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Figure 5 in Among the world 's smallest vertebrates: a new miniaturized flea-toad (Brachycephalidae) from the Atlantic rainforest

Figure 5 Skeletal anatomy of Brachycephalus dacnis (ZUEC-AMP 24978; undetermined sex) based on CT-scans. (A) The entire skeleton, with insets of (B) the skull (in dorsal, ventral, and right lateral views), (C) right hand and (D) left foot (both in dorsal view), (E) vertebral column (in dorsal view), (F) pectoral girdle (in ventral view), and (G) pelvic girdle (in right lateral view). Abbreviations: c, carpus; cl, clavicle; cor, coracoid; dt, distal tarsals; ex, exoccipital; fp, frontoparietal; il, ilium; isc, ischium; m, maxilla; mdI, manual digit I; mdV, manual digit V; min, mineralized cartilage; n, nasal; op, operculum; pd I, pedal digit I; pd V, pedal digit V; pm, premaxilla; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; pub, pubis; qj, quadratojugal; sac, sacrum; sc, scapula; ses, sesamoid; sm, septomaxilla; sp, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; ur, urostyle; v, vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-5

Figure 7 in Among the world 's smallest vertebrates: a new miniaturized flea-toad (Brachycephalidae) from the Atlantic rainforest

Figure 7 Selected skulls of other Brachycephalus species. Cranial elements labeled are discussed in comparisons of B. dacnis to other species. Top row is the leptodactyliform "flea toads", including B. hermogenesi (sister species of B. dacnis), B. clarissae, B. sulfuratus, and B. didactylus. Bottom row contains representatives of the three named species groups: pernix group (B. albolineatus, B. pernix), vertebralis group (B. vertebralis), and ephippium group (B. ephippium). Museum catalog numbers are listed below each species name. Abbreviations: fp, frontoparietal; n, nasal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; qj, quadratojugal; sp, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-7

Figure 1 in Among the world 's smallest vertebrates: a new miniaturized flea-toad (Brachycephalidae) from the Atlantic rainforest

Figure 1 Brachycephalusdacnis holotype (ZUEC-AMP 24982) adult male, SVL = 7.55 mm. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-1

Figure 3 in Among the world 's smallest vertebrates: a new miniaturized flea-toad (Brachycephalidae) from the Atlantic rainforest

Figure 3 Brachycephalus dacnis paratype individuals found at the Projeto Dacnis private reserve, municipality of Ubatuba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. (A) ZUEC-AMP 25272; (B) ZUEC-AMP 25274; (C and D) ZUEC-AMP 25275 displaying mouth-gaping behavior and the same individual on top of one herpetologist's fingertip. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-3

Figure 6 in Among the world 's smallest vertebrates: a new miniaturized flea-toad (Brachycephalidae) from the Atlantic rainforest

Figure 6 Geographicdistribution, advertisementcallsandphylogeny. (A) Typelocalitiesof Brachycephalusdacnis (redstar) and B. hermogenesi (black star), and additional distribution records of B. dacnis (red triangles, based on call recordings published in Bornschein et al., 2021). This map was created using the free and open-source software QGIS, utilizing publicly available base data sources. (B) Brachycephalus dacnis holotype's advertisement call (FNJV 51341), recorded at Projeto Dacnis private reserve (type locality), Ubatuba, São Paulo (left) and B. hermogenesi topotype's advertisement call (FNJV 51343), recorded at Picinguaba (type locality), Ubatuba, São Paulo (right). (C) Schematic representation of the Bayesian phylogenetic inference of Brachycephalus based on the mitochondrially encoded 16S rDNA fragment. Black dots indicate fully supported clades (posterior probability, PP => 99). Whitedotsindicate PP> 0.95. Nodesupportsbelowpp = 0.95 arenot shown. Completetreeinthesupplement (Fig. S1). Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-6

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FIG. 1. — Najtaecesa n in Najtaecesa n. gen., a trigonidiine-like Cearacesaini Koçak & Kemal, 2010 cricket from the Amazonian rainforests (Grylloidea, Gryllidae, Hapithinae)

FIG. 1. — Najtaecesa n. gen.: A-F, Najtaecesa aratayensis n. gen., n. sp.; G-I, Najtaecesa loretensis n. gen., n. sp.: A, G, male holotype, dorsal views; B, H, face, front views; C, Head and pronotum, lateral view; D, head, dorsal view; E, I, FIII outer side, lateral views; F, metanotum, dorsal view (wings apart). Scale bars: 1 mm.

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FIG. 2. — Najtaecesa n in Najtaecesa n. gen., a trigonidiine-like Cearacesaini Koçak & Kemal, 2010 cricket from the Amazonian rainforests (Grylloidea, Gryllidae, Hapithinae)

FIG. 2. — Najtaecesa n. gen.: A-F, Najtaecesa aratayensis n. gen., n. sp.; G-I, Najtaecesa loretensis n. gen., n. sp.: A, maxillary palpus; B, C, ♂ FW, dorsal and lateral fields, coloration as on Fig. 1A, C; D-I, ♂ genitalia, dorsal (D, G), ventral (E, H), lateral (F, I) views. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 49 in Descriptions of New Species of the Diverse and Endemic Land Snail Amplirhagada Iredale, 1933 from Rainforest Patches across the Kimberley, Western Australia (Pulmonata: Camaenidae)

Figure 49. Shell size ranges of Amplirhagada species described herein. Box plot diagrams showing the median (line in box), the 25% (box) and 75% percentile (lines outside box) and extremes (asterisks) of shell height (above) and shell width (below) of species sorted by their height. Species numbers refer to the manuscript names of the described species as used by Solem (1991): 27, A. coffea. 29, A. lindsayae. 22, A. vialae. 26, A. inusitata. 19, A. alicunda. 31, A. bendraytoni. 28, A. gardneriana. 35, A. epiphallica. 21, A. davidsoniana. 24, A. discoidea. 17, A. atlantis. 33, A. angustocauda. 25, A. forrestiana. 20, A. moraniana. 36, A. carinata. 18, A. carsoniana.

Figure 48 in Descriptions of New Species of the Diverse and Endemic Land Snail Amplirhagada Iredale, 1933 from Rainforest Patches across the Kimberley, Western Australia (Pulmonata: Camaenidae)

Figure 48. Penial anatomy of Amplirhagada carinata Solem, 1981. (A) Interior anatomy of the penial wall (WAM S34759). (B) Interior anatomy of the penial wall (WAM S34763). For labelling of structures see Fig. 4. Scale bars = 3 mm.

Figure 46. Amplirhagada carinata Solem, 1981 in Descriptions of New Species of the Diverse and Endemic Land Snail Amplirhagada Iredale, 1933 from Rainforest Patches across the Kimberley, Western Australia (Pulmonata: Camaenidae)

Figure 46. Amplirhagada carinata Solem, 1981 SEM of shell, radula and jaw (WAM S34759). (A) Protoconch and first teleoconch whorls viewed from above. (B) Detail of first teleoconch whorls viewed from above. (C) Close-up of sculpture on last whorl, lateral view. (D) Jaw. (E) Central and inner lateral teeth viewed from above. (F) Marginal teeth viewed from above. Scale bars: A–C, 200 µm; D, 100 µm; E–F, 10 µm.

Figure 45 in Descriptions of New Species of the Diverse and Endemic Land Snail Amplirhagada Iredale, 1933 from Rainforest Patches across the Kimberley, Western Australia (Pulmonata: Camaenidae)

Figure 45. Penial anatomy of Amplirhagada epiphallica n.sp. (WAM S34746). For labelling of structures see Fig. 4. (A) Interior anatomy of the penial wall. (B) Schematic view of the penis with the penial sheath being removed. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 43. Amplirhagada epiphallica n in Descriptions of New Species of the Diverse and Endemic Land Snail Amplirhagada Iredale, 1933 from Rainforest Patches across the Kimberley, Western Australia (Pulmonata: Camaenidae)

Figure 43. Amplirhagada epiphallica n.sp. SEM of shell, radula and jaw (WAM S34746). (A) Protoconch and first teleoconch whorls viewed from above. (B) Detail of first teleoconch whorls viewed from above. (C) Close-up of sculpture on last whorl, lateral view. (D) Jaw. (E) Central and inner lateral teeth viewed from above. (F) Marginal teeth viewed from above. Scale bars: A–C, 1 mm; D, 100 µm; E–F, 10 µm.

Figure 39 in Descriptions of New Species of the Diverse and Endemic Land Snail Amplirhagada Iredale, 1933 from Rainforest Patches across the Kimberley, Western Australia (Pulmonata: Camaenidae)

Figure 39. Penial anatomy of Amplirhagada bendraytoni n.sp. (WAM S34741). For labelling of structures see Fig. 4. (A) Schematic view of the penis with the penial sheath being removed. Scale bar = 5 mm. (B) Interior anatomy of the penial wall. Scale bar = 5 mm. (C) Schematic cross-section of the main pilaster (not to scale).

Figure 41 in Descriptions of New Species of the Diverse and Endemic Land Snail Amplirhagada Iredale, 1933 from Rainforest Patches across the Kimberley, Western Australia (Pulmonata: Camaenidae)

Figure 41. Genitalia of Amplirhagada angustocauda n.sp. (WAM S34743). For labelling of structures see Fig. 3. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Figure 38 in Descriptions of New Species of the Diverse and Endemic Land Snail Amplirhagada Iredale, 1933 from Rainforest Patches across the Kimberley, Western Australia (Pulmonata: Camaenidae)

Figure 38. Genitalia of Amplirhagada bendraytoni n.sp. (WAM S34741). For labelling of structures see Fig. 3. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Figure 37. Amplirhagada bendraytoni n in Descriptions of New Species of the Diverse and Endemic Land Snail Amplirhagada Iredale, 1933 from Rainforest Patches across the Kimberley, Western Australia (Pulmonata: Camaenidae)

Figure 37. Amplirhagada bendraytoni n.sp. SEM of shell, radula and jaw (WAM S34741). (A) Protoconch and first teleoconch whorls viewed from above. (B) Detail of first teleoconch whorls viewed from above. (C) Jaw. (D) Close-up of central and inner lateral teeth. (E) Close-up of Marginal teeth. (F) Central and inner lateral teeth viewed from above. (G) Marginal teeth viewed from above. Scale bars: A–B, 1 mm; C, 100 µm; D–E, G, 10 µm; F, 20 µm.

Figure 40. Amplirhagada angustocauda n in Descriptions of New Species of the Diverse and Endemic Land Snail Amplirhagada Iredale, 1933 from Rainforest Patches across the Kimberley, Western Australia (Pulmonata: Camaenidae)

Figure 40. Amplirhagada angustocauda n.sp. SEM of shell, radula and jaw (WAM S34743). (A) Protoconch and first teleoconch whorls viewed from above. (B) Detail of first teleoconch whorls viewed from above. (C) Close-up of sculpture on last whorl, lateral view. (D) Jaw. (E) Central and inner lateral teeth viewed from above. (F) Marginal teeth viewed from above. Scale bars: A, 200 µm; B–C, 1 mm D, 100 µm; E, 20 µm; F, 10 µm.

Figure 42 in Descriptions of New Species of the Diverse and Endemic Land Snail Amplirhagada Iredale, 1933 from Rainforest Patches across the Kimberley, Western Australia (Pulmonata: Camaenidae)

Figure 42. Penial anatomy of Amplirhagada angustocauda n.sp. (WAM S34743). For labelling of structures see Fig. 4. (A) Interior anatomy of the penial wall. (B) Schematic view of the penis with the penial sheath being removed. Scale bars = 3 mm.

Figure 44 in Descriptions of New Species of the Diverse and Endemic Land Snail Amplirhagada Iredale, 1933 from Rainforest Patches across the Kimberley, Western Australia (Pulmonata: Camaenidae)

Figure 44. Genitalia of Amplirhagada epiphallica n.sp. (WAM S34746). For labelling of structures see Fig. 3. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Figure 34. Amplirhagada lindsayae n in Descriptions of New Species of the Diverse and Endemic Land Snail Amplirhagada Iredale, 1933 from Rainforest Patches across the Kimberley, Western Australia (Pulmonata: Camaenidae)

Figure 34. Amplirhagada lindsayae n.sp. SEM of shell (AM C.472937), radula and jaw (AM C.472936). (A) Protoconch and first teleoconch whorls viewed from above. (B) Detail of first teleoconch whorls viewed from above. (C) Close-up of sculpture on last whorl, lateral view. (D) Jaw. (E) Central and inner lateral teeth, detail from above. (F) Marginal teeth viewed from above. Scale bars: A, 200 µm; B–C, 1 mm; D, 100 µm; E, 20 µm; F, 10 µm.