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Figs 110–122 in Comparison of interspecific differences in coloration, morphology, and male calling signal patterns in two genera of Idiocerini (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Eurymelinae)

Figs 110–122. Oscillograms of male calling signals of species of Idiocerus. 110–113 — I. lituratus; 114–118 — I. herrichii; 119– 122 — I. stigmaticalis. Faster oscillograms of the parts of signals indicated as "112–113", "116–118", and "121–122" are given under the same numbers. Рис. 110–122. Осциллограммы приЗывных сигналов самцов Idiocerus. 110–113 — I. lituratus; 114–118 — I. herrichii; 119– 122 — I. stigmaticalis. Фрагменты сигналов, обоЗначенные цифрами "112–113", "116–118" и "121–122", представлены на осциллограммах под такими же номерами.

Figs 65–82 in Comparison of interspecific differences in coloration, morphology, and male calling signal patterns in two genera of Idiocerini (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Eurymelinae)

Figs 65–82. Male abdominal apodemes and genitalia of species of Idiocerus. 65–67, 74–76 — I. lituratus; 68–70, 77–79 — I. herrichii; 71–73, 80–82 — I. stigmaticalis; 65, 68, 71 — apodemes of the 3rd tergum; 66, 69, 72 — same, 1st sternum; 67, 70, 73 — same, 2nd sternum; 74, 77, 80 — penis, back view; 75, 78, 81 — same, side view; 76, 79, 82 — style. Рис. 65–82. Аподемы брюШных сегментов и гениталии самцов Idiocerus. 65–67, 74–76 — I. lituratus; 68–70, 77–79 — I. herrichii; 71–73, 80–82 — I. stigmaticalis; 65, 68, 71 — аподемы III тергита; 66, 69, 72 — аподемы I стернита; 67, 70, 73 — аподемы II стернита; 74, 77, 80 — пенис, сЗади; 75, 78, 81 — то же, сбоку; 76, 79, 82 — стилус.

Figs 93–109 in Comparison of interspecific differences in coloration, morphology, and male calling signal patterns in two genera of Idiocerini (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Eurymelinae)

Figs 93–109. Oscillograms of male calling signals of species of Populicerus. 93–95 — P. confusus; 96–99 — P. albicans; 100–102 — P. populi; 103–104 — P. nitidissimus; 105–106 — P. laminatus; 107–109 — P. ambigenus. Scale mark at the bottom on the right is the same for all oscillograms. Рис. 93–109. Осциллограммы приЗывных сигналов самцов Populicerus. 93–95 — P. confusus; 96–99 — P. albicans; 100–102 — P. populi; 103–104 — P. nitidissimus; 105–106 — P. laminatus; 107–109 — P. ambigenus. Отметка времени вниЗу справа – обЩаЯ длЯ всех осциллограмм.

Figs 16–39 in Comparison of interspecific differences in coloration, morphology, and male calling signal patterns in two genera of Idiocerini (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Eurymelinae)

Figs 16–39. Male abdominal apodemes of species of Populicerus. 16–21 — P. confusus; 22–24 — P. populi; 25–27 — P. laminatus; 28–33 — P. albicans; 34–36 — P. nitidissimus; 37–39 — P. ambigenus; 16–17, 22, 25, 28–29, 34, 37 — apodemes of the 3rd tergum; 18, 20, 23, 26, 30, 32, 35, 38 — same, 1st sternum; 19, 21, 24, 27, 31, 33, 36, 39 — same, 2nd sternum. Рис. 16–39. Аподемы брюШных сегментов самцов Populicerus. 16–21 — P. confusus; 22–24 — P. populi; 25–27 — P. laminatus; 28–33 — P. albicans; 34–36 — P. nitidissimus; 37–39 — P. ambigenus; 16–17, 22, 25, 28–29, 34, 37 — аподемы III тергита; 18, 20, 23, 26, 30, 32, 35, 38 — аподемы I стернита; 19, 21, 24, 27, 31, 33, 36, 39 — аподемы II стернита.

Figs 83–92 in Comparison of interspecific differences in coloration, morphology, and male calling signal patterns in two genera of Idiocerini (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Eurymelinae)

Figs 83–92. Oscillograms of male calling signals of species of Populicerus. 83–84 — P. confusus; 85–86 — P. albicans; 87 — P. populi; 88–89 — P. nitidissimus; 90 — P. laminatus; 91–92 — P. ambigenus. Faster oscillograms of the parts of signals indicated as "94–95", "99", "101", "103–105", and "107–109" are given under the same numbers. Scale mark at the bottom on the right is the same for all oscillograms. Рис. 83–92. Осциллограммы приЗывных сигналов самцов Populicerus. 83–84 — P. confusus; 85–86 — P. albicans; 87 — P. populi; 88–89 — P. nitidissimus; 90 — P. laminatus; 91–92 — P. ambigenus. Фрагменты сигналов, обоЗначенные цифрами "94–95", "99", "101", "103–105" и "107–109", представлены на осциллограммах под такими же номерами. Отметка времени вниЗу справа – обЩаЯ длЯ всех осциллограмм.

Figs 40–64 in Comparison of interspecific differences in coloration, morphology, and male calling signal patterns in two genera of Idiocerini (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Eurymelinae)

Figs 40–64. Male genitalia of species of Populicerus. 40–45 — P. confusus; 46–52 — P. albicans; 53–55 — P. populi; 56–58 — P. nitidissimus; 59–61 — P. laminatus; 62–64 — P. ambigenus; 40–41, 46–48, 53, 56, 59, 62 — penis, back view; 42–43, 49–50, 54, 57, 60, 63 — same, side view; 44–45, 51–52, 55, 58, 61, 64 — style. Рис. 40–64. Гениталии самцов Populicerus. 40–45 — P. confusus; 46–52 — P. albicans; 53–55 — P. populi; 56–58 — P. nitidissimus; 59–61 — P. laminatus; 62–64 — P. ambigenus; 40–41, 46–48, 53, 56, 59, 62 — пенис, сЗади; 42–43, 49–50, 54, 57, 60, 63 — то же, сбоку; 44–45, 51–52, 55, 58, 61, 64 — стилус.

Figs 1–15. Idiocerini, dorsal view. 1–2 in Comparison of interspecific differences in coloration, morphology, and male calling signal patterns in two genera of Idiocerini (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Eurymelinae)

Figs 1–15. Idiocerini, dorsal view. 1–2 — Populicerus confusus; 3–4 — P. albicans; 5–6 — P. populi; 7–8 — P. nitidissimus; 9–10 — P. laminatus; 11–12 — P. ambigenus; 13 — Idiocerus lituratus; 14 — I. herrichii; 15 — I. stigmaticalis. Рис. 1–15. Виды трибы Idiocerini, сверху. 1–2 — Populicerus confusus; 3–4 — P. albicans; 5–6 — P. populi; 7–8 — P. nitidissimus; 9–10 — P. laminatus; 11–12 — P. ambigenus; 13 — Idiocerus lituratus; 14 — I. herrichii; 15 — I. stigmaticalis.

FIGURE 3. Morphological comparison between Pseudochirita trifoliata T.V in Pseudochirita trifoliata (Gesneriaceae), a new species from karst limestone in northern Vietnam

FIGURE 3. Morphological comparison between Pseudochirita trifoliata T.V.Do & F.Wen sp. nov. (t) and P. guangxiensis (S.Z.Huang) W.T.Wang (g). A. Leaf insertion on the nodes (3-whorled in P. trifoliata, and opposite in P. guangxiensis); B. Adaxial leaf surfaces; C. Abaxial leaf surfaces; D. Cymes; E. Peduncle indumentum; F. Top view of corolla and calyx; G. Lateral view of corolla and calyx; H. Front view of corolla; I. Cut opened corolla and calyx, and pistil; J. Outside surfaces of cut opened calyx; K. Inner surfaces of cut opened calyx; L. Stamens with anthers and filaments; M. Pistil and discs; N. Top view of stigmas; O. Lateral view of stigmas. (All photos by De- Chang Meng and Fang Wen from living plants of the two species)

Figure 18 in Enigmatic affinity in the brain morphology between plotopterids and penguins, with a comprehensive comparison among water birds

Figure 18. Box plots of the ratio of the width of the cerebellum to the width of the telencephalon (A) and the ratio of the width of the floccular lobe to the width of the telencephalon (B). Plots for Paraptenodytes (grey circles; Ksepka et al., 2012) and Plotopteridae (stars) are shown.

Figure 12 in Enigmatic affinity in the brain morphology between plotopterids and penguins, with a comprehensive comparison among water birds

Figure 12. Endocasts of plotopterid (A, Ainoshima specimen: KMNH VP 200,009; B, Hatatsu specimen: KMNH VP 200,007; C, Touno specimen: KMNH VP 200,008). Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: cb, cerebellum; cca, cranial carotid artery; fl, floccular lobe; mcv, middle cerebral vein; ob, olfactory bulb; ol, optic lobe; os, occipital sinus; pb, pituitary

Figure 15 in Enigmatic affinity in the brain morphology between plotopterids and penguins, with a comprehensive comparison among water birds

Figure 15. Principle component (PC) analysis results. The first three shape-variation PCs of water birds. Variations in brain shape for each PC score are illustrated by the brain schematics outside the graphs.

Figure 9 in Enigmatic affinity in the brain morphology between plotopterids and penguins, with a comprehensive comparison among water birds

Figure 9. Virtual endocasts of procellariiform and sphenisciform birds in ventral aspect (not to scale, for comparison). Abbreviations: fl, floccular lobe; ob, olfactory bulb; ol, optic lobe; pb, pituitary body; II–XI, cranial nerves II–XI.

Figure 11 in Enigmatic affinity in the brain morphology between plotopterids and penguins, with a comprehensive comparison among water birds

Figure 11. Virtual endocasts of procellariiform and sphenisciform birds in posterior aspect (not to scale, for comparison). Abbreviations: cb, cerebellum; cca, cranial carotid artery; fl, floccular lobe; se, sagittal eminence; IX–XII, cranial nerves IX–XII.

Figure 8 in Enigmatic affinity in the brain morphology between plotopterids and penguins, with a comprehensive comparison among water birds

Figure 8. Virtual endocasts of ciconiiform, pelecaniform, and suliform birds in ventral aspect (not to scale, for comparison). Abbreviations: fl, floccular lobe; ob, olfactory bulb; ol, optic lobe; pb, pituitary body; II–XI, cranial nerves II–XI.

Figure 16 in Enigmatic affinity in the brain morphology between plotopterids and penguins, with a comprehensive comparison among water birds

Figure 16. Plot of canonical variate 1 (CV1) and CV2 scores and the brain shape variations associated with CV1 and CV2. Models represent the nature of shape change along each canonical discrimination axis.

Figure 7 in Enigmatic affinity in the brain morphology between plotopterids and penguins, with a comprehensive comparison among water birds

Figure 7. Virtual endocasts of procellariiform and sphenisciform birds in lateral aspect (not to scale, for comparison). Abbreviations: cb, cerebellum; fl, floccular lobe; mcv, middle cerebral vein; ob, olfactory bulb; pb, pituitary body; se, sagittal eminence; II–XI, cranial nerves II–XI.

Figure 6 in Enigmatic affinity in the brain morphology between plotopterids and penguins, with a comprehensive comparison among water birds

Figure 6. Virtual endocasts of ciconiiform, pelecaniform, and suliform birds in lateral aspect (not to scale, for comparison). Abbreviations: cb, cerebellum; e, eminence; fl, floccular lobe; mcv, middle cerebral vein; ob, olfactory bulb; os, occipital sinus; pb, pituitary body; se, sagittal eminence; II–XI, cranial nerves II–XI.

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FIGURE 5. Morphological comparison between the natural hybrid and its putative parents. A–C in Catasetum × sheyllae (Orchidaceae: Catasetinae), a new natural hybrid from Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 5. Morphological comparison between the natural hybrid and its putative parents. A–C. Catasetum × sheyllae. D–F. Catasetum boyi. G–I. Catasetum garnettianum. Photographs by A.H. Krahl.

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FIGURE 6. Boxplot. A in The Kiandra leek orchid is the previously presumed extinct mignonette leek orchid (Orchidaceae; Orchidoideae): evidence from morphological comparisons

FIGURE 6. Boxplot. A. Number of flowers. B. Density of flowering heads (flowers per mm) of Prasophyllum morganii and P. retroflexum. Solid black lines indicate median, red square the mean, black dots outliers. The box represents the upper quartile, median and lower quartile respectively, whiskers indicate 1.5 × IQR (Interquartile range).