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These arboreal ants (Cephalotes atratus) have evolved closely with the trees they live in. Photograph: Field Museum, Corrie Moreau. in The Evolution of Natural History Collections

These arboreal ants (Cephalotes atratus) have evolved closely with the trees they live in. Photograph: Field Museum, Corrie Moreau.

A 3D in The Evolution of Natural History Collections

A 3D confocal microscopy data set of a CLARITY-treated 12-day-old gecko embryo stained for muscles and nerves. Illustration: Bhart-Anjan Bhullar and Daniel Smith-Paredes.

Mecistops leptorhynchus, photographed along the Bongo River, Moukalaba- Doudou National Park, Gabon. Researcher Matthew Shirley is using new techniques, such as geometric morphometrics, in taxonomic studies. Photograph: Matthew Shirley. in The Evolution of Natural History Collections

Mecistops leptorhynchus, photographed along the Bongo River, Moukalaba- Doudou National Park, Gabon. Researcher Matthew Shirley is using new techniques, such as geometric morphometrics, in taxonomic studies. Photograph: Matthew Shirley.

Barbara Thiers of the New York Botanical Garden and president of the Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections is among those leading the effort to harness the explosion of data being digitized by collections around the globe. Photograph: New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. in The Evolution of Natural History Collections

Barbara Thiers of the New York Botanical Garden and president of the Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections is among those leading the effort to harness the explosion of data being digitized by collections around the globe. Photograph: New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.

Transverse section of a whale earplug showing the alternating light and dark laminae. Stephen Trumble, left, and Sascha Usenko, right, with a jar containing whale earplugs in 10 percent formalin at the Natural History Museum in London. Photographs: Sascha Usenko. in The Evolution of Natural History Collections

Transverse section of a whale earplug showing the alternating light and dark laminae. Stephen Trumble, left, and Sascha Usenko, right, with a jar containing whale earplugs in 10 percent formalin at the Natural History Museum in London. Photographs: Sascha Usenko.

Jasmina Wiemann used the eggshell collection at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History for her dinosaur eggshell coloration study. Photograph: Courtesy of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. in The Evolution of Natural History Collections

Jasmina Wiemann used the eggshell collection at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History for her dinosaur eggshell coloration study. Photograph: Courtesy of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.

Dinosaur egg with bumpy shell, on right, with a collection of colorful bird eggs. The dark area on the left side of the dinosaur egg was likely blue in color. Photograph: Jasmina Wiemann. in The Evolution of Natural History Collections

Dinosaur egg with bumpy shell, on right, with a collection of colorful bird eggs. The dark area on the left side of the dinosaur egg was likely blue in color. Photograph: Jasmina Wiemann.

opennotspecifiedMay 2003View details →

text-fig. 5. Skull reconstructions of representatives of Jurassic OTUs in left lateral view, a, Dilophosaurus wetherilli, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian), Kayenta Formation, Arizona, USA; based on UCMP V 4214 and V 6468. B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis, Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian), Forest Sandstone, Zimbabwe; composite reconstruction based on many isolated skull elements from the National Museum of Natural History in Harare (see Appendix), c, Magnosaurus oxoniensis, Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Oxford Clay, England; based on OUM J 13558, unpreserved elements shaded. D, Monolophosaurus jiangi, Middle Jurassic, Wucaiwan Formation, China; redrawn from Zhao and Currie (1993b). E, Allosaurus fragilis, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on MOR 693. f, basal bird Archaeopteryx sp., Late Jurassic (Tithonian), lithographic limestones of Solnhofen, Germany; based on Wellnhofer (1974), Elzanowski and Wellnhofer (1996), and the Berlin, Eichstätt, and Munich specimens. G, Ceratosaurus sp., Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on USNM 4735 and UMNH VP 5278. H, Ornitholestes hermanni, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA, based on AMNH 619. Abbreviations as in Text-figure 4, and: If, lacrimal fenestra; mf, maxillary fenestra; nf, nasal foramen; pmf, promaxillary fenestra. Scale bars represent 10 mm (b, f, h), 50 mm (c) and 100 mm (a, d, e, g). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 5. Skull reconstructions of representatives of Jurassic OTUs in left lateral view, a, Dilophosaurus wetherilli, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian), Kayenta Formation, Arizona, USA; based on UCMP V 4214 and V 6468. B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis, Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian), Forest Sandstone, Zimbabwe; composite reconstruction based on many isolated skull elements from the National Museum of Natural History in Harare (see Appendix), c, Magnosaurus oxoniensis, Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Oxford Clay, England; based on OUM J 13558, unpreserved elements shaded. D, Monolophosaurus jiangi, Middle Jurassic, Wucaiwan Formation, China; redrawn from Zhao and Currie (1993b). E, Allosaurus fragilis, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on MOR 693. f, basal bird Archaeopteryx sp., Late Jurassic (Tithonian), lithographic limestones of Solnhofen, Germany; based on Wellnhofer (1974), Elzanowski and Wellnhofer (1996), and the Berlin, Eichstätt, and Munich specimens. G, Ceratosaurus sp., Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on USNM 4735 and UMNH VP 5278. H, Ornitholestes hermanni, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA, based on AMNH 619. Abbreviations as in Text-figure 4, and: If, lacrimal fenestra; mf, maxillary fenestra; nf, nasal foramen; pmf, promaxillary fenestra. Scale bars represent 10 mm (b, f, h), 50 mm (c) and 100 mm (a, d, e, g).

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Data from: Divergent natural selection drives the evolution of reproductive isolation in an Australian wildflower

Ecological speciation occurs when reproductive isolation evolves between populations adapting to contrasting environments. A key prediction of this process is that the fitness of hybrids between divergent populations should be reduced in each parental environment as a function of the proportion of local genes they carry, a process resulting in ecologically dependent reproductive isolation (RI). To test this prediction, we use reciprocal transplant experiments between adjacent populations of an Australian wildflower, Senecio lautus, at two locations to distinguish between ecologically dependent and intrinsic genetic reproductive barriers. These barriers can be distinguished by observing the relative fitness of reciprocal backcross hybrids, as they differ in the contribution of genes from either parent while controlling for any intrinsic fitness effects of hybridization. We show ecologically dependent fitness effects in establishment and survival of backcrosses in one transplant experiment, and growth performance in the second transplant experiment. These results suggests natural selection can create strong reproductive barriers that maintain differentiation between populations with the potential to interbreed, and implies a significant role for ecology in the evolutionary divergence of S. lautus.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

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Data from: Long-term evolution of the natural isolate of Escherichia coli 536 in the mouse gut colonized after maternal transmission reveals convergence in the constitutive expression of the lactose operon.

In vitro experimental evolution has taught us many lessons on the molecular bases of adaptation. To move towards more natural settings, evolution in the mice gut has been successfully performed. Yet, these experiments suffered from the use of laboratory strains as well as the use of axenic or streptomycin treated mice to maintain the inoculated strains. To circumvent these limitations, we conducted a one-year experimental evolution in vivo using a natural isolate of E. coli, strain 536, in conditions mimicking as much as possible natural environment with mother to offspring microbiota transmission. Mice were then distributed in 24 independent cages and separated in two different diets: a regular one (Chow diet, CD) and high-fat high-sugar one (Western diet, WD). Genome sequences revealed an early and rapid selection during the breast-feeding period that selected the constitutive expression of the well-characterized lactose operon. E. coli was lost significantly more in CD than WD, however, we could not detect any genomic signature of selection, nor any diet specificities during the later part of the experiments. The apparently neutral evolution presumably due to low population size maintained nevertheless at high frequency the early selected mutations affecting lactose regulation. The rapid loss of lactose operon regulation challenges the idea that plastic gene expression is both optimal and stable in the wild.

opencc-zeroJul 2019View details →

Figures 57-62. Male genitalia and aedeagi. 57 in Classification, natural history, and evolution of the subfamily Peloniinae Opitz (Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Cleridae). Part VIII. Systematics of the checkered beetle genus Chariessa Perty

Figures 57-62. Male genitalia and aedeagi. 57) Chariessa catalina. 58) C. dichroa. 59) C. duponti. 60) C. elegans. 61) C. floridana. 62) C. pilosa.

Figures 49-52 in Classification, natural history, and evolution of the subfamily Peloniinae Opitz (Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Cleridae). Part VIII. Systematics of the checkered beetle genus Chariessa Perty

Figures 49-52. Habitus of Chariessa spp. 49) Chariessa texana. 50) C. texana. 51) C. vestita. 52) C. pilosa/texana hybrid.

Figures 30-35. Pronota and elytra. 30-31. Pronota. 30 in Classification, natural history, and evolution of the subfamily Peloniinae Opitz (Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Cleridae). Part VIII. Systematics of the checkered beetle genus Chariessa Perty

Figures 30-35. Pronota and elytra. 30-31. Pronota. 30) Chariessa floridana. 31) C. pilosa. 32-35. Elytra. 32) C. ramicornis. 33) C. texana. 34) C. pilosa. 35) Pelonium lampyroides.

Figures 45-48 in Classification, natural history, and evolution of the subfamily Peloniinae Opitz (Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Cleridae). Part VIII. Systematics of the checkered beetle genus Chariessa Perty

Figures 45-48. Habitus of Chariessa spp. 45) Chariessa floridana. 46) C. pilosa. 47) C. pilosa. 48) C. ramicornis.

Figures 1-18 in Classification, natural history, and evolution of the subfamily Peloniinae Opitz (Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Cleridae). Part VIII. Systematics of the checkered beetle genus Chariessa Perty

Figures 1-18. Antennae of Chariessa spp. 1) Chariessa duponti (male). 2) C. duponti (female). 3) C. floridana (male). 4) C. floridana (female). 5) C. catalina (male). 6) C. catalina (female). 7) C. elegans (male). 8) C. elegans (female). 9) C. texana (male). 10) C. dichroa (male). 11) C. dichroa (female). 12) C. pilosa (male). 13) C. pilosa (female). 14) C. ramicornis (male). 15) C. ramicornis (female). 16) C. vestita (male). 17) C. vestita (female). 18) C. texana (female).

Figures 21-29 in Classification, natural history, and evolution of the subfamily Peloniinae Opitz (Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Cleridae). Part VIII. Systematics of the checkered beetle genus Chariessa Perty

Figures 21-29. Pronota of Chariessa spp. 21) Chariessa catalina. 22) C. elegans. 23) C. ramicornis. 24) C. duponti. 25) C. floridana. 26) C. texana. 27) C. dichroa. 28) C. pilosa. 29) C. vestita.

Figures 53-56 in Classification, natural history, and evolution of the subfamily Peloniinae Opitz (Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Cleridae). Part VIII. Systematics of the checkered beetle genus Chariessa Perty

Figures 53-56. Habitus of Chariessa spp. 53) Chariessa catalina. 54) C. dichroa. 55) C. duponti. 56) C. elegans.

opennotspecifiedJan 2009View details →

Figure 1 in On the natural history of Leptodactylus syphax with comments on the evolution of reproductive features in the L. pentadactylus species group (Anura, Leptodactylidae)

Figure 1. An amplectant pair of Leptodactylus syphax building a foam nest; male 72.7 mm snout–vent length and female 74.3 mm snout–vent length. Caldas Novas, Goiás.

opennotspecifiedJan 2009View details →

Figure 2. A in On the natural history of Leptodactylus syphax with comments on the evolution of reproductive features in the L. pentadactylus species group (Anura, Leptodactylidae)

Figure 2. A hypothesis on the distribution of major reproductive features for selected species of the Leptodactylus pentadactylus group (sensu Heyer 1979, 2005). This composed phylogeny is based on the literature (Heyer 1979, 1995; Maxson and Heyer 1988; Larson and de Sá 1998; Ponssa 2008). Features are represented by letters (literature hypotheses) or numbers (our hypotheses; see Discussion): a, nestling tadpoles can make foam; b, association with rocky/ lotic habitats, large mouthed tadpoles; c, semi-terrestrial tadpoles with depressed bodies and shallow tailed fins; d, carnivorous tadpoles (long muscular tail, frontal mouth); 1, excavated basins; 2, male foam-beating like windscreen wiper actions; 3, trophic eggs and nest oophagy; 4, post-nestling predatory/oophagous tadpoles (i.e. ability of taking eggs from heterospecific foam nests); 5, large-sized adults; 6, total tadpole development within the nest; 7, maternal care.

Figs. 7–16. Lasiodera rufipes. 7 in Classification, Natural History, and Evolution of the Subfamily Peloniinae (Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Cleridae). Part XII. Taxonomic Revision of the South American Genus Lasiodera Gray

Figs. 7–16. Lasiodera rufipes. 7) Labrum; 8) Mandible; 9) Maxilla; 10) Tegmen; 11) Phallus; 12) Labium; 13) Metendosternite; 14) Spicular fork; 15) Proventricular valve; 16) Metathoracic wing.