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625 results for “rules”
Lineage-specific patterns of chromosome evolution are the rule not the exception in Polyneoptera insects
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Testing the simple and complex versions of Gloger’s rule in the Variable Antshrike (Thamnophilus caerulescens, Thamnophilidae)
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Data from: Thermal adaptation best explains Bergmann's and Allen's rule across ecologically diverse shorebirds
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Data from: Amphibians do not follow Bergmann's rule
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Migration matters in conservation and management: Exploring the 10% rule for demographic independence via simulation
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Supporting Information: Toward learned chemical perception of force field typing rules
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Three Golden Rules of Open Science Training
<p>Presentation and talk recorded for the Open Science Conference 2020 by Dr Emma A Harris about the lessons learned from Open Science training undertaken as part of the H2020 ORION Open Science Project.</p>
Supplementary Data for "Tuning the Redox Activity of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Enhanced, Selective O2 Binding: Design Rules and Ambient Temperature O2 Chemisorption in a Cobalt–Triazolate Framework"
<p>Supplementary dataset to support "Tuning the Redox Activity of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Enhanced, Selective O<sub>2</sub> Binding: Design Rules and Ambient Temperature O<sub>2</sub> Chemisorption in a Cobalt–Triazolate Framework"</p>
Reuse of static analysis rule dataset (CADD system)
<p>Reuse of static analysis rules study dataset (in Portuguese). <em>Anonymous author f</em>or double-blind review.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Biomass–density relationships of plant communities deviate from the self‐thinning rule due to age structure and abiotic stress
<p>A pertinent debate in plant ecology centers around the generality of the self-thinning rule. However, studies focused on highly simplified settings such as even-aged monospecific populations or optimal conditions. This neglects the fact that most natural communities, to which the classical self-thinning slope is often applied, are age-structured, composed of multiple species and exposed to various types of abiotic stress.</p> <p>With the help of an individual-based model, we relax these simplified assumptions and systematically test for changes in the biomass–density relationships of uneven-aged, functionally diverse plant communities across a complete stress gradient, using excessive to insufficient soil water as a case study.</p> <p>We show that frequent recruitment, which resulted in an uneven-aged community, and stress intensity caused predictable changes in the entire biomass–density trajectory. Increasing stress resulted in steeper (more negative) slopes and increased the intercept in the classical self-thinning section irrespective of excessive or insufficient soil water as a stress type. Recruitment steepened the slope, too and enabled a novel section in the biomass–density trajectory. This novel section represented a quasi-steady state of the density-dependent dynamics of new generations which occurred locally within patches of recruitment. At the community level, the slope of the biomass–density relationship at quasi-steady state had a significantly flatter slope of −1.1 under optimal soil water conditions. Functional diversity showed little impact on density-dependent mortality. Namely, it resulted in an earlier onset of mortality but not in changes in the values of the slope and intercept.</p> <p>We conclude that the classical −3/2 slope is not useful to describe the biomass–density relationship in natural and semi-natural plant communities. The magnitude and direction of variation in the slope are related to the age–structure and abiotic stress intensity in the plant community.</p>
Code and data for Assembly rules of helminth parasite communities in grey mullets: combining components of diversity
<p>Raw data analysed and a step-by-step summary of the R functions and packages used in Llopis-Belenguer, C., Pavoine, S., Blasco-Costa, I., Antonio Balbuena, J., 2020. Assembly rules of helminth parasite communities in grey mullets: combining components of diversity. International Journal for Parasitology. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.06.006</p>
Movement rules determine nomadic species' responses to resource supplementation and degradation
<p>1. In environments that vary unpredictably, many animals are nomadic, moving in an irregular pattern that differs from year to year. Exploring the mechanisms of nomadic movement is needed to understand how animals survive in highly variable environments, and to predict behavioral and population responses to environmental change. 2. We developed a network model to identify plausible mechanisms of nomadic animal movement by comparing the performance of multiple movement rules along a continuum from nomadism to residency. Using simulations and analytical results, we explored how different types of habitat modifications (that augment or decrease resource availability) might affect the abundance and movement rates of animals following each of these rules. 3. Movement rules for which departure from patches depended on either resource availability or competition performed almost equally well and better than residency or uninformed movement under most conditions, even though animals using each rule moved at substantially different rates. Habitat modifications that stabilized resources, either by resource supplementation or degradation, eroded the benefits of informed nomadic movements, particularly for movements based on resource availability alone. 4. These results suggest that simple movement rules can explain nomadic animal movements and determine species' responses to environmental change. In particular, landscape stabilization and supplementation might be useful strategies for promoting populations of resident animals, but would be less beneficial for managing highly mobile species, many of which are threatened by habitat disruption and changes in climate. </p>
Data from: Testing multiple drivers of the temperature-size rule with nonlinear temperature increase
<p>The temperature-size rule (TSR) describes the inverse relationship between organism size and environmental temperature in uni- and multicellular species. Despite the TSR being widespread, the mechanisms for shrinking body size with warming remain elusive. Here, we experimentally test three hypotheses (differential development and growth [DDG], maintain aerobic scope and regulate oxygen supply [MASROS] and the supply-demand hypothesis [SD]) potentially explaining the TSR using the aquatic protist Colpidium striatum in three gradually changing and one constant temperature environment crossed with three different nutrient levels.</p> <p>We find that the constant and slowly warming environments show similar responses in terms of population dynamics, whereas populations with linear and fast warming quickly decline and show a stronger temperature-size response. Our analyses suggest that acclimation may have played a role in observing these differences among treatments. The SD hypothesis is most parsimonious with the data, however, neither the DDG nor the MASROS hypothesis can be firmly dismissed. We conclude that the TSR is driven by multiple ecological and acclimatory responses, hence multicausal.</p>
Data from: Geographical variation in bill size provides evidence for Allen's rule in a cosmopolitan raptor
Aim. Avian beak morphology is a good example of how anatomical structures evolved in response to different selective pressures, such as diet and vocalizations, but also thermoregulation. The latter function was neglected until recently, but convincing evidence has been provided about the birds' capacity to regulate heat dissipation through their highly vascularized bill. According to this adaptive function and coherently with the ecogeographical "Allen's rule", which predicts smaller body appendages in colder climates, large beaks should be favoured in warm environments. Here, we tested this prediction in the cosmopolitan common barn owl group. Location. World Time period. 1809-2017 Major taxa studied. Tyto alba species complex Methods. We analysed the variation in bill length relative to body size according to temperature, latitude and elevation in 7619 barn owls. The specimens were collected by 140 museums, and represent three distinct evolutionary lineages, occurring in geographically separated regions and covering the entire distribution range of the species complex: the Afro-Palearctic Tyto alba, the Australasian T. javanica, and the American T. furcata. Results. In the three lineages, bill becomes larger with increasing temperature. This convergent pattern of evolution of smaller bills in colder climates is associated with a latitudinal variation in temperature, as small-billed individuals occurred at higher latitudes than conspecifics living closer to the Equator. Moreover, in T. furcata large-billed birds mostly occur at lower elevation closer to the Equator, bill length decreasing progressively with concomitant increase in latitude and elevation. Discussion. These findings provide evidence of repeated evolution of bill size on a global scale that is compatible with the Allen's rule. These results suggest a role of the bill as a potential heat-exchange surface, also in nocturnal raptors, which are not directly exposed to solar radiation and whose bill shape primarily evolved to hunt and consume animal prey.
Data for "Magnetoencephalographic Signatures of Hierarchical Rule Learning in Newborns"
<p>Data uploaded here belongs to the manuscript "Magnetoencephalographic Signatures of Hierarchical Rule Learning in Newborns" (Moser, J., Schleger, F., Weiss, M., Sippel, K., Dehaene-Lambertz, G., & Preissl, H. (2020). Magnetoencephalographic signatures of hierarchical rule learning in newborns. <em>Developmental cognitive neuroscience</em>, <em>46</em>, 100871). It is processed MEG data and an R script, used for the analysis described in the manuscript. The content of the folder is further described in a README text file. For more information or additional data/code, please contact the authors. Additional code can be found on Github: https://github.com/moser297/fMEG_data_processing/tree/main/Code_DCN_2020_Neo.</p>
Adherence to Menzerath's Law is the exception (not the rule) in three duetting primate species
Across diverse systems including language, music, and genomes, there is a tendency for longer sequences to contain shorter constituents; this phenomenon is known as Menzerath's law. Whether Menzerath's law is a universal in biological systems, is the result of compression (wherein shortest possible strings represent the maximum amount of information) or emerges from an inevitable relationship between sequence and constituent length remains a topic of debate. In nonhuman primates, the vocalizations of geladas, male gibbons, and chimpanzees exhibit patterns consistent with Menzerath's law. Here we utilize existing datasets of three duetting primate species (tarsiers, titi monkeys, and gibbons) to examine the widescale applicability of Menzerath's law. Primate duets provide a useful comparative model to test for the broad-scale applicability of Menzerath's law, as they evolved independently under presumably similar selection pressures and are emitted under the same context(s) across taxa. Only four out of the eight call types we examined were consistent with Menzerath's law. Two of these call types exhibited a negative relationship between position of the note in the call and note duration, indicating that adherence to Menzerath's law in these call types may be related to breathing constraints. Exceptions to Menzerath's law occur when notes are relatively homogenous, or when species-specific call structure leads to a deterministic decrease in note duration. We show that adherence to Menzerath's law is the exception rather than the rule in duetting primates. It is possible that selection pressures for efficient long-range communication of duets was stronger than that of compression. Future studies investigating adherence to Menzerath's law across the vocal repertoires of these species will help us better elucidate the pressures that shape both short- and long-distance acoustic signals.
FIGURE 20. Majority-rule consensus tree from Bayesian analysis using 16S in Revision of the French Polycirridae (Annelida, Terebelliformia), with descriptions of eight new species
FIGURE 20. Majority-rule consensus tree from Bayesian analysis using 16S. Asterisks indicate posterior probability> 90 %. Text in red refers to specimens sequenced during this study.
CPR dataset for: Testing Bergmann's Rule in Marine Copepods
<p>This is the global dataset used for the Campbell et al. (2021) paper "Testing Bergmann's Rule in marine copepods". The dataset includes the mean length of copepods weighted by abundance found in 97,830 continuous plankton recorder (CPR) samples. Further, it contains satellite observations for sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a, and dissolved oxygen (see paper for details). It was a massive collaborative effort to get this dataset assembled by the Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS 2011, Batten et al. 2019).</p>
Data from: Female-biased gape and body-size dimorphism in the New World watersnakes (tribe: Thamnophiini) oppose predictions from Rensch's Rule
Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is ubiquitous across animals with female bias most prominent in snakes and other ectothermic organisms. To understand how SSD evolves across species, Rensch's Rule predicts that in taxa where males are larger, SSD increases with body size. In contrast, where females are larger, SSD decreases with body size. While this rule holds for many taxa, it may be ambiguous for others, particularly ectothermic vertebrates. Importantly, this rule suggests that the outcomes of SSD over phylogenetic time scales depends on the direction of dimorphism predicated on the difference in reproductive efforts between males and females. Here we examine SSD in the context of Rensch's Rule in Thamnophiini, the garter and waternsakes, a prominent group composing the North American snake biota. Using a dated phylogeny, measurements of gape, body and tail size, we show that these snakes do not follow Rensch's Rule, but rather female-biased SSD increases with body size. We in turn find that this allometry is most pronounced with gape and is correlated with both neonate and litter size, suggesting that acquiring prey of increased size may be directly related to fecundity selection. These changes in SSD are not constrained to any particular clade; we find no evidence of phylogenetic shifts in those traits showing SSD. We suggest several ways forward to better understand the anatomical units of selection for SSD and modularity
Data from: Nonlinear thermal gradients shape broad-scale patterns in geographic range size and can reverse Rapoport's rule
Aim: Species living at latitudes that have greater annual temperature variations are expected to achieve broader geographic ranges than species living at latitudes that have smaller annual temperature variations, generating a positive relationship between range size and latitude (Rapoport's rule). However, this prediction fails to take into account the greater latitudinal extent of tropical temperatures relative to those at higher latitudes. Here we model the contributions of the broader latitudinal extent of equal-temperature habitats at low latitudes and the greater annual temperature variation at high latitudes to the range size–latitude relationship, and test whether the latitudinal variation in geographic range size in marine bivalves can be explained by models that account for both annual temperature variation and the steepness of latitudinal thermal gradients. Location: Western Pacific, eastern Pacific and western Atlantic. Methods: We use a null model where geographic ranges are placed on the ocean surface independently of thermal gradients, and a range-expansion model where the minimum and maximum temperatures encompassed by the geographic range of a species (macroecological thermal ranges) are positively related to annual temperature minima and maxima at the location where the species originated. We compare results with a database containing 40,820 occurrences of 4760 marine bivalve species. Result: Models incorporating temperature-limited range expansion along realistic thermal gradients predict an inverse relationship between range size and latitude, in opposition to Rapoport's rule. The distribution patterns of marine bivalves match this prediction. Main conclusions: The poleward trend in latitudinal range size is determined by the nonlinearity of the latitudinal gradient of temperature minima and maxima and less by the latitudinal gradient of the local seasonal range in temperatures. Although tropical species do have narrower macroecological thermal ranges than high-latitude species, the nearly constant temperatures over wide areas of the tropics allow tropical species to achieve broad latitudinal ranges.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.