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Figure 7 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 7. Phylogenetic relationships within populations and species of the genus Hemicycliophora as inferred from Bayesian analysis using the D2-D3 of the 28S rRNA gene sequence data set with the general time reversible substitution model with estimation of invariant sites and assuming a gamma distribution with four categories. Posterior probabilities of over 70% are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are indicated in bold.

Figure 5 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 5. Photomicrographs of specimens of a Spanish population of Hemicycliophora obtusa Thorne, 1955. A, entire female body; B, female pharyngeal region; C, female anterior region; D, detail of lateral field; E, F, vulval and tail regions; G, pharyngeal region of pre-adult male showing absence of stylet; H, I, detail of spicules and bursa of pre-adult male. Scale bars: A = 100 μm; B, C, E–I = 20 μm; D = 10 μm.

Figure 3 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 3. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of specimens of populations of selected Hemicycliophora species. A–D, lip region; E–L, lateral field. A, Hemicycliophora wyei (North Carolina, USA) (CD683); B, Hemicycliophora poranga (California, USA) (CD714); C, Hemicycliophora sp. 3 (Arizona, USA) (CD715); D, Hemicycliophora californica (California, USA) (CD826B); E, Hemicycliophora gracilis (California, USA) (CD45); F, H. wyei (North Carolina, USA) (CD679); G, H. californica (CD826B); H, H. wyei (CD683); I, H. poranga (CD714); J, Hemicycliophora sp. 3 (CD715); K, Hemicycliophora sp. 4 (North Carolina, USA) (CD675); L, H. californica CD826B). Scale bars: A–C, E, G–J, L = 5 μm; D = 2 μm; F, K = 10 μm.

Figure 2 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 2. Photomicrographs of specimens of populations of selected Hemicycliophora species. A–E, anterior region; F–J, lateral field: K–O, posterior region. A, F, K, Hemicycliophora floridensis (topotype, Florida, USA); B, G, L, Hemicycliophora poranga (California, USA); C, H, M, Hemicycliophora sp. 11 (Florida, USA), D, I, N, Hemicycliophora sp. 4 (North Carolina, USA); E, J, O, Hemicycliophora wyei (North Carolina, USA). Scale bars: A–E, K–O = 10 μm; F–J = 5 μm.

Figure 4 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 4. Photomicrographs of specimens of a new Spanish population of Hemicycliophora iberica Castillo et al., 1989. A, entire female body; B, female pharyngeal region; C, female anterior region; D, posterior region; E, detail of lateral field; F–I, female tail tips. Scale bars: A = 100 μm; B–D, F–I = 20 μm; E = 10 μm. ep, excretory pore.

Figure 1 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 1. Photomicrographs of specimens of populations of selected Hemicycliophora species. A–F, anterior region; G–L, lateral field; M–R, posterior region. A, G, M, Hemicycliophora conida (Washington State, USA); B, H, N, Hemicycliophora sp. 3 (Arizona, USA); C, I, O, Hemicycliophora sp. 8 (California, USA); D, J, P, Hemicycliophora raskii (California, USA); E, K, Q, Hemicycliophora sp. 10 (California, USA); F, L, R, Hemicycliophora californica (California, USA). Scale bars: A–F, M–R = 10 μm; G–L = 5 μm.

Figure 8 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 8. Phylogenetic relationships within populations and species of the genus Hemicycliophora as inferred from Bayesian analysis using the internal transcribed spacer rRNA gene sequence data set with the general time reversible substitution model with estimation of invariant sites and assuming a gamma distribution with four categories. Posterior probabilities of over 70% are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are indicated in bold.

Fig. 4 in Effect of a Parasitic Nematode,Chondronema passaliLeidy (Incertae sedis), on the Size and Strength of the Horned Passalus,Odontotaenius disjunctusIlliger (Coleoptera: Passalidae)

Fig. 4. Average body mass of male (M) and female (F) Odontotaenius disjunctus from Athens and Savannah, Georgia, USA. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.

Fig. 1 in Effect of a Parasitic Nematode,Chondronema passaliLeidy (Incertae sedis), on the Size and Strength of the Horned Passalus,Odontotaenius disjunctusIlliger (Coleoptera: Passalidae)

Fig. 1. The horned passalus, Odontotaenius disjunctus (A), and a larval Chondronema passali (B) taken from the body cavity of a beetle.

Fig. 3 in Effect of a Parasitic Nematode,Chondronema passaliLeidy (Incertae sedis), on the Size and Strength of the Horned Passalus,Odontotaenius disjunctusIlliger (Coleoptera: Passalidae)

Fig. 3. Average body mass of male and female Odontotaenius disjunctus with and without infections of Chondronema passali. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Beetles were collected in Athens (n = 40) and Savannah (n = 52), Georgia, USA.

Fig. 2 in Effect of a Parasitic Nematode,Chondronema passaliLeidy (Incertae sedis), on the Size and Strength of the Horned Passalus,Odontotaenius disjunctusIlliger (Coleoptera: Passalidae)

Fig. 2. Schematic of the apparatus used to measure pulling strength of Odontotaenius disjunctus in this study.

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Nematode parasites of rockfish (Sebastes spp.) and cod (Gadus spp.) from waters near Kodiak Island Alaska, USA

<p>Distribution and abundance of common parasitic nematodes in marine fishes is not well documented in many geographic regions. Understanding the influence of large-scale environmental changes on infection rates of fish by nematodes requires quantitative assessments of parasite abundance for multiple host species. We collected samples of two species of cod and eight species of rockfish (total of 232 specimens) from waters near Kodiak Island, Alaska, USA during Spring and Summer of 2015, and dissected and recorded all internal nematode parasites. We quantified the prevalence and intensity of nematode parasites in the ten host species, and tested for differences in prevalence among host species. We found three species of nematode: Anisakis simplex, sensu lato (Van Thiel), Pseudoterranova decipiens, sensu lato (Krabbe), and Hysterothylacium sp. (Ward and Magath). Eighty-two percent of the examined fish were infected with at least one parasitic nematode. The overall prevalence of P. decipiens, A. simplex, and Hysterothylacium sp. was 56%, 62%, and 2%, respectively. Anisakis simplex and P. decipiens were abundant and present in all ten species of host fish examined, whereas Hysterothylacium sp. was rare and found in only five of the host fish species. Prevalence and mean intensity of P. decipiens and A. simplex varied across the ten host species, and the number of parasites varied substantially among individual hosts within host species. The mean intensity of P. terranova and A. simplex in our study was substantially higher than the mean intensity for these same species from multiple other locations in a recent meta-analysis. This study provides a baseline of nematode parasite abundance in long-lived fish in waters near Kodiak Island, AK, and fills an important gap in our quantitative understanding of patterns of occurrence and abundance of these common and widespread parasites of marine fish.</p>

FIGURE 24. Mirzaiella asiatica Basir, 1942 in Nematode parasites of invertebrates from Manipur, North East India (Diagnosis, keys and illustration)

FIGURE 24. Mirzaiella asiatica Basir, 1942: A—Female anterior end, B—Female posterior end (lateral view), C—Female cephalicd end, D—Male anterior end, E—Male posterior end (lateral view), F—Male cephalic end, G—Male posterior end (ventral view), H—Eggs (Shah, 2008).

FIGURE 23 in Nematode parasites of invertebrates from Manipur, North East India (Diagnosis, keys and illustration)

FIGURE 23. Photomicrographs of Chitwoodiella longicardia Shah, 2008: A—Female entire (lateral view), B—Female anterior end showing prominent annulations in cervical region and in buccal cavity, C—Female oesophageal bulb and intestine showing modified cardia, D—Magnified and cut-open view of female oesophagus showing corpus, nerve ring, bulb and modified & elongated cardia, E—Eggs showing egg filaments joining one another, F—Male entire (lateral view), G—Male posterior end (ventral view).

FIGURE 21 in Nematode parasites of invertebrates from Manipur, North East India (Diagnosis, keys and illustration)

FIGURE 21. Photomicrographs of Binema mirzaia Basir, 1942 (A–F) and Binema anulinervus Shah & Rizvi,2004 (G–K): A—Female cephalic annulation, B—Female gonads, C—Entire male (Lateral view), D—Male posterior end showing spicule and papillae, E—Eggs (internal), F—Eggs (outer shell), G—Male entire (Lateral view), H—Male posterior end showing papillae (ventral view), Portion of female oesophagus showing ring like structure in the middle of Isthmus, J—Female gonads (Lateral view), K—Eggs.

FIGURE 22. Chitwoodiella longicardia Shah, 2008 in Nematode parasites of invertebrates from Manipur, North East India (Diagnosis, keys and illustration)

FIGURE 22. Chitwoodiella longicardia Shah, 2008: A—Female anterior end, B—Female vulval region, C—Female posterior end (lateral view), D—Female cephalic end, E—Male cephalic end, F—Male oesophageal region, G— Male posterior end (lateral view under different focuses), H—Male posterior end (ventral view), I— Eggs

FIGURE 17. Binema korsakowi Sergiev, 1923 in Nematode parasites of invertebrates from Manipur, North East India (Diagnosis, keys and illustration)

FIGURE 17. Binema korsakowi Sergiev, 1923: A—Female anterior end (lateral view), B—Female vulval region (lateral view), C—Female posterior end (lateral view), D—Male cephalic end (lateral view), E—Male anterior end (lateral view), F— Male posterior end (lateral view), G—Female cephalic end (lateral view), H— Spicule (lateral view), I—Eggs (Shah & Rizvi, 2004).

FIGURE 15 in Nematode parasites of invertebrates from Manipur, North East India (Diagnosis, keys and illustration)

FIGURE 15. Hammerschmidtiella diesingi (Hammerschmidt, 1838) Chitwood, 1932: A—Female anterior end, B—Female cephalic end, C—Female posterior end (lateral view), D—Female tail tip showing cap—like structure, E—Male anterior end, F—Male posterior end (ventral view), G—Male posterior end (lateral view), H—Eggs (Shah, 2007).

FIGURE 12 in Nematode parasites of invertebrates from Manipur, North East India (Diagnosis, keys and illustration)

FIGURE 12. Gryllophila skrjabini (Sergiev, 1923) Basir, 1956: A—Female anterior end, B—Female posterior end (lateral view), C—Female cephalic end, D—Male anterior end, E—Male posterior end (lateral view), F—Male cephalic end, G—Spicule (lateral view), H—Spicule (ventral view), I—Eggs (Shah, 2007)

FIGURE 18 in Nematode parasites of invertebrates from Manipur, North East India (Diagnosis, keys and illustration)

FIGURE 18. Photomicrographs of Binema ornata Travassos, 1925 (A–F) and Binema korsakowi Sergiev, 1923 (G—K): A— Female anterior portion showing, excretory pore, B—Female gonads, C—Female cephalic structure, D—Entire male (lateral view), E—Male posterior end showing spicule and papillae, F—Eggs; G—Female excretory pore, H—Female gonads, I— Entire male (lateral view), J—Male posterior end showing spicule and papillae, K—Eggs (Shah & Rizvi, 2004).