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915 results for “morphological evolution”
Eye morphology contributes to the ecology and evolution of the avian tree of life
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Data from: Many-to-one form-to-function mapping weakens parallel morphological evolution
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Novelty and emergent patterns in sperm: morphological diversity and evolution of spermatozoa and sperm conjugation in ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
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Competition and geography underlie speciation and morphological evolution in Indo-Australasian monitor lizards
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Early diversification of avian limb morphology and the role of modularity in the locomotor evolution of crown birds
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Phylogenomic analyses resolve relationships among garter snakes (Thamnophis: Natricinae: Colubridae) and elucidate biogeographic history and morphological evolution
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Data from: Spatial sorting caused by downstream dispersal: Implication for morphological evolution in isolated populations of fat minnow inhabiting small streams flowing through terraced rice paddies
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Data from: Mosaic evolution underlies feliform morphological disparity
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Evolution along allometric lines of least resistance: Morphological differentiation in Pristurus geckos
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Categorical versus geometric morphometric approaches to characterising the evolution of morphological disparity in Osteostraci (Vertebrata, stem-Gnathostomata)
Morphological variation (disparity) is almost invariably characterised by two non-mutually exclusive approaches: (i) quantitatively, through geometric morphometrics, and (ii) in terms of discrete, 'cladistic', or categorical characters. Uncertainty over the comparability of these approaches diminishes the potential to obtain nomothetic insights into the evolution of morphological disparity and the few benchmarking studies conducted so far show contrasting results. Here, we apply both approaches to characterising morphology in the stem-gnathostome clade Osteostraci in order to assess congruence between these alternative methods as well as to explore the evolutionary patterns of the group in terms of temporal disparity and the influence of phylogenetic relationships and habitat on morphospace occupation. Our results suggest that both approaches yield similar results in morphospace occupation and clustering, but also some differences indicating that these metrics may capture different aspects of morphology. Phylomorphospaces reveal convergence towards a generalised 'horseshoe'-shaped cranial morphology and two strong trends involving major groups of osteostracans (benneviaspidids and thyestiids), which probably reflect adaptations to different lifestyles. Temporal patterns of disparity obtained from categorical and morphometric approaches appear congruent, however disparity maxima are recorded at very different times in the evolutionary history of the group when increasing the number of taxa and characters in the categorical dataset. The results of our analyses indicate that categorical and continuous datasets may characterize different patterns of morphological disparity and that discrepancies could reflect preservational limitations of morphometric data and differences in the potential of each data type for characterizing more or less inclusive aspects of overall phenotype.
Can behaviour impede evolution? persistence of singing effort after morphological song loss in crickets
<p>Evolutionary loss of sexual signals is widespread. Examining the consequences for behaviours associated with such signals can provide insight into factors promoting or inhibiting trait loss. We tested whether a behavioural component of a sexual trait, male calling effort, has been evolutionary reduced in silent populations of Hawaiian field crickets (<em>Teleogryllus oceanicus</em>). Cricket song requires energetically costly wing movements, but 'flatwing' males have feminised wings that preclude song and protect against a lethal, eavesdropping parasitoid. Flatwing males express wing movement patterns associated with singing but, in contrast to normal-wing males, sustained periods of wing movement cannot confer sexual selection benefits and should be subject to strong negative selection. We developed an automated technique to quantify how long males spend expressing wing movements associated with song. We compared calling effort among populations of Hawaiian crickets with differing proportions of silent males, and between male morphs. Contrary to expectation, silent populations invested as much in calling effort as non-silent populations. Additionally, flatwing and normal-wing males did not differ in calling effort. The lack of evolved behavioural adjustment following morphological change in silent Hawaiian crickets illustrates how behaviour might sometimes impede, rather than facilitate, evolution.</p>
Evolution of morphological but not aggressiveness‐related traits following a major resistance breakdown in the poplar rust fungus, Melampsora larici‐populina
<p>Crop varieties carrying qualitative resistance to targeted pathogens lead to strong selection pressure on parasites, often resulting in resistance breakdown. It is well known that qualitative resistance breakdowns modify pathogen population structure but few studies have analysed the consequences on their quantitative aggressiveness-related traits. The aim of this study was to characterize the evolution of these traits following a resistance breakdown in the poplar rust fungus, <i>Melampsora larici-populina</i>. We based our experiment on three temporal populations sampled just before the breakdown event, immediately after and four years later. First, we quantified phenotypic differences among populations for a set of aggressiveness traits on a universally susceptible cultivar (infection efficiency, latent period, lesion size, mycelium quantity, and sporulation rate) and one morphological trait (mean spore volume). Then we estimated heritability to establish which traits could be subjected to adaptive evolution, and tested for evidence of selection. Our results revealed significant changes in the morphological trait but no variation in aggressiveness traits. By contrast, recent works have demonstrated that quantitative resistance (initially assumed more durable) could be eroded and lead to increased aggressiveness. Hence, this study is one example suggesting that the use of qualitative resistance may be revealed to be less detrimental to long term sustainable crop production.</p>
Thermodynamic Evolution of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle Morphology Using Carbon Dioxide Dataset
<p>Data supporting the publication "Thermodynamic Evolution of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle Morphology Using Carbon Dioxide"</p> <p>DOI : <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c07437">10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c07437</a></p> <p>URL : https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c07437</p> <p>Contained within are the the initial and final configurations from the VASP calculations.</p> <p>We used the Ce, O and C POTCAR.</p> <p>We used a KPOINT mesh of 2 x 2 x 1</p> <p>An example INCAR has been include.</p> <p> </p>
Environmental and morphological constraints interact to drive the evolution of communication signals in frogs
Animals show a rich diversity of signals and displays. Among the many selective forces driving the evolution of communication between individuals, one widely recognized factor is the structure of the environment in which signals are produced, transmitted and received. In particular, animals communicating by sounds often emit acoustic signals from specific locations, such as high up in the air, from the ground or in the water. The properties of these different display sites will impose different constraints on sound production and transmission and may therefore drive signal evolution. Here, we used comparative phylogenetic analyses to assess the relationship between the display site properties and the structure of reproductive calls from 161 frog species from the frog families Ranidae, Leptodactylidae and Hylidae. Specifically, we compared the dominant frequency of species that vocalize from aquatic versus non-aquatic sites, and its relation with body size. We found that the dominant frequency of frogs calling from the water was lower than that of species calling outside of the water, a trend that was consistent across the three families studied. Furthermore, phylogenetic path analysis revealed that the call site had both direct and indirect effects on the dominant frequency. Indirect effects were mediated by call site influencing male body size, which in turn was negatively associated to call dominant frequency. Our results suggest that properties of display sites can drive signal evolution, most likely through morphological constraints, in particular the ones imposed on the sound production mechanism. Also, variation in body size between calling sites explained some of the differences we found in call frequency, highlighting the relevance of the interplay between morphological adaptation and signal evolution. Changes of display site may therefore have important evolutionary consequences, as it may influence sexual selection processes and ultimately may even promote speciation.
Interspecific introgression reveals a role of male genital morphology during the evolution of reproductive isolation in Drosophila
Rapid divergence in genital structures among nascent species has been posited to be an early-evolving cause of reproductive isolation, although evidence supporting this idea as a widespread phenomenon remains mixed. Using a collection of interspecific introgression lines between two Drosophila species that diverged ~240,000 years ago, we tested the hypothesis that even modest divergence in genital morphology can result in substantial fitness losses. We studied the reproductive consequences of variation in the male epandrial posterior lobes between Drosophila mauritiana and D. sechellia and found that divergence in posterior lobe morphology has significant fitness costs on several pre-fertilization and post-copulatory reproductive measures. Males with divergent posterior lobe morphology also significantly reduced the life span of their mates. Interestingly, one of the consequences of genital divergence was decreased oviposition and fertilization, which suggests that a sensory bias for posterior lobe morphology could exist in females, and thus posterior lobe morphology may be the target of cryptic female choice in these species. Our results provide evidence that divergence in genitalia can in fact give rise to substantial reproductive isolation early during species divergence, and they also reveal novel reproductive functions of the external male genitalia in Drosophila.
Phylogenomics resolves the relationships within Antennaria (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) and yields new insights into its morphological character evolution and biogeography
<p><i>Antennaria </i>are dioecious perennial herbs distributed mainly in the Holarctic Region with their major center of diversity in the Rocky Mountains of Western North America. The genus comprises 33 known sexual diploid/tetraploid species and at least five polyploid agamic complexes which mostly reproduce by forming asexual seeds. We performed a phylogenetic reconstruction of the 31 sexually-reproducing <i>Antennaria</i> species using a novel target enrichment method that employs custom capture probes and is designed to work across Asteraceae. Both concatenated and coalescent-based analyses of DNA sequence data from hundreds of nuclear loci recovered <i>Antennaria</i> as a monophyletic group except for the long-disputed species, <i>Antennaria linearifolia</i>, which was recovered outside of the genus. <i>Antennaria</i> was further resolved into three distinct, major lineages. Analysis of ancestral state reconstruction of 12 taxonomically important morphological characters elucidated patterns of character evolution throughout the genus. Estimations of ancestral geographic ranges and molecular dating analyses demonstrated the Rocky Mountain region, including the Vancouverian Province, as the center of origin for the genus <i>Antennaria,</i> <span>around 5.8 MYA. Subsequent dispersals of <i>Antennaria</i> into the Arctic and Appalachian provinces, Canadian provinces, and Eurasia took place roughly 3.2 MYA, 2.4 MYA and 1.6 MYA, respectively. Biogeographical Stochastic Mapping indicated that 51.4% of biogeographical events were based on within-area speciation. The remaining 48.6% of the events were divided into two types of dispersals: i) range expansion dispersals (anagenic, 37%) and ii) founder/jump dispersals (cladogenic, 11.6%). </span>Our results provide a framework for future evolutionary studies of <i>Antennaria, </i>including speciation, origin(s) of polyploidy, and agamospermy in the genus.</p>
Data from: Malagasy cichlids differentially limit impacts of body shape evolution on oral jaw functional morphology
Patterns of trait covariation, like integration and modularity, are vital factors that influence the evolution of vertebrate body plans. In functional systems, decoupling of morphological modules buffers functional change in one trait by reducing correlated variation with another. However, for complex morphologies with many-to-one mapping of form to function (MTOM), resistance to functional change may also be achieved by constraining morphological variation within a functionally stable region of morphospace. For this research, we used geometric morphometrics to evaluate the evolution of body shape and its relationship to jaw functional morphology in two independent radiations of endemic Malagasy cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Our results suggested that the two subfamilies used different strategies to mitigate impacts of body shape variation on a metric of jaw function, maxillary kinematic transmission (MKT): (1) modularity between cranial and postcranial morphologies, and (2) integration of body and jaw evolution, with jaw morphologies varying in a manner that limits change in MKT. This research shows that, unlike modularity, MTOM allows traits to retain strong evolutionary covariation while still reducing impacts on functionality. These results suggest that MTOM, and its influence on the evolution of correlated traits, is likely much more widespread than is currently understood.
Data from: Phylogeny and morphologic evolution of the Ordovician Camerata (Class Crinoidea, Phylum Echinodermata)
The subclass Camerata (Crinoidea, Echinodermata) is a major group of Paleozoic crinoids that represents an early divergence in the evolutionary history and morphologic diversification of class Crinoidea, yet phylogenetic relationships among early camerates remain unresolved. This study conducted a series of quantitative phylogenetic analyses using parsimony methods to infer relationships of all well-preserved Ordovician camerate genera (52 taxa), establish the branching sequence of early camerates, and test the monophyly of traditionally recognized higher taxa, including orders Monobathrida and Diplobathrida. The first phylogenetic analysis identified a suitable outroup for rooting the Ordovician camerate tree and assessed affinities of the atypical dicyclic family Reteocrinidae. The second analysis inferred the phylogeny of all well-preserved Ordovician camerate genera. Inferred phylogenies confirm: (1) the Tremadocian genera Cnemecrinus and Eknomocrinus are sister to the Camerata; (2) as historically defined, orders Monobathrida and Diplobathrida do not represent monophyletic groups; (3) with minimal revision, Monobathrida and Diplobathrida can be re-diagnosed to represent monophyletic clades; (4) family Reteocrinidae is more closely related to camerates than to other crinoid groups currently recognized at the subclass level; and (5) several genera in subclass Camerata represent stem taxa that cannot be classified as either true monobathrids or true diplobathrids. The clade containing Monobathrida and Diplobathrida, as recognized herein, is termed Eucamerata to distinguish its constituent taxa from more basally positioned taxa, termed stem eucamerates. The results of this study provide a phylogenetic framework for revising camerate classification, elucidating patterns of morphologic evolution, and informing outgroup selection for future phylogenetic analyses of post-Ordovician camerates.
Data alignment and phylogenetic trees from Phylogeny, ecology, morphological evolution, and reclassification of the diatom orders Surirellales and Rhopalodiales
<p>Alignment and tree files from Ruck et al. 2016:</p> <p>Phylogeny, ecology, morphological evolution, and reclassification of the diatom orders Surirellales and Rhopalodiales</p>
Molecular phylogeny and morphological perianth evolution in Corymbia (Myrtaceae), and the implications for generic delimitation: data and tree files
<p><strong>Premise:</strong> Eucalypts (Myrtaceae tribe Eucalypteae) are currently placed in seven genera. Traditionally,<em> Eucalyptus</em> was defined by its operculum but when phylogenies placed <em>Angophora</em>, with free sepals and petals, as sister to the operculate bloodwood eucalypts, the latter were segregated into a new genus, <em>Corymbia</em>. Yet generic delimitation in the tribe Eucalypteae remains uncertain. Here we address these problems using phylogenetic analysis with the largest molecular dataset to date.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>We captured 101 low-copy nuclear exons from 392 samples representing 266 species. Our phylogenetic analysis used maximum likelihood (IQtree) and multi-species coalescent (Astral). At two nodes critical to generic delimitation, we tested alternative relationships among <em>Arillastrum</em>, <em>Angophora</em>, <em>Eucalyptus</em> and <em>Corymbia</em> using Shimodaira's AU test. Phylogenetic mapping was used to explore the evolution of perianth traits.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Monophyly of <em>Corymbia</em> relative to <em>Angophora</em> was decisively rejected. All alternative relationships among the seven currently recognised Eucalypteae genera imply homoplasy in evolutionary origins of the operculum. Inferred evolutionary transitions in perianth traits are congruent with divergences between major clades except that expression of separate sepals and petals in <em>Angophora</em>, which is nested within the operculate genus <em>Corymbia</em>, appears to be a reversal to the plesiomorphic perianth structure.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Here we formally raise <em>Corymbia</em> subg. <em>Blakella</em> to genus rank and make the relevant new combinations. We also define and name three sections within <em>Blakella</em> (<em>B.</em> sect. <em>Blakella</em>, <em>B.</em> sect. <em>Naviculares</em> and <em>B.</em> sect. <em>Maculatae</em>), and two series within <em>Blakella</em> sect. <em>Maculatae</em> (<em>B.</em> ser. <em>Maculatae</em> and <em>B.</em> ser. <em>Torellianae</em>). <em>Corymbia</em> is reduced to the red bloodwoods.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.