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371 results for “race”
According to this the mutual affinities of the species of the simpleX group might be expressed as follows t (the Ethiopian species are marked with an asterisk):— each other at base; in 4 p2 is half in row. To this latter I find no parallel in any specimen of ferrum-equinum (all races) I have seen, and in 4 skulls only, out of 33, there is a more or less distinct remnant of the interspace between the canine and p4. Of _R7z. deckeni I have seen one skull only; the dentition is as in many specimens of Ph. augur: c and p4 separated, p2 external. f I give the diagram the form of a genealogical tree, only because it is convenient to in On some Bats of the Genus Rhinolophus, with Remarks on their Mutual Affinities, and Descriptions of Twenty-six new Forms.
According to this the mutual affinities of the species of the simpleX group might be expressed as follows t (the Ethiopian species are marked with an asterisk):— each other at base; in 4 p2 is half in row. To this latter I find no parallel in any specimen of ferrum-equinum (all races) I have seen, and in 4 skulls only, out of 33, there is a more or less distinct remnant of the interspace between the canine and p4. Of _R7z. deckeni I have seen one skull only; the dentition is as in many specimens of Ph. augur: c and p4 separated, p2 external. f I give the diagram the form of a genealogical tree, only because it is convenient to
Figure 4 in Distinct parasitoid communities associated with host races of the leaf-mining moth Acrocercops transecta on distantly related host plants (Juglandaceae and Ericaceae)
Figure 4. Modes of parasitism of parasitoids attacking Acrocercops transecta. (A) An ovipositing female of Aneurobracon philippinensis. Before finding host larvae, females track host mines by drumming with their antennae; (B) a final instar of A. transecta that is making a cocoon; (C) a dissected cocoon of A. transecta. A prepupa of A. transecta (upper side) is fed upon by a larva of An. philippinensis (under side); (D) a pupa of An. philippinensis in the cocoon made by A. transecta; (E) a pupa of Choeras sp. in the cocoon made by A. transecta; (F) a final instar of A. transecta parasitized by Pholetesor sp. A hole is visible on the right side of the second abdominal segment from which a Pholetesor sp. larva exits the host; (G) a cocoon of Pholetesor sp. formed inside its host's mine; (H) a Eulophidae larva feeding inside its host's body; (I) a Eulophidae pupa formed inside its host's mine.
Figure 1 in Distinct parasitoid communities associated with host races of the leaf-mining moth Acrocercops transecta on distantly related host plants (Juglandaceae and Ericaceae)
Figure 1. Leaf mines of Acrocercops transecta. (A) Three mines of the Juglandaceae race on a leaflet of Juglans mandshurica; (B) a mine of the Lyonia race on Lyonia ovalifolia.
Data from: Understanding the basis of diminished gene flow between hybridizing chromosome races of the house mouse
Speciation may be promoted in hybrid zones if there is an interruption to gene flow between the hybridizing forms. For hybridizing chromosome races of the house mouse in Valtellina (Italy) distinguished by whole-arm chromosomal rearrangements, previous studies have shown that there is greater interruption to gene flow at the centromeres of chromosomes that differ between the races than at distal regions of the same chromosome or at the centromeres of other chromosomes. Here, by increasing the number of markers along race-specific chromosomes, we reveal a decay in between-race genetic differentiation from the centromere to the distal telomere. For the first time, we use simulation models to investigate the possible role of recombination suppression and hybrid breakdown in generating this pattern. We also consider epistasis and selective sweeps as explanations for isolated chromosomal regions away from the centromere showing differentiation between the races. Hybrid breakdown alone is the simplest explanation for the decay in genetic differentiation with distance from the centromere. Robertsonian fusions/whole-arm reciprocal translocations are common chromosomal rearrangements characterizing both closely related species and races within species, and this fine-scale empirical analysis suggests that the unfitness associated with these rearrangements in the heterozygous state may contribute to the speciation process.
Data from: Isolation by time and habitat and coexistence of distinct host races of the common cuckoo
Isolation by time occurs when different populations of a single species reproduce at different times and thereby reduce the probability of interbreeding, potentially causing divergent adaptation to timing of reproduction, eventually resulting in ecological species separated by timing of reproduction. We analyzed extensive data on timing of reproduction by different host races of the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus that is an obligate brood parasite laying eggs in the nests of many different species of passerine birds. Because different hosts breed at different times, specific host races of cuckoos have adapted to specific hosts by laying eggs when nests of these hosts are available, and such divergence may be further exaggerated by differences in timing of breeding among host races with similar habitat requirements. Host species accounted for a quarter of the variance in timing of breeding by the cuckoo. Common cuckoos reproduced at a similar, but narrower subset of dates as did possible hosts, showing that only a fraction of hosts with specific breeding dates were parasitized. Common cuckoo eggs laid in the 'right' kind of nests, phenotypically matching the eggs of the host, were laid later during the season than cuckoo eggs laid in the 'wrong' kind of nests where the eggs did not mimic those of the host. Pairs of sympatric cuckoo host races differed more in timing of breeding than pairs of allopatric host races, and pairs of cuckoo host races with similar breeding habitat differed more in breeding date than pairs of cuckoo host races with dissimilar habitat, as expected from reproductive character displacement. These findings are consistent with cuckoo host races being isolated by timing of breeding and habitat.
Data from: Differential gene expression according to race and host plant in the pea aphid
Host-race formation in phytophagous insects is thought to provide the opportunity for local adaptation and subsequent ecological speciation. Studying gene expression differences amongst host races may help to identify phenotypes under (or resulting from) divergent selection and their genetic, molecular and physiological bases. The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) comprises host races specializing on numerous plants in the Fabaceae and provides a unique system for examining the early stages of diversification along a gradient of genetic and associated adaptive divergence. In this study, we examine transcriptome-wide gene expression both in response to environment and across pea aphid races selected to cover the range of genetic divergence reported in this species complex. We identify changes in expression in response to host plant, indicating the importance of gene expression in aphid–plant interactions. Races can be distinguished on the basis of gene expression, and higher numbers of differentially expressed genes are apparent between more divergent races; these expression differences between host races may result from genetic drift and reproductive isolation and possibly divergent selection. Expression differences related to plant adaptation include a subset of chemosensory and salivary genes. Genes showing expression changes in response to host plant do not make up a large portion of between-race expression differences, providing confirmation of previous studies' findings that genes involved in expression differences between diverging populations or species are not necessarily those showing initial plasticity in the face of environmental change.
Results in the manuscript "Grazer induced changes on mechanical properties of diatoms frustule: a new proof for a watery arms race".
<p>These three files are about the 1 ) growth curve and biogenic silica content, 2) AFM, and 3) XPS results in the manuscript "Grazer induced changes on mechanical properties of diatoms frustule: a new proof for a watery arms race".</p>
SAT Race 2015 Benchmarks
<p>These are the 300 CNF files in DIMACS format from the main track of the SAT race 2015.</p>
SAT Race 2019 Benchmarks
<p>These are the 400 CNF files in DIMACS format from the SAT race 2019.</p>
SAT Race 2006 Benchmarks
<p>These are the 100 CNF files in DIMACS format from the main track of the SAT race 2006.</p>
SAT Race 2008 Benchmarks
<p>These are the 100 CNF files in DIMACS format from the main track of the SAT race 2008.</p>
SAT Race 2010 Benchmarks
<p>These are the 100 CNF files in DIMACS format from the main track of the SAT race 2010.</p>
Fig. 6 in Incipient sympatric speciation via host race formation in Phengaris arion (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Fig. 6 Morphometric studies: a morphometric measurements – close curve on valva of male genitalia; b the results of morphometric analyses: the CVA scatterplots represent the group centroids of the samples; c box plots indicating the distribution of the centroid size. The abbreviations are the same as in Suppl. Table S1. The letter 'T' in the sample codes refers to spring arion, the letter 'N' indicates summer arion
Fig. 4 in Incipient sympatric speciation via host race formation in Phengaris arion (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Fig. 4 The number of effective migrants (Nm) between populations. Only those connections are shown where the number of migrants is greater than two. Thicker arrows indicate higher number of migrants. The abbreviations are the same as in Suppl. Table S1. The letter 'T' in the sample codes refers to spring arion, the letter 'N' indicates summer arion
Fig. 3 in Incipient sympatric speciation via host race formation in Phengaris arion (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Fig. 3 Results of the Bayesianclustering Structure analysis based on 9 microsatellite loci. Nm– the number of effective migrants between the syntopic sample pairs using private alleles. The abbreviations are the same as in Suppl. Table S1. The letter 'T' in the sample codes refers to spring arion, the letter 'N' indicates summer arion
KSDE Headcount Enrollment Race
<p>KSDE Data on race and enrollment in Kansas schools</p>
Data for Fig 5 of PLOS Biology The Cybathlon BCI race: Successful longitudinal mutual learning with two tetraplegic users
<p>SMR feature discriminancy for pilots P1 and P2</p>
Data for Fig 4B of PLOS Biology The Cybathlon BCI race: Successful longitudinal mutual learning with two tetraplegic users
<p>The mat file consists of BCI discriminancy data for pilots P1 and P2</p>
Data for Fig 4A of PLOS Biology The Cybathlon BCI race: Successful longitudinal mutual learning with two tetraplegic users
<p>The mat file consists of BCI discriminancy data for pilots P1 and P2</p>
Data for Fig 3A of PLOS Biology The Cybathlon BCI race: Successful longitudinal mutual learning with two tetraplegic users
<p>The mat file consists of BCI command accuracy datafor pilots P1 and P2</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.