, and lower cellular metabolic rates than their temperate counterparts. Oxidative stress is a physiological mechanism that may dictate differing life-histories such as those found between tropical and temperate birds. <span>Oxygen is required to make ATP, resulting in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)</span>. If left unchecked, ROS can structurally alter proteins, induce mutations in DNA, and damage structural lipids. To combat accumulating oxidative damage, organisms have evolved an elaborate and costly antioxidant system that serves to sequester ROS before they wreak cellular havoc. We examined whether oxidative stress would differ between tropical and temperate birds. We used isolated primary dermal fibroblasts and pectoralis muscle tissue for measurements. We measured four aspects of oxidative stress in primary fibroblasts – reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration, ROS production, mitochondrial content, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) damage. We found no significant differences in the four variables between temperate and tropical birds.. In muscle tissue, we measured catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, peroxyl and hydroxyl scavenging capacity, and LPO damage. We found that peroxyl scavenging capacity was significantly higher in tropical birds compared with temperate birds. </span></p>
Data from: Genetic effects on life-history traits in the Glanville fritillary butterfly
Background: Adaptation to local habitat conditions may lead to the natural divergence of populations in life-history traits such as body size, time of reproduction, mate signaling or dispersal capacity. Given enough time and strong enough selection pressures, populations may experience local genetic differentiation. The genetic basis of many life-history traits, and their evolution according to different environmental conditions remain however poorly understood. Methods: We conducted an association study on the Glanville fritillary butterfly, using material from five populations along a latitudinal gradient within the Baltic Sea region, which show different degrees of habitat fragmentation. We investigated variation in 10 principal components, cofounding in total 21 life-history traits, according to two environmental types, and 33 genetic SNP markers from 15 candidate genes. Results: We found that nine SNPs from five genes showed strong trend for trait associations (p-values under 0.001 before correction). These associations, yet non-significant after multiple test corrections, with a total number of 1,086 tests, were consistent across the study populations. Additionally, these nine genes also showed an allele frequency difference between the populations from the northern fragmented versus the southern continuous landscape. Discussion: Our study provides further support for previously described trait associations within the Glanville fritillary butterfly species across different spatial scales. Although our results alone are inconclusive, they are concordant with previous studies that identified these associations to be related to climatic changes or habitat fragmentation within the Åland population.
FIGURE 9 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 9. Astrapogon juveniles: (A) Astrapogon puncticulatus, USNM 393404, 14 mm SL, 5488, reared specimen; (B) Astrapogon stellatus, USNM 393413, 10 mm SL, 6449, reared specimen; (C) Astrapogon stellatus, USNM 393413, 13 mm SL, 6450, reared specimen.
FIGURE 8 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 8. Astrapogon larvae: (A) Astrapogon alutus, 5 mm SL, 6041; (B) Astrapogon alutus, 6 mm SL, 6040; (C) Astrapogon stellatus, 7 mm SL, 6038; (D) Astrapogon puncticulatus, 9.5 mm SL, 4449; (E) Astrapogon puncticulatus, USNM 393909, 12 mm SL, 5396; (F) Astrapagon puncticulatus, USNM 393407, 13 mm SL, 7125; (G) Astrapagon puncticulatus, 8.5mm SL, 7262.
FIGURE 3 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 3. Phaeoptyx juveniles: (A) Phaeoptyx conklini, USNM 393373, 22 mm SL, 5144; (B) Phaeoptyx pigmentaria, USNM 393352, 19 mm SL, 6371; (C) Phaeoptyx xenus, USNM 393399, 21 mm SL, 7741.
FIGURE 2 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 2. Phaeoptyx larvae: (A) Phaeoptyx conklini, 12 mm SL, 5039; (B)Phaeoptyx pigmentaria, USNM 393356, 15 mm SL, 7013, (C) Phaeoptyx pigmentaria, USNM 393358, 15.5 mm SL, 7080; (D) Phaeoptyx xenus, 8 mm SL, 6161.
FIGURE 1. Neighbor-joining tree derived from Cytochrome Oxidase 1 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 1. Neighbor-joining tree derived from Cytochrome Oxidase 1 sequences showing three genetically distinct lineages of Belizean Phaeoptyx.
FIGURE 7. Neighbor-joining tree derived from Cytochrome Oxidase 1 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 7. Neighbor-joining tree derived from Cytochrome Oxidase 1 sequences showing three genetically distinct lineages of Belizean Astrapogon.
FIGURE 4 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 4. Phaeoptyx adults: (A) Phaeoptyx conklini, USNM 393372, 40 mm SL, 5143; (B) Phaeoptyx conklini, USNM 393376, 30 mm SL, 5303; (C) Phaeoptyx pigmentaria, USNM 393338, 30 mm SL, 5269; (D) Phaeoptyx pigmentaria, USNM 393327, 38 mm SL, 5052; (E) Phaeoptyx xenus, USNM 393395, 38 mm SL, 6298; (F) Phaeoptyx xenus, USNM 393393, 28 mm SL, 5465.
FIGURE 5 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 5. Teeth of Phaeoptyx conklini (A), USNM 365171, 38 mm SL, and Phaeoptyx pigmentaria (B), USNM 347318, 19 mm SL.
FIGURE 7 in A new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species
FIGURE 7. Life history of Phyllocnistis tethys: (A) Passiflora organensis shoot twining around on a fern at the type locality, showing several leaves with leaf mines at different development stages; (B) leaf mine on abaxial leaf surface (open and closed arrows, respectively, indicate empty chorion on leaf surface, and sap-feeding larva seen through transparent mine); (C) egg containing developing embryo; (D) freshly hatched larva (indicated by closed arrow; open arrow indicates green frass lines left within the egg chorion; (E) third-instar (sap-feeding) larva; (F) detail of frass lines and damage on leaf parenchyma, left by the larva within the mine; (G) fourth-instar (spinning) larva; (H) Passiflora organensis containing several pupae, seen by transparency (indicated by arrows); (I) a pupal chamber in detail, showing a pupa by transparency; (J) pupa, lateral view; (K) pupal exuvium protruded (arrow) from mine exit hole, just after the adult emergence. Scale bars = 100, 1, 0.2, 0.3, 1, 1, 1, 20, 5, 0.5, 2 mm, respectively.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species
FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys egg and third larval "sap-feeding" instar: (A) egg, on abaxial surface of a Passiflora organensis leaf; (B–D) head, lateral, anterior and dorsal views; (E) labrum and mandibles, dorsal view; (F) antenna, anterior view; (G) head, ventral view; (H) labium, ventral view (arrow indicates the spinneret); (I) abdominal lobe, dorsal view. Scale bars = 100, 100, 50, 100, 50, 10, 100, 50, 20 µm, respectively.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species
FIGURE 3. Larval and pupal morphology of Phyllocnistis tethys under light microscopy: (A) first larval ("sap-feeding") instar, dorsal and ventral views; (B) third larval ("sap-feeding") instar, dorsal and ventral views; (C) fourth larval ("cocoon-spinning") instar, dorsal and ventral views; (D–F) pupa, dorsal, ventral and lateral views. Scale bars = 100, 400, 400, 300 µm, respectively.
FIGURE 6 in A new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species
FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys pupal cocoon and pupa: (A) weaving pattern of lower surface of pupal cocoon; (B) head, lateral view; (C) cocoon-cutter, lateral view; (D) head, ventral view; (E) cocoon-cutter, ventral view; (F) frons, ventral view; (G) abdominal segments 4 and 5, dorsal view; (H) spines on tergum 5, dorsal view; (I) spines on tergum 4, lateral view; (J) spiracle (arrow) and lateral seta on A5, dorsal view; (K) spiracle A3, lateral view; (L) spiracle A8, lateral view; (M–O) last abdominal segments in ventral, dorsal and posterior views, respectively Scale bars = 100, 100, 50, 150, 50, 50, 200, 25, 25, 25, 10, 5, 100, 100, 100 µm, respectively.
FIGURE 9 in A new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species
FIGURE 9. Maximum-likelihood tree of Pyllocnistis species based on 639 bp of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). Numbers above branches indicate bootstrap support higher than 60%; branch lengths are indicated below. Asterisks indicate bootstrap values <60% and branch lengths <0.001. Species of Bucculatricidae (Bucculatrix canadensisella) and Gracillariidae (Acrocercops and Caloptilia) were used to root the tree, according to the phylogeny proposed by Kawahara et al. (2011); see Table 1 and text for further description.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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