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768 results for “reinforcement”
Data from: Hybridization and postzygotic isolation promote reinforcement of male mating preferences in a diverse group of fishes with traditional sex roles
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Supporting data for increasing fire activity reinforces shrub conversion in Southwestern US forests
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Supporting data: Phylogenomic analyses re-examine the evolution of reinforcement and hypothesized hybrid speciation in Phlox wildflowers
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The population genetics of speciation by cascade reinforcement
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Fighting investment of Neolamprologus pulcher after receiving single, reinforcing, and contradictory contest experiences
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Data from: Hybridization, reinforcement selection and sex-dependent reproductive character displacement of sperm and egg recognition proteins
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Constraints in temperature adaptation reinforce differences in thermal niche between mesophilic and psychrotolerant Bacillus cereus group species
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Release of the systematic literature review into Reinforcement Learning for personalization
<p>Release of the systematic literature review into Reinforcement Learning for personalization</p>
Dataset: Seismic Performance of Slender RC U-shaped Walls with a Single-Layer of Reinforcement
<p>This dataset contains the experimental data for two large-scale reinforced concrete U-shaped wall specimens tested at the Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics Laboratory (EESD Lab), École Polytechnique Féderale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland. This dataset contains supplementary material for the journal paper titled, "Seismic Performance of Slender RC U-shaped Walls with a Single-Layer of Reinforcement", which contains some of the experimental observations and results. Thus, this dataset also contains MATLAB files associated with calculating the results presented in the journal paper and the corresponding figures and plots. The abstract for the journal paper is below:</p> <p>Reinforced concrete walls are typically used to resist the lateral loading induced by wind and earthquake actions. While most walls feature two vertical reinforcement layers, in some regions the use of slender reinforced concrete walls with a single vertical layer of reinforcement is current construction practice or has been in the past. The seismic performance of such elements is largely unknown given the paucity of experimental research that has been conducted on walls with a single layer of reinforcement, particularly for non-rectangular walls, such as the popular U-shaped wall. This paper presents the results of two slender reinforced concrete U-shaped walls tested at the Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics Laboratory (EESD Lab), École Polytechnique Féderale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland. Both wall specimens were unconfined and detailed with a single-layer of vertical reinforcement to replicate some of the current construction practices being conducted in Colombia. Both walls reached ultimate drifts larger than 2.5-3.0% and initially failed due to buckling of the longitudinal reinforcement at the flange ends. The buckling length was 700-800 mm, which corresponded to 44-50 bar diameters.</p>
Noise study data for: Mechanisms of root-reinforcement in soils: an experimental methodology using four-dimensional X-ray computed tomography and digital volume correlation
<p>This dataset contains noise study data used in the paper: Mechanisms of root-reinforcement in soils: an experimental methodology using four-dimensional X-ray computed tomography and digital volume correlation. These include raw CT scans and processed digital volume correlation data.</p> <p>This dataset is part of another dataset which covers other aspects of the paper DOI: <a href="http://www.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3352268">10.5281/zenodo.3352268</a></p> <p>The structure of the dataset is as follows:</p> <ul> <li>Noise study CT raw volumes are contained in a zip file. There are four raw files corresponding to the four noise study steps. These files are 8-bit unsigned, dimensions are 1800 x 1800 x 1400 pixels. A txt file giving more details to the data is included. <ul> <li><strong>CT_Raw_data_Noise_Scans.zip</strong></li> </ul> </li> <li>Metadata files generated for each scan given details of scan parameters are found in the zip file: <ul> <li><strong>CT_Scan_Metadata.zip</strong></li> </ul> </li> <li>Tabulated digital volume data for the noise study scans are contained in the zip file. Tabulated data for each subset size is included in subfolders. A .txt file explains the structure of the tab separated .dat files, i.e. what each column of data represents, and what CT scan each of the four .dat files relate to. <ul> <li><strong>DVC_Noise_Study_Data.zip</strong></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: The cost of reinforcement in Drosophila yakuba
When the ranges of two species overlap and the species can hybridize, some individuals may waste gametes on inviable or infertile hybrids. In these cases, enhanced reproductive isolation may evolve as a byproduct of selection against maladaptive hybridization in a process called reinforcement. On the slopes of the African island of São Tomé, Drosophila yakuba and its endemic sister species D. santomea have a well-demarcated hybrid zone. D. yakuba females from within this zone, but not from outside it, show an increase in gametic isolation from males of D. santomea. To understand why reinforced gametic isolation does not spread to the whole geographic range and stays confined to areas of secondary contact, we studied the associated costs of reinforced gametic isolation in D. yakuba by using a combination of natural collections and experimental evolution. We found that D. yakuba males from sympatric populations sire fewer progeny than allopatric males when the female involved in the mating is an allopatric female. The results here shown suggest that the advantageous nature of reinforcement in D. yakuba is local, as its associated costs (i.e., reduced male fertility) might prevent its dispersal outside the hybrid zone.
Supplementary video of the paper "Robotic Object Sorting via Deep Reinforcement Learning: a generalized approach"
<p>Supplementary video of the paper "Robotic Object Sorting via Deep Reinforcement Learning: a generalized approach" showing the experimental results.</p>
R script: Species coexist more easily if reinforcement is based on habitat preferences than on species recognition
<p><b>1.</b> Maladaptive hybridization selects for prezygotic isolation, a process known as reinforcement. Reinforcement reduces gene flow and contributes to the final stage of speciation. Ecologically, however, coexistence of the incipient species is difficult if they initially use identical resources.</p> <p><b>2. </b>Habitat segregation offers an alternative to species discrimination as a way to reduce gene flow: production of unfit hybrids is reduced if mate encounters become rare due to differing habitat choice. Using a modelling approach, we show that hybridization avoidance alone can select for habitat specialization, even if neither of the species is intrinsically better at using a specific niche.</p> <p><b>3. </b>While habitat segregation and species discrimination both reduce the risk of producing unfit hybrids, these two isolation mechanisms differ from each other with respect to their effects on resource competition. Our model shows that, as a consequence of such differences, reinforcement evolves much more easily if hybridization is avoided based on habitat segregation than if the mechanism involves species recognition (mate choice traits).</p> <p><b>4.</b> We also examine the outcomes when both isolation mechanisms evolve jointly. The establishment of one isolation mechanism <i>a priori</i> weakens selection for the other. However, an asymmetry persists here too. The net effect of habitat segregation on species discrimination was typically facilitative, but not vice versa. This asymmetry arises because habitat segregation, by enhancing coexistence, secures time for the subsequent evolution of species discrimination in a mate choice context (still relevant if habitat use is not perfectly segregated). Species discrimination does not have such a stabilizing effect on coexistence.</p> <p><b>5.</b> Our results emphasize the importance of habitat segregation in reinforcement, and offer a way to interpret findings where closely related taxa show similar performance on different resources or in different habitats. Studies of ecological generalization and specialization should therefore take into account that niche differences can be initiated and/or maintained by hybridization avoidance.</p>
Data from: Meteorological conditions influence short-term survival and dispersal in a reinforced bird population.
A high immediate mortality rate of released animals is an important cause of translocation failure ("release cost"). Post-release dispersal (i.e. the movements from the release site to the first breeding site) has recently been identified as another source of local translocation failure. In spite of their potential effects on conservation program outcomes, little is known about the quantitative effects of these two sources of translocation failure and their interactions with environmental factors and management designs. Based on long-term monitoring data of captive-bred North African houbara bustards Chlamydotis undulata undulata (hereafter, houbara) over large spatial scales, we investigated the relative effects of release (e.g. release group size, period of release), individual (e.g. sex and body condition) and meteorological (e.g. temperature and rainfall) conditions on post-release survival (N = 957 individuals) and dispersal (N = 436 individuals). We found that (i) rainfall and ambient air temperature had, respectively, a negative and a positive effect on houbara post-release dispersal distance, (ii) in interaction with the release period, harsh meteorological conditions had negative impact on the survival of houbara, (iii) density-dependent processes influenced the pattern of departure from the release site and (iv) post-release dispersal distance was male-biased, as natal dispersal of wild birds (although the dispersal patterns and movements may be influenced by different processes in captive-bred and in wild birds). Synthesis and applications. Our results demonstrate that post-release dispersal and mortality costs in translocated species may be mediated by meteorological factors, which in turn can be buffered by the release method. As the consequences of translocation programs on population dynamics depend primarily upon release costs and colonisation process, we suggest that their potential interactions with meteorological conditions must be carefully addressed in future programs (i) through monitoring of short-term post-release mortality to understand its link with environmental conditions; (ii) by carefully choosing the season of release to minimize exposition of inexperienced individuals to harsh conditions and (iii) generalising the use of long-term weather forecast to adapt release effort and staggering releases over several years to buffer meteorological effects.
Data from: Are assortative mating and genital divergence driven by reinforcement?
The evolution of assortative mating is a key part of the speciation process. Stronger assortment, or greater divergence in mating traits, between species pairs with overlapping ranges is commonly observed, but possible causes of this pattern of reproductive character displacement are difficult to distinguish. We use a multidisciplinary approach to provide a rare example where it is possible to distinguish among hypotheses concerning the evolution of reproductive character displacement. We build on an earlier comparative analysis that illustrated a strong pattern of greater divergence in penis form between pairs of sister species with overlapping ranges than between allopatric sister-species pairs, in a large clade of marine gastropods (Littorinidae). We investigate both assortative mating and divergence in male genitalia in one of the sister-species pairs, discriminating among three contrasting processes each of which can generate a pattern of reproductive character displacement: reinforcement, reproductive interference and the Templeton effect. We demonstrate reproductive character displacement in assortative mating, but not in genital form between this pair of sister species and use demographic models to distinguish among the different processes. Our results support a model with no gene flow since secondary contact and thus favour reproductive interference as the cause of reproductive character displacement for mate choice, rather than reinforcement. High gene flow within species argues against the Templeton effect. Secondary contact appears to have had little impact on genital divergence.
Data from: Noisy neighbors can hamper the evolution of reproductive isolation by reinforcing selection
Reinforcement is the process by which selection against hybridization leads to an increase in reproductive isolation. The influence of reinforcing selection can be detected when sympatric individuals (those from areas of secondary contact) show a higher degree of prezygotic isolation than allopatric individuals (those from areas outside each other's range). In areas of secondary contact with Drosophila santomea, Drosophila yakuba females show reinforcement of gametic isolation but not behavioral isolation, despite the fact that both behavioral and gametic isolation evolve in D. yakuba in experimental sympatry. Using behavioral assays and experimental evolution, I studied how both gametic and behavioral isolation are affected by biotic factors that the two species encounter in their natural environment. I show that if D. yakuba females are in environments where D. yakuba, D. santomea, and males from other species coexist, these females cannot fully discern between conspecific and heterospecific males. In such complex environments, gametic but not behavioral isolation evolves. The presence of nonhybridizing species can constrain the effect of reinforcement on behavioral isolation.
Data from: Sexually antagonistic association between paternal phenotype and offspring viability reinforces total selection on a sexually selected trait
The evolution of conspicuous sexually selected traits, such as horns or antlers, has fascinated biologists for more than a century. Elaborate traits can only evolve if they substantially increase reproduction, because they probably incur survival costs to the bearer. Total selection on these traits, however, includes sexual selection on sires and viability selection on offspring and can be influenced by changes in each of these components. Non-random associations between paternal phenotype and offspring viability may thus affect total selection on sexually selected traits. Long-term data on wild bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) provide the first evidence in nature that association between paternal phenotype and lamb viability strengthens total selection on horn size of adult rams, a sexually selected trait. The association of paternal horn length and offspring viability was sexually antagonistic: long-horned males sired sons with high viability but daughters of low viability. These results shed new light on the evolutionary dynamics of an iconic sexually selected trait and have important implications for sustainable wildlife management.
Data from: High-elevation range limit of an annual herb is neither caused nor reinforced by declining pollinator service
1. Pollination failure has been proposed to be an important determinant of plant species' range limits, if pollinator activity declines along an environmental gradient, directly limiting plant populations, or if plant populations decline along an environmental gradient and subsequently fail to attract sufficient visitation. Both mechanisms predict reduced pollinator visitation, increased pollen limitation, and decreased seed production towards range limits, and the first additionally predicts declining pollinator abundance independent of any particular plant species. However, many self-compatible species have some capacity for autonomous self-fertilization, which may buffer reproductive success from declining pollinator visitation if inbreeding depression is mild. Thus pollinator-mediated limits may also predict selection for reduced reliance on pollinators towards range limits. 2. We tested these predictions towards the high-elevation limit of the self-compatible, bumble bee (Bombus) pollinated Rhinanthus minor, along two elevation transects in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada. 3. Bombus abundance was highest at mid- (range-centre) and high-elevation (range limit) sites, so declining pollinator abundance is unlikely to impose high-elevation limits for bumble bee pollinated species in this area. 4. Flowers per plant and per m2 declined at upper range limits, potentially rendering edge populations less attractive. However, visitation rate did not decline towards the range limit at either transect. Stigmatic pollen receipt declined with increasing elevation, but seed set did not, nor did outcross pollen supplementation increase seed set at any site. 5. Investment in floral attractiveness (corolla area/ovary area) increased towards range limits, but capacity for high-quality autonomous seed set and adult inbreeding coefficients inferred from genetic markers were uniformly high, suggesting frequent self-fertilization and weak inbreeding depression throughout the range. 6. Synthesis We found no evidence for pollination failure towards the upper range limit of R. minor. Moreover, unlike some species with a capacity for autogamy, autonomous selfing makes a major contribution to R. minor's mating system and demography, and likely buffers reproductive success from stochasticity in pollination. Continued investment in floral attractiveness despite high autonomous selfing suggests some evolutionary benefit to pollinator-mediated outcrossing, rather than ecological benefits via increasing seed quantity or quality. Given that >50% of angiosperms are self-compatible, the reproductive assurance provided by selfing may reduce the importance of pollination in limiting plant distributions compared to other biotic interactions.
Data from: Sexual selection against natural hybrids may contribute to reinforcement in a house mouse hybrid zone
Sexual selection may hinder gene flow across contact zones when hybrid recognition signals are discriminated against. We tested this hypothesis in a unimodal hybrid zone between Mus musculus musculus and Mus musculus domesticus where a pattern of reinforcement was described and lower hybrid fitness documented. We presented mice from the border of the hybrid zone with a choice between opposite sex urine from the same subspecies versus hybrids sampled in different locations across the zone. While no preference was evidenced in domesticus mice, musculus males discriminated in favour of musculus signals and against hybrid signals. Remarkably, the pattern of hybrid unattractiveness did not vary across the hybrid zone. Moreover, allopatric populations tested in the same conditions did not discriminate against hybrid signals, indicating character displacement for signal perception or preference. Finally, habituation–discrimination tests assessing similarities between signals pointed out that hybrid signals differed from the parental ones. Overall, our results suggest that perception of hybrids as unattractive has evolved in border populations of musculus after the secondary contact with domesticus. We discuss the mechanisms involved in hybrid unattractiveness, and the potential impact of asymmetric sexual selection on the hybrid zone dynamics and gene flow between the two subspecies.
Visual reinforcement shapes eye movements in visual search
<p>Dataset from the following publication:</p> <p>Paeye, C., Schütz, A. C., & Gegenfurtner, K. R. (2016). Visual reinforcement shapes eye movements in visual search. Journal of Vision, 16(10):15, 1–15, <a>doi:10.1167/16.10.15 <span></span></a><a></a></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.