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642 results for “ornaments”
Fig. 1 in First report on the occurrence of two marine ornamental fishes (Acanthuriformes) from Northern part of the Bay of Bengal, India
Fig. 1 — Acanthurus xanthopterus Valenciennes, 1835
Data from: Phenotypic selection on an ornamental trait is not modulated by breeding density in a pied flycatcher population
<p>Most studies of phenotypic selection in the wild have focused on morphological and life-history traits and looked at abiotic (climatic) variation as the main driver of selection. Consequently, our knowledge of the effects of biotic environmental variation on phenotypic selection on sexual traits is scarce. Population density can be considered a proxy for the intensity of intra- and inter-sexual competition and could therefore be a key factor influencing the covariation between individual fitness and the expression of sexual traits. Here, we used an individual-based data set from a population of pied flycatchers (<em>Ficedula hypoleuca</em>) monitored over 24 years to analyse the effect of breeding density on phenotypic selection on dorsal plumage colouration, a heritable and sexually selected ornament in males of this species. Using the number of recruits as a fitness proxy, our results show overall stabilizing selection on male dorsal colouration, with intermediate phenotypes being favoured over extremely dark and dull individuals. However, our results did not support the hypothesis that breeding density mediates phenotypic selection on this sexual trait. We discuss the possible role of other biotic factors influencing selection on ornamental plumage.</p>
Data from: Sexual color ornamentation, microhabitat choice, and thermal physiology in the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis)
<p>Common wall lizards (<em>Podarcis muralis</em>) in Italy show a striking variation in body coloration across the landscape, with highly exaggerated black and green colors in hot and dry climates and brown and white colors in cool and wet climates. Males are more intensely colored than females, and previous work has suggested that the maintenance of variation in coloration across the landscape reflects climatic effects on the strength of male–male competition, and through this sexual selection. However climatic effects on the intensity of male–male competition would need to be exceptionally strong to fully explain the geographic patterns of color variation. Thus, additional processes may contribute to the maintenance of color variation. Here we test the hypothesis that selection for green and black ornamentation in the context of male–male competition is opposed by selection against ornamentation because the genes involved in the regulation of coloration have pleiotropic effects on thermal physiology, such that ornamentation is selected against in cool climates. Field observations revealed no association between body coloration and microhabitat use or field active body temperatures. Consistent with these field data, lizards at the extreme ends of the phenotypic distribution for body coloration did not show any differences in critical minimum temperature, preferred body temperature, temperature‐dependent metabolic rate, or evaporative water loss when tested in the laboratory. Combined, these results provide no evidence that genes that underlie sexual ornamentation are selected against in cool climate because of pleiotropic effects on thermal biology.</p>
FIGURE 1 in Diversity of Loricariidae (Actinopterygii: Siluriformes) assemblages in two Conservation Areas of the Middle Xingu River, Brazilian Amazon, and their suitability for sustainable ornamental fisheries
FIGURE 1 | Map of the collection areas in the Xingu and Iriri River Extractive Reserves.
Data from: More than meets the eye? the role of annual ornamental flowers in supporting pollinators
<p>Ornamental flowers are commonly planted in urban and suburban areas to provide foraging resources for pollinator populations. However, their role in supporting broad pollinator biodiversity is not well established as previous studies have been conducted in urban landscapes with pollinator communities that are distinct from those in natural systems. We observed pollinator visitation patterns to five ornamental annual plant genera and their cultivars over multiple years at two semi-natural sites in Pennsylvania to understand their potential for supporting diverse pollinator communities. There was significant variation in visitor abundance and diversity by season and year for many annual ornamental cultivars. Within some genera, cultivars had similar visitor abundance, diversity, and main visitor taxa, while cultivars in other genera varied greatly in these measures. We observed only polylectic (pollen generalist) bee species visiting annual ornamentals, despite the presence of oligolectic (pollen specialist) bee species in the background population. We conclude that the attractiveness of annual ornamental plants likely depends on both cultivar characteristics and environmental context. While their role in supporting complex pollinator populations is limited both based on the number of and dietary breadth of the species they support, ornamental plants may nonetheless provide long-lasting supplemental foraging resources for the generalist pollinator communities characteristic of urban and suburban environments.</p>
Male-like ornamentation in female hummingbirds results from social harassment rather than sexual selection DATA_CODE
<p>Contains all relevant data and code for analyses and figures used in "Male-like ornamentation in female hummingbirds results from social harassment rather than sexual selection" by Jay J. Falk, Michael S. Webster, and Dustin R. Rubenstein. Current Biology, 2021. </p>
Fig. 1 in Trade in nautilus and other large marine molluscs as ornaments and decorations in Bali, Indonesia
Fig. 1. Towns and routes surveyed for the trade in marine shells in Bali, Indonesia, in July 2014.
Social and abiotic factors differentially affect plumage ornamentation of young and old males in an Australian songbird
<p>Both abiotic environmental conditions and variation in social environment are known to impact the acquisition of sexual signals. However, the influences of abiotic environmental and social factors are rarely compared to each other. Here we test the relative importance of these factors in determining whether and when male red-backed fairywrens (<i>Malurus melanocephalus</i>) moult into a known sexual signal, ornamented breeding plumage. One-year-old male red-backed fairywrens vary in whether or not they acquire ornamentation, whereas males age two and older vary in their timing of ornament acquisition. It is unclear whether these processes are determined by the same or different factors and we examine both events using a combination of long-term breeding records and non-breeding social networks. We found that one-year-old males that paired prior to the start of the breeding season were more likely to acquire ornamented plumage, but rainfall did not influence whether one-year-old males acquired ornamented plumage. Thus, for young individuals, social cues appear to play a larger role than abiotic environmental factors in determining ornament acquisition. For older males, timing of ornamented plumage acquisition was constrained by rainfall, with drier non-breeding seasons leading to poorer physiological condition and later moult dates. Thus, sexual signal variation in older males appears to be a condition-dependent trait, driven by abiotic environmental and physiological factors rather than social cues. These findings reveal that factors influencing sexual signal expression can vary with age when age classes exhibit different forms of signal variation. Our results suggest that social environment may drive sexual signal variation in young individuals, whereas abiotic environmental variation may drive sexual signal variation in older individuals.</p>
Selection experiment on guppy ornamental traits
<p><span>Female preferences for male ornamental traits can arise from indirect benefits, such as increased attractiveness or better viability of progeny, but empirical evidence for such benefits is inconsistent. Artificial selection offers a powerful way to investigate indirect effects of male ornaments. Here, we selected for the area of orange spots on male guppies, a trait subject to female preferences in our population, in replicated up- and down-selected lines. We found a significant direct response to selection, and a correlated response in female preferences, with females from down-selected lines showing less interest in more orange males. Nevertheless, up-selected males sired more offspring in direct competition with low-selected males, irrespective of female origin. We did not find a significantly correlated response to selection among any other fitness correlates we measured. Our results imply that female preferences for orange spots can lead to increased reproductive success of their sons, with no effect on general viability of progeny. Furthermore, while we demonstrate that female preferences may evolve via linkage disequilibrium with the preferred trait, the potential for runaway selection by positive feedback may be constrained by the lack of corresponding linkage with male reproductive competitiveness.</span></p>
Simulated data for: Long-term persistence of exaggerated ornaments under Fisherian runaway despite costly mate search
<p><span>This repository contains simulated datasets relating to:</span></p> <p><span>Anna Waffender, Jonathan M. Henshaw</span></p> <p><span>"Long-term persistence of </span><span>exaggerated ornaments under Fisherian runaway despite costly mate search"</span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span>We simulate the evolution of male ornaments and female preferences under Fisherian runaway. We include costly mate search effort, reducing female fecundity. </span></p> <p><span>Datasets are organized into CSV files named after the corresponding figure in the publication. For further information see the publication and the file README.md in this repository.</span></p>
Ornamented species incur higher male mortality in the larval stage
<p>Life-cycle stages are not always capable of evolving independently from each other, but it remains unclear if evolving to meet the demands of one stage actually imposes costs on other stages. Male ornamentation is a useful trait in which to test this potential evolutionary constraint because ornaments improve reproduction in the adult stage but can require the expression of risky traits in the juvenile stage. Here, I compared larval mortality between populations of ornamented and non-ornamented dragonfly species. Since males produce more exaggerated melanin wing ornaments than females, I tested if larval mortality of males is higher in populations of species that have evolved adult male wing ornamentation. My analyses reveal larval mortality is more male-biased in species that have evolved male ornamentation. These findings indicate that evolving to optimize mating for the adult stage imposes a cost to survival in the larval stage. Thus, this study reveals that evolution in one life-cycle stage can shape fitness differences in other stages over macroevolutionary timescales.</p>
Data for: Size rather than complexity of sexual ornaments prolongs male metamorphosis and explains sexual size dimorphism in sepsid flies
<p><span>Male sexual ornaments often evolve rapidly and are thought to be costly, thus contributing to sexual size dimorphism. However, little is known about their developmental costs, and even less about costs associated with structural complexity. Here, we quantified the size and complexity of three morphologically elaborate sexually dimorphic male ornaments that starkly differ across sepsid fly species (Diptera: Sepsidae). Male forelegs range from being unmodified, like in most females, to being adorned with spines and large cuticular protrusions. The 4th abdominal sternites are either unmodified or are converted into complex de novo appendages. Male genital claspers range from small and simple to large and complex (e.g. bifurcated). </span><span>We tracked the development of 18 sepsid species from egg to adult to determine larval feeding and pupal metamorphosis times of both sexes. We then statistically explored whether pupal and adult body size, ornament size, and/or ornament complexity are correlated with sex-specific development times. Larval growth and foraging periods of male and female larvae did not differ, but the time spent in the pupal stage was ca. 5% longer for sepsid males despite emerging 9% smaller than females on average. Surprisingly, we found no evidence that sexual trait complexity prolongs pupal development beyond some effects of trait size. </span><span>Evolving more complex traits thus does not incur developmental costs.</span></p>
Data from: Peacock spiders prefer image statistics of average natural scenes over those of male ornamentation
<p><span>The origins of preferences that drive the evolution of arbitrary sexual signals have been hotly debated for over 150 years. An emerging but little-tested theory, efficient coding theory, proposes that male visual courtship displays are adapted to pre-existing processing biases shaped by the statistical properties of the natural environment. Natural scenes show strong spatial correlations with average amplitudes of spatial frequencies falling with an average spectral slope of -1, and humans have been shown to prefer </span><span>random amplitude spectrum images that possess similar slopes.</span><span> It has been proposed that other animals may also prefer the statistics of their natural environment and that this preference drives the evolution of sexual signaling displays</span><span>. Here, we measure the spectral slope of the male display pattern of the Australian peacock jumping spider <em>Maratus</em> <em>spicatus</em> and test for a general preference towards that slope. We present spiders (male, female and juvenile) with random images of the male slope of -1.7 compared to a) a shallower slope of -1.0 and b) a steeper slope of -2.3. Spiders spent more time oriented towards the shallower slope than towards the male slope and spent the same amount of time oriented towards the male slope and the steeper slope. Our results indicate that spiders, like humans, prefer the average natural slope of -1, suggesting that this is likely the slope typically found in their natural habitat. Rather than exploiting a potential processing bias, it seems that males have evolved slopes that contrast with the visual background to enhance conspicuousness.</span></p>
X chromosome drive is constrained by sexual selection and influences ornament evolution
<p>Experimental evolution provides an integrative method for revealing complex interactions among evolutionary processes. One such interaction involves sex-linked selfish genetic elements and sexual selection. X-linked segregation distorters, a type of selfish genetic element, influence sperm transmission to increase in frequency and consequently alter the population sex ratio and the opportunity for sexual selection, while sexual selection may impact the spread of X-linked distorters. Here we manipulated sexual selection by controlling female mating opportunities and the presence of a distorting X chromosome in experimental lines of the stalk-eyed fly, Teleopsis dalmanni , over 11 generations . We find that removal of sexual selection leads to an increase in the frequency of the X-linked distorter and sex ratio across generations and that post-copulatory sexual selection alone is sufficient to limit the frequency of distorters. In addition, we find that male eyestalk length, a trait under pre-copulatory sexual selection, evolves in response to changes in the strength of sexual selection with the magnitude of the response dependent on X chromosome type and the frequency of distorting X chromosomes. These results reveal how a selfish X can interact with sexual selection to influence the evolution of sexually selected traits in multiple ways.</p>
Wooden ornament on door of old furniture
Made with nikon D90 from 19 photos and processed with agisoft photoscan. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Ornamental stove door from the house of Kluger
Full name: **Ornamental cast-iron stove door from the house of Szymon Kluger in Oświęcim, Poland** Ornamental cast-iron stove door from the house of Szymon Kluger in Oświęcim, preserved before the 2013-14 renovation of the building. At present, part of the interior design of Café Bergson, run by the [Auschwitz Jewish Cente](https://ajcf.pl/en/) (AJC). Built in the late 19th century/early 20th century, the Kluger Family House changed hands over time and was consecutively owned by the Wulkan, Leser, and Teichner families. In 1928, it came into the possession of Bernard Teichman and his daughter Fryda Kluger. **For more images and further information, visit:** https://muzea.malopolska.pl/en/objects-list/3012 Inventory number: MZ-417-O Localisation of the physical object: Auschwitz Jewish Center, Oświęcim, Poland **Digitalisation: Regional Digitalisation Lab, Małopolska Institute of Culture in Kraków, Poland; "Virtual Museums of Małopolska" project** Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Needle's Eye folly, ornamental urn
The ornamental urn on top of a 45ft high sandstone pyramid with a Gothic ogee arch straddling a former access road from Wentworth Woodhouse (South Yorkshire, UK) northwards towards Pontefract and York racecourses. It was built in the mid-18th Century, allegedly to win a bet after the 1st Marquis claimed he could drive a coach and horses through the eye of a needle! https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1314588 The model was created from 185 aerial photographs. Thanks to The Fitzwilliam Wentworth Estate for granting permission to fly on their property. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Carved Ornament/ Net weight
This carved stone artifact with lines and grooves is similar to other fishing net weights found in this part of the state, and may well have functioned as one, though the incised lines suggest it may have alternatively been worn as an ornament or pendant. It is made out of a soft type of rock called soapstone, or steatite. It was probably originally part of a carved stone bowl and repurposed when the bowl broke. This artifact was found at a multi-component site (31WA2199) in eastern Wake County, NC. It measures 3.3 cm long, 1.9 cm wide, and 1.15 cm thick and weighs 14 grams. This model was constructed by David Cranford with 65 photos using the Agisoft Metashape software. (Credit: NCDNCR/OSA) Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Data from: Loss of pigments in females is associated with sexual dichromatism in an ornamental trait
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: female preference for super-sized male ornaments and its implications for the evolution of ornament allometry
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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