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342 results for “plant productivity”
Data from: Livestock activity increases exotic plant richness, but wildlife increases native richness, with stronger effects under low productivity
1.Grazing by domestic livestock is one of the most widespread land uses worldwide, particularly in rangelands, where it co-occurs with grazing by wild herbivores. Grazing effects on plant diversity are likely to depend on intensity of grazing, herbivore type, coevolution with plants and prevailing environmental conditions. 2.We collected data on climate, plant productivity, soil properties, grazing intensity and herbivore type; and measured their effects on plant species richness from 451 sites across 0.4 M km2 of semi-arid rangelands in eastern Australia. We used structural equation modelling to examine the direct and indirect effects of increasing grazing intensity by different herbivores (cattle, sheep, kangaroos, rabbits) on native and exotic plant species richness across all sites, and in subsets focusing on three woodland communities spanning a gradient in productivity. 3.Direct effects of grazing by all herbivores were strongest under low productivity but waned with increasing productivity. Increases in the intensity of recent and historic livestock grazing corresponded with greater exotic plant richness under low productivity and less native plant richness under both low and moderate productivity. Rabbit effects were greatest under moderate productivity. Overall effects of kangaroos were benign. Grazing indirectly affected native and exotic plant richness by increasing soil phosphorus and reducing soil health (i.e., nutrient cycling). 4.Synthesis and applications. Our study shows that livestock grazing increases exotic species richness but reduces native richness, while kangaroo grazing increases native richness in environments with low productivity. The results provide clear messages for land managers and policy makers: (1) the coexistence of livestock grazing and plant diversity is only possible within more productive environments and (2) grazing under low or moderate productivity will impact upon native and exotic plant richness.
Data from: Quantifying the importance of functional traits for primary production in aquatic plant communities
1. Aquatic plant meadows are important coastal habitats that sustain many ecosystem functions such as primary production and carbon sequestration. Currently, there is a knowledge gap in understanding which plant functional traits e.g. leaf size or plant height underlie primary production in aquatic plant communities. 2. To study how plant traits are related to primary production, we conducted a field survey in the Baltic Sea, Finland, which is characterized by high plant species and functional diversity. 30 sites along an exposure gradient were sampled (150 plots) and nine plant morphological and chemical traits measured. The aim was to discern how community-weighted mean traits affect community production and whether this relationship changes along an environmental gradient using structural equation modelling (SEM). 3. Plant height had a direct positive effect on production along the exposure gradient (r = 0.33) and indirect effects through two leaf chemical traits, Leaf δ15N and Leaf δ13C (r = 0.24 and 0.18 respectively) resulting in a total effect of 0.28. In plant communities experiencing varying exposure, traits such as root N concentration and leaf δ15N had positive and negative effects on production, respectively. 4. Synthesis: Our results demonstrate that the relationship between plant functional traits and community production is variable and changes over environmental gradients. Plant height generally has a positive effect on community production along an exposure gradient, while the link between other traits and production changes in plant communities experiencing varying degrees of exposure. Thus, the underlying biological mechanisms influencing production differ in plant communities, emphasizing the need to resolve variability and its drivers in real-world communities. Importantly, functionally diverse plant communities sustain ecosystem functioning differently and highlight the importance of benthic diversity for coastal ecosystem stability.
Disentangling direct and indirect effects of habitat fragmentation on wild plants' pollinator visits and seed production
<p>Habitat fragmentation threatens plant and pollinator communities, as well as their interactions. However, the effects of landscape fragmentation on the pollination of wild plant species are not well-understood yet, partly because in fragmented landscapes there are many correlated features (e.g. decreased patch size, increased isolation and patch complexity) whose influences are difficult to disentangle. Using a SEM approach, we assessed the direct and indirect effects of landscape fragmentation (patch size, isolation and complexity, percentage of surrounding forest) on the abundance, functional-group richness and evenness of pollinators of 24 habitat fragments within an agricultural landscape in Southern Norway. In addition, we studied how these variables affected visitation rates (visits/flower) and seed production (seed set, seed weight) in the four most abundant plant species in the area. Flower abundance was higher in larger and complex patches and decreased with the percentage of forest in the surroundings, while flower richness increased with patch complexity. We found a direct negative relationship between patch complexity and the overall number of pollinator visits that the habitat fragments received. Apart from this direct landscape effect, pollinator visits were mostly affected by the floral communities, with overall flower abundance and richness increasing both total number of pollinator visits and pollinator-group richness, and flower richness having an additional negative influence on pollinator-group evenness. Interestingly, we did not find any direct link between visitation rates and reproductive success for any of the study plant species. Instead, several landscape variables directly affected species seed production, although the effects of landscape on seed production were highly species-specific. Patch complexity, had a negative effect on seed production in two of the four focal species, while other components of the landscape had species-specific effects. Increasing fragmentation of agricultural landscapes affects pollination interactions at the community level and the reproduction of wild plants. However, understanding the effects of fragmentation on seed production requires going beyond estimating visitation rates, since landscape effects on plant reproduction are not always related to overall interaction frequencies.</p>
Data from: Exotic invasive plants increase productivity, abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, and nitrogen availability in intermountain grasslands
1. Exotic plant invasion is often associated with dramatic increases in above-ground net primary productivity and soil nitrogen. However, most evidence for these increases comes from correlative studies of single species, leaving open the question of whether invasive plants drive these processes and if they are consistent among invaders. 2. We combined field surveys and measurements within experimental plantings to examine how plant productivity, soil nitrogen, and the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) change in response to invasions by four exotic species. 3. The relationship between plant productivity and soil nitrate differed among native and invasive species, suggesting a fundamental disparity in the effects of natives and invaders on ecosystem processes. In field surveys, dense patches of all invasive species had higher abundances of AOB than native-dominated sites. Three of the four invasive species had higher productivity, soil nitrate concentrations, and rates of potential nitrification as compared to nearby native-dominated communities. In our experimental plantings we found that two invasive species drove increases in soil nitrate and one invader caused increased productivity after a single season. 4. Synthesis:Our results highlight the importance of the N-cycling soil microbial community in how exotic invasive plants alter ecosystem function and show that shifts in function can occur rapidly.
FIGURES 15–16 in Thysanoptera intercepted in the Netherlands on plant products from Ethiopia, with description of two new species of the genus Thrips
FIGURES 15–16 Thrips dezeeuwi (15) tergite VIII and IX (16) tergite VIII, posteromedial 17–22 Thrips scotti (17) pronotum, right half (18) left forewing (19) meso- and metanotum (20) tergite II, right half (21) tergite VIII, right half (22) right tergite III and pleurotergite III, 23–26 Haplothrips biformis (23) right antenna (24) head, right anterior (25) right forewing (26) abdominal segment VII–X.
FIGURES 1–2 in Thysanoptera intercepted in the Netherlands on plant products from Ethiopia, with description of two new species of the genus Thrips
FIGURES 1–2 Anaphothrips latis (1) right antennal segments I-V (2) metanotum, 3–8 Thrips cacuminis (3) holotype body (4) head, dorsal, right ocular and ocellar region (5) pronotum (6) holotype metanotum (7) paratype meso- and metanotum (8) tergite VIII and IX, 9–15 Thrips dezeeuwi (9) holotype body (10) right antennal segments III–VIII (11) head, dorsal (12) Left forewing clavus (13) metanotum (14) metanotum, posteromedial.
Suspect and Nontarget Screening Reveal the Underestimated Risks of Antibiotic Transformation Products in Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents
<p>This repository is supplementary to the manuscript "Suspect and Nontarget Screening Reveal the Underestimated Risks of Antibiotic Transformation Products in Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents" (DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05008). This repository contains scripts of TPs collection and QSRR model as well the generated data set.</p><p>We compiled a suspect list of antibiotics containing 663 compounds. Corresponding suspect TPs were collected in silico with BioTransformer 3.0 and through a library search from PubChem data, which were both performed in batch mode using the patRoon 2.0 package. After merging results and removing duplicates, 88,823 TPs remained for suspect screening. Quantitative-structure retention relationship (QSRR) models were developed for the suspect antibiotics and TPs using target compounds to predict their retention times with the Retip package.</p>
STable 1. Planted area, harvested area, production, and crop productivity in District of Samudera, North Aceh, Indonesia.
<p>The data is presented in a table (STable 1. Planted area, harvested area, production, and crop productivity in District of Samudera, North Aceh, Indonesia.) as supplement of a manuscript in mdpi <em>Agronomy | Special Issue “Smallholder Agriculture: Where We Are and Pathways towards the Future” </em>journal.</p>
Changes in the direction of the diversity-productivity relationship over fifteen years of stand development in a planted temperate forest
<p>Experiments manipulating diversity in both forests and grasslands have often observed a positive diversity-productivity relationship (DPR) which tends to strengthen during plant community development. This pattern is generally attributed to an increase in niche complementarity or facilitation. Most analyses do not examine species dominance and density, which also change over time. Moreover, how neighbourhood scale interactions among tree species affect the DPR is not well understood.</p> <p>We analysed growth and mortality data from the Simplex experiment, a part of the BIOTREE tree diversity experiment. Simplex consists of 36 plots each planted with four common and commercially important tree species to create a gradient of tree species evenness at two tree densities (6667 and 3556 trees ha<sup>-1</sup>). We test whether: i) the effect of evenness on total aboveground biomass productivity increase with stand development (year), ii) the effect of evenness on productivity is stronger in dense plots; iii) intra-specific competition from neighbours negatively affect the growth of dominant species more strongly compared to co-dominant species, and whether this negative effect is stronger in denser plots.</p> <p>The direction of DPR was initially negative because the fast-growing long-lived pioneer Douglas fir (<em>Pseudotsuga menziesii</em> (Mirb.) Franco) dominated. However, with time, shade tolerant Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies </em>(L.) Karst.) and European beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica </em>L.) increased in abundance (by biomass), and the relationship between evenness and biomass increment changed from negative to positive in high-density plots. Neighbourhood analyses revealed that for Douglas fir and Norway spruce, conspecifics reduced individual growth rates across density levels and years.</p> <p>Synthesis: We observed a shift in the diversity-productivity relationship over 15 years in our experiment. Over time, increasing intraspecific competition limited the increment of the abundant Douglas fir in uneven plots, and a persistent increase in the abundance (by biomass) of shade tolerant Norway spruce and European beech in even plots led to a higher community biomass increment, which led to a positive DPR. Emergence of a positive DPR in temperate forest plantations requires significant time and is importantly promoted by diversity at the neighbourhood scale (intimate mixtures) as well as higher density planting.</p>
Increasing pollen production at high latitudes across animal-pollinated flowering plants
<p><span><b>Aim: </b>Plant reliance on animal mutualists is expected to decrease with latitude owing to increasing environmental instability. As a consequence, more erratic animal pollination in the temperate zones than in the tropics could translate into lower efficiency in pollen transfer, and thus increasing pollen wastage. Despite the relevance of this hypothesis for plant reproductive evolution, the implications of a proposed latitudinal gradient in pollinator reliability for pollen and ovule production, traits directly affecting seed siring and seed set, respectively, remain unresolved. </span></p> <p><span><b>Location: </b>Global.</span></p> <p><span><b>Time period:</b>1971-2020.</span></p> <p><span><b>Major taxa studied: </b>Angiospermae.</span></p> <p><span><b>Methods: </b>Based on a bibliographic survey and our own data, we collated a dataset with information on pollen production (P) and ovule number (O) per flower from 419 studies, including a total of 1392 animal-pollinated angiosperm species from 141 families distributed worldwide and sampled between the equator and 68.35<sup>o </sup>latitude. Using phylogenetic general linear mixed models, we investigated latitudinal variation in P and O. We also tested a latitudinal effect on several ancillary plant traits associated with a plant's mating system and pollinator specialization that might confound any latitudinal effect on gamete production. </span></p> <p><span><b>Results: </b>P but not O was positively associated with latitude, a trend that even became stronger after including the latitudinally-varying ancillary traits (i.e., growth form, flower size, flower symmetry and number of pollinator orders). The latitudinal effect on P was more pronounced among species producing large flowers, a trait that could be linked to self-incompatibility and thus outcrossing. A weak phylogenetic patterning of P also indicates high evolvability potential of this trait that can have an effect on both male and female plant fitness. </span></p> <p><span><b>Main conclusions: </b>Even though a latitudinal trend in pollinator reliability still awaits direct testing, the observed latitudinal increase in P across angiosperms can be interpreted as an evolutionary consequence of an increasingly unpredictable pollination environment.</span></p>
Data supplement to: Plant proxy evidence for high rainfall and productivity in the eocene of Australia
<p>During the early to middle Eocene, a mid-to-high latitudinal position and enhanced hydrological cycle in Australia would have contributed to a wetter and "greener" Australian continent where today arid to semi-arid climates dominate. Here, we revisit 12 Australian plant megafossil sites from the early to middle Eocene to generate temperature, precipitation and seasonality paleoclimate estimates, as well as net primary productivity (NPP) and vegetation type, based on paleobotanical proxies and compare to early Eocene global climate models. Temperature reconstructions are uniformly subtropical (mean annual, summer, and winter mean temperatures 19–21 °C, 25–27 °C and 14–16 °C, respectively). This indicates that southern Australia was ~5 °C warmer than today, despite a >20° poleward shift from its modern geographic location. Precipitation was less homogeneous than temperature, with mean annual precipitation of ~60 cm over inland sites and >100 cm over coastal sites. Precipitation may have been seasonal with the driest month receiving between 2–7× less precipitation as mean monthly precipitation. Proxy-model comparison is favorable with an 1680 ppm CO<sub>2</sub> concentration. However, individual proxy reconstructions can disagree with models as well as with each other. In particular, seasonality reconstructions have systemic offsets. NPP estimates were up to 1000 gC m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup> higher than modern, implying a more homogenously "green" Australian continent in the early to middle Eocene and larger carbon fluxes to and from the Australian biosphere. The most similar modern vegetation type is modern-day eastern Australian subtropical forest, although distance from coast and latitude may have led to vegetation heterogeneity.</p>
Diversity-conditioned soil strengthens plant diversity-productivity relationship
<p><span>How biodiversity affects terrestrial productivity is important to the maintenance of ecosystem services under global change. </span><span>Although the crucial role of plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) in determining diversity-productivity relationship has been increasingly recognized in recent years, its legacy effects on subsequent diversity-productivity relationship are still unclear.</span> </p> <p><span>We conducted a classic PSF experiment to assess how plant diversity-conditioned soils influenced subsequent plant diversity-productivity relationships, where three plant diversity levels (1, 4, and 8 species) were planted in soils conditioned at three diversity levels (conditioned by 1, 4, and 8 species for 3 years). In addition, to test the role of soil microbial diversity in mediating the effects of soil conditioning diversity</span><span>,</span><span> the three plant diversity levels were planted with</span><span> low, moderate, and high soil biodiversity created by a soil inoculum dilution.</span></p> <p><span>The results showed that plant productivities were promoted by mixed-conditioned soils (4 and 8 species) compared to mono-conditioned soils (1 species). Productivity was </span><span>positively related to </span><span>planted diversity</span><span> in mixed-conditioned soils, while</span><span> showing no relation to planted diversity in </span><span>mono-conditioned soils. Productivity was promoted by soil </span><span>biodiversity </span><span>when 4 and 8 species were mixed planted, while it did not change when 1 species was planted. </span></p> <p><span><em><strong>Synthesis and applications</strong></em>. </span><span>Our results highlight that</span> <span>PSF is crucial to strengthening the positive effects of biodiversity on productivity, implying that </span><span>diversifying cropping systems</span><span> should be encouraged in agroecosystem management to </span><span>benefit from</span><span> positive PSF effects.</span><span> The importance of soil legacy for optimizing plant productivity is particularly important for conditioning soils</span> <span>with an intermediate number of plant species</span><span>.</span></p>
Disentangling the effects of biomass and productivity in plant competition
<p>The relationship between competition and productivity in plant communities is unclear, likely due to (i) a confusion in the literature between productivity and biomass, (ii) the lack of studies assessing variation in competition in all combinations of biomass and productivity. We assessed the outcome of plant-plant interactions by removing neighbors around five focal species in 14 herbaceous communities with contrasting biomasses and productivities: meadows with high biomass and productivity, heathlands with high biomass and low productivity, understorey communities of deciduous forests with low biomass and high productivity and calcareous grasslands with low biomass and low productivity. Competition intensity was quantified with the relative interaction index (RII) calculated for both survival and growth of the transplanted targets assessed with the increase in leaf number. To examine which traits better explain variation in competition and what drives variation in diversity, we e also quantified litter decomposition rate, species composition and diversity and six morphological traits related to plant size and growth rate for eight dominant species of each community. Our main questions were: (i) is competition mostly related to biomass or productivity? (ii) which traits of the community dominants better explain variation in competition? (iii) is variation in competition and related-traits correlated with variation in diversity? Competition for survival significantly increased with increasing community biomass (but not productivity). In addition, competition for survival increased with the size traits and competitive effects of the dominant species of the communities, while diversity decreased. Competition for growth also increased with increasing productivity, but only for high biomass communities. Additionally, the increase in competition for growth with increasing soil fertility, as measured with litter decomposition rate, was only due to an increase in target growth in plots without neighbors and was unrelated to community competitive effects and species diversity. The results of our study illustrate how the confusion between productivity and biomass could have contributed to the longstanding debate on variation in competition along productivity gradients and its consequence for diversity.</p>
Drought-driven shifts in relationships between plant biodiversity and productivity in temperate steppes
<p>1. Drought events induced by global climate change strongly modify ecosystem structure and function in grasslands. Higher plant biodiversity can enhance ecosystem resistance to drought, however the potential effects of drought on the relationships between aboveground productivity (ANPP) and biodiversity along a natural aridity gradient remain poorly understood.</p> <p>2. Here, we studied the effects of experimental drought on plant community structure and ANPP during the two different dry years (2015 and 2017) spanning three temperate steppe sites with low, medium and high aridity levels. We also examined the effects of drought and aridity on the associations of plant species (richness and abundance), functional (community-weighted trait means and functional dispersion) and phylogenetic diversity (evolutionary lineages) with ANPP. A structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to elucidate how the drought affected ANPP by altering biodiversity attributes.</p> <p><span>3. </span><span>We found that experimental drought shaped the biodiversity-ANPP relationships, and the biodiversity-ANPP relationships differed among three sites. </span><span>A</span><span>t the </span><span>low aridity site, ANPP was correlated with plant functional traits, whereas ANPP was correlated with functional dispersion, species and phylogenetic diversity at the medium aridity site. At the high aridity site, ANPP was correlated with species richness, functional traits and phylogenetic diversity. As compared with 2015, natural drought in 2017 strengthened the associations of species diversity, functional dispersion, leaf dry matter content and leaf nitrogen content with ANPP across three sites. SEM further showed that both experimental and natural drought directly decreased ANPP, and indirectly decreased ANPP by reducing community-weighted mean of plant height. </span></p> <p><span>4. </span><span>Synthesis</span><span>. These results suggest that the aridity increase or drought occurrence is likely to induce the shifts in the associations of ANPP with species and functional diversity, highlighting the important role of water availability or precipitation conditions in regulating the biodiversity-ANPP</span><span> relationships in temperate steppes. Overall, functional trait related to plant size plays a crucial role in modulating the response of productivity to drought across three steppe sites. Thus, to buffer the negative effects of drought on steppe ANPP should pay attention to protect the species with large plant size.</span></p>
Plant responses to ramet density and herbivory under natural field conditions: Impacts on volatile organic compound emissions and seed production
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Data and RCode used in Andraczek et al. 2024: "Weak reciprocal relationships between productivity and plant biodiversity in managed grasslands"
<p>To study the causal effects between biodiversity and productivity we collected seasonal data (in spring and summer 2020 and 2021) of both biodiversity and productivity and potential confounding variables (environmental and land-use related variables) across 150 grassland sites all being part of the Biodiversity Exploratories project (https://www.biodiversity-exploratories.de/en/), specifically, within three regions in Germany (i.e. Schorfheide-Chorin, Swabian Alb and Hainich-Dün). This dataset comprises variables collected by the BEF-Loops project (funded by DFG: Nr. 433266560, Exploratories project phase Nr. PL 891/3-1) and other projects within the Biodiversity Exploratories.</p> <p>This upload contains the following files:</p> <ol> <li>ShortTerm.seasonal_20.10.23.csv: processed data containing temporal data on biodiversity, productivity and additional abiotic and biotic covariates</li> <li>Meta data.xlsx: Meta data file for processed data</li> <li>Andraczek et al. - Processing of seasonal data.Rmd: RCode used to create processed data</li> <li>Andraczek et al. - Calculation of community weighted means of specific leaf area.Rmd: RCode used to calculate community weighted means of specific leaf area (included in processed data)</li> <li>Andraczek et al. - Main analysis.Rmd: RCode use to produce figures and results presented in main publication (including supplementary information)</li> <li>Sensitivity analysis testing the robustness of estimated effects against bias of unobserved confounding variables (using sensemakr in R)</li> </ol>
Restored legume acts as a 'nurse' to facilitate plant compensatory growth and biomass production in mown grasslands
<p>Legume restoration was conducted in a temperate grassland in Hulunbuir, northeastern Inner Mongolia, China, by reseeding native legumes. This process was followed by annual mowing and phosphorus (P) application over a seven-year period (2014–2020). Throughout this period, we measured aboveground biomass, plant diversity, and the relative biomass of five functional plant groups each year. In 2020, we assessed six functional traits of 15 common plant species in both legume-restored and naturally-restored grasslands, respectively. Using these trait values and relative biomass data, we calculated community-weighted means and functional diversity indices for each plot.</p> <p> </p>
Dataset for "Insect frass from upcycling vegetable by-products with cereals: effects on the soil properties, plant development and soil invertebrate fitness"
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Data from: Soil biota suppress positive plant diversity effects on productivity at high but not low soil fertility
1. Plant community productivity commonly increases with increasing plant diversity, which is explained by complementarity among plant species in resource utilization (complementarity effect), or by selection of particularly productive plant species in diverse plant communities (selection effect). Recent studies have also shown that soil biota can drive the positive plant diversity–productivity relationship by suppressing productivity more in low- than in high-diversity plant communities. However, much remains unknown about whether soil fertility plays a role in determining how soil biota affect plant diversity–productivity relationships. 2. We hypothesized that under high soil fertility conditions, negative soil biota effects dominate, which reduces plant monoculture biomass more than that of high-diversity plant communities. Conversely, under low soil fertility conditions, we hypothesized positive soil biota effects dominate, which facilitates plant resource partitioning and enhances community-level biomass in high-diversity plant communities. Hence we expected positive plant diversity–community productivity relationships under low and high soil fertility conditions but caused by different mechanisms. 3. We tested these hypotheses using woody seedlings and set up plant assemblages with four species richness levels (one, two, four and eight species), and grew them in sterilized and unsterilized (sterilized soil + living soil inoculum) soils at two nutrient levels (low vs. high fertility). 4. We found that at high fertility negative soil biota effects dominated and suppressed plant community biomass more in high-diversity plant communities than in monocultures, resulting in reduced complementarity effects of diverse plant communities and a non-significant plant species richness–community biomass relationship in unsterilized soil. Whereas at low fertility soil biota had net neutral to positive effects on plant community biomass but the beneficial effects did not increase with increasing plant species richness. Instead, soil biota neutrally affected the positive plant species richness–community biomass relationship, presumably due to non-specific effects of beneficial soil biota. 5. Synthesis. Soil biota and soil fertility interactively determine plant species richness–community biomass relationships. Moreover, soil biota modulate the complementary resource use among plant species. These findings suggest that environmental context plays an important role in determining whether and how soil biota generate the biodiversity–productivity relationship. Future studies would benefit from revealing the mechanisms underlying the interactive effects of soil biota, soil fertility, and plant diversity on ecosystem functioning.
Data from: Exclusion of introduced deer increases size and seed production success in an island-endemic plant species
The presence of extra-local invaders, such as the southern California mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) on Santa Catalina Island, may contribute to more selective and insidious effects within the unique ecosystems that have evolved in their absence. Studies at the species level may detect effects not noticed in broader, community level vegetation monitoring or help tease apart differences in the level of effect among the various ecological components of an invaded system. In this initial study, we measured the impacts of herbivory by mule deer, a species native to analogous habitats on the adjacent mainland, on size and seed production success for Crocanthemum greenei (island rush-rose), a federally listed sub-shrub that is not present on mainland California. We found deer exclusion resulted in an overall increase in stem measurement of 18.8 cm. Exclosure populations exhibited complete seed production success, whereas control populations showed significantly reduced success and exhibited complete failure within 58% of populations. These results show that the introduced mule deer on Santa Catalina Island are negatively affecting a federally threatened plant species. This strongly implies that the current deer management strategy is insufficient, if one of its goals is biodiversity and endemic species conservation.
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