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Fig. 2 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 2. Eleutherodon oxfordensis. All in BMNH collection. Right upper molars to illustrate variation. A. M46832. B. M46821. C. M46460 (holotype). D. M46585 (reversed). A1, B1, C, and D occlusal view (mesial end upwards). To show roots (crown upwards). A2, A3, buccal and mesial views. B2, B3, buccal and lingual views. E. Length plotted against width, upper molars of Eleutherodon. Letters refer to the specimens figured. F, G. Lower molars. F. M46851 in occlusal (F1), buccal (F2), and mesial (F3) views. G. M46654 in occlusal (G1) and buccal (G2) views. In F1, F2, G1, G2, mesial end upwards; F3, crown upwards. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 8. A. BMNH M46884, left p4 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 8. A. BMNH M46884, left p4, referred to Kermackodon multicuspis gen. et sp. nov. in occlusal (A1), buccal (A2), lingual (A3), mesial (A4), and distal (A5) views. B. Paulchoffatiid p4 (redrawn and simplified after Hahn 1969: fig. 29) in occlusal (B1), buccal (B2), mesial (B3), and distal (B4) views. Lingual side upwards in A1, B1, crown upwards in the rest.

Fig. 2 in Morphometry of the teeth of western North American tyrannosaurids and its applicability to quantitative classification

Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of tooth and denticle measurements obtained for this study. Diagram is an outline of tooth specimen TMP 86.130.214. Denticles on tooth outline in lateral (A), basal (B), and enlarged (C) views, not to scale. For measurements, tooth is aligned so that the basal termination of enamel (broken line in A) is approximately horizontal. 1, fore−aft basal length (FABL); 2, tooth crown height (THEIGHT); 3, cross−sectional thickness (XSTHICK); 4, curvature (CURVATUR); 5, distance from the base of the mesial carina to the base of the tooth (DMCTOB); 6, denticle width (DW); 7, denticle height (DH).

Fig. 4. A in Morphometry of the teeth of western North American tyrannosaurids and its applicability to quantitative classification

Fig. 4. A. Ordination plot for PC I versus PC II for the teeth in jaws. B. Ordination plot for PC I versus PC III for the teeth in jaws. C. Ordination plot for PC II versus PC III for the teeth in jaws.

Fig. 1 in Morphometry of the teeth of western North American tyrannosaurids and its applicability to quantitative classification

Fig. 1. Longitudinal section through the crown of a small, broken, tyrannosaurid tooth (TMP 86.130.214, Judith River Group, Campanian, Alberta, Canada). The plane of the break resulted in the loss of the mesial carina, so only the distal carina is preserved on the tooth. A. Enlargement of the area outlined in B shows the enamel and the denticles. B. Photograh of the whole specimen showing dentine (light−colored area).

Fig. 3 in Morphometry of the teeth of western North American tyrannosaurids and its applicability to quantitative classification

Fig. 3. The five major types of teeth found in the tyrannosaurid jaw, Judith River Group, Campanian, Upper Cretaceous, Alberta, Canada. A. Premaxillary, TMP 65.26.3. B, C. Mesial maxillary, MM1 TMP 98.68.65 (B), MM2 TMP 66.31.36 (C). D. Distal maxillary, TMP 85.36.342. E, F. Mesial dentary, MD1 TMP 79.14.538 (E), MD2 TMP 89.79.4 (F). G. Distal dentary, TMP 97.12.43. Cross−sectional shape and location of carinae are as indicated, and are to scale relative to each other. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 6 in Biometric analysis of the teeth of fossil and Recent hexanchid sharks and its taxonomic implications

Fig. 6. Acrocone shape of lower teeth in Late Eocene (Early Lutetian) Hexanchus agassizi from south−western France. Bivariate plot constructed as in Fig. 4. Data for Recent Hexanchus species are indicated by symbols for H. nakamurai teeth but only by regression lines for H. griseus teeth. Holotypes, paratypes and figured teeth of the fossil species from the work of Ward (1979) are distinguished on the graph. Some H. microdon specimens (Paleocene − early Eocene) have been added for comparison.

Fig. 5 in Biometric analysis of the teeth of fossil and Recent hexanchid sharks and its taxonomic implications

Fig. 5. Acrocone shape of lower teeth in Recent hexanchid species. Small pictures illustrate the changes in acrocone size according to the L2/L3 values. Interrupted lines are regression curves from data for the two living Hexanchus species. For H. griseus, different symbols have been used to indicate the sex of the sharks (m, male; f, female; ind, indeterminate).

Fig. 3 in Biometric analysis of the teeth of fossil and Recent hexanchid sharks and its taxonomic implications

Fig. 3. Fossil Hexanchus sp. lower teeth from the Donzacq Formation of Saint−Géours−d'Auribat (late Ypresian/early Lutetian, south−western France). A. UMC−SG13, antero−lateral file, labial view. B. UMC−SG130, antero−lateral file, lingual view. C. UMC−SG15, lateral file, labial view. D. UMCSG14, antero−lateral file, labial view. E. UMC−SG131, lateral file, lingual view. F. UMC−SG132, antero−lateral file, lingual view. G. UMC−SG17, lateral file, labial view. H. UMC−SG133, lateral file, labial view. I. UMCSG134, broken lateral lower tooth with peculiar deep root, labial (I1) and lingual (I2) views. J. UMC−SG135, lateral file, labial view. K. UMC−SG12, symphysial file, lingual view.

Fig. 2 in Biometric analysis of the teeth of fossil and Recent hexanchid sharks and its taxonomic implications

Fig. 2. Overview of dental variations in lower teeth of living species of Hexanchus. Labial view of some lower teeth of Hexanchus griseus (A–L) and Hexanchus nakamurai (M–O). A. ♀uncertain (UMC−REC204bM),>300 cm TL; 1st left file (A), 3rd (uncertain) left file (A), and lateral left 1 2 file (A). B. ♂ (UMC−REC204M), 300 cm TL; 3rd right file (B), 1st right 3 1 file (B), symphysial file (B), and 1st left file (B). C. ♂ (UMC− 2 3 4 REC162M), 223 cm TL; 1st left file (C), 2nd right file (C), and 3rd left 1 2 file (C). D. ♂ (UMC−REC175M), 195 cm TL; 1st left file (D), 3rd left file 3 1 with enlargement on the mesial serrated cutting edge of the first cusp (D2), 4th left file (D), and 5th left file (D). E. ♀ (UMC−REC161M), 191 cm 3 4 TL; 1st left file (E) and 3rd left file (E). F. ♂ (UMC−REC611M), 1.08 cm 1 2 TL; 1st left file (F), 4th left file (F). G. ♀ (UMC−REC163M), 114 cm TL, 1 2 1st right file. H. ♀ (UMC−REC164M), 117 cm TL, 3nd left file. I. Unsexued (UMC−REC201M), 58 cm TL 2nd right file. J. Unsexued (UMCREC172M), 72 cm TL, 2nd left file. K. Unsexued (UMC−REC173M), 75 cm TL, 1st left file. L. ♂ (UMC−REC174M), 80 cm TL, 1st right file. M. ♀ uncertain (UMC−REC197M), 148 cm TL; 4th rigth file (M), 1st 1 right file with enlargement on the mesial serrated cutting edge of the first cusp (M2), symphysial file (M3). N. ♂ uncertain (UMC−REC192M), 145 cm TL; 3rd right file (N) and 1st left file (N). O. Sex undetermined 1 2 (UMC−REC196M), 1 m TL, 1st right file (O), 1st left file (O), 3rd lateral 1 2 file (O), and 4th lateral file (O). A–D and F–O are respectively at the 3 4 same magnification (vertical white bars). Abbreviation: TL, total length.

Fig. 1. A in Biometric analysis of the teeth of fossil and Recent hexanchid sharks and its taxonomic implications

Fig. 1. A. Simplified terminology of a Hexanchus lower tooth (Hexanchus griseus, 4th right file,>300 cm total length, UMC−REC204bM). B. Schematic drawing of measurements (homologuous points and intermediate distances) discussed in the text.

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PLATE IVA. Metioche Stal, 1877. (A–J), Metioche japonica (Ichikawa, 2001): A, Male; B, Inner margin of eyes more brightlyrimmed; C, Male sub-genital plate; D, Fore tibiae without tympanum on both sides; E, Shape of last segment of maxillary palpi-securiform; F, Male genitalia; G, Female; H, Tegmina convex; I, Female ovipositor upturned, shaped; apex sharp with teeth on; J, subgenital plate triangular. in JHABAR MAL, RAJENDRA NAGAR & R. SWAMINATHAN (2014) Record of Natula matsuurai Sugimoto (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Trigonidiinae) and other sword-tailed crickets from India. Zootaxa, 3760(3): 458-462.

PLATE IVA. Metioche Stal, 1877. (A–J), Metioche japonica (Ichikawa, 2001): A, Male; B, Inner margin of eyes more brightlyrimmed; C, Male sub-genital plate; D, Fore tibiae without tympanum on both sides; E, Shape of last segment of maxillary palpi-securiform; F, Male genitalia; G, Female; H, Tegmina convex; I, Female ovipositor upturned, shaped; apex sharp with teeth on; J, subgenital plate triangular.

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PLATE IVB. Metioche Stal, 1877. (A–G), Metioche japonica (Ichikawa, 2001): A, Eyes rounded, large and widely separated; B,Antennae: Scape and pedicel dark black, flagellum light in colour; C, Shape of last segment of maxillary palpi-securiform; D, Female sub-genital plate triangular; E, Male sub-genital plate; F, Male genitalia; G, Female ovipositor upturned, sabre shaped; apexsharp with teeth on ventre. in JHABAR MAL, RAJENDRA NAGAR & R. SWAMINATHAN (2014) Record of Natula matsuurai Sugimoto (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Trigonidiinae) and other sword-tailed crickets from India. Zootaxa, 3760(3): 458-462.

PLATE IVB. Metioche Stal, 1877. (A–G), Metioche japonica (Ichikawa, 2001): A, Eyes rounded, large and widely separated; B,Antennae: Scape and pedicel dark black, flagellum light in colour; C, Shape of last segment of maxillary palpi-securiform; D, Female sub-genital plate triangular; E, Male sub-genital plate; F, Male genitalia; G, Female ovipositor upturned, sabre shaped; apexsharp with teeth on ventre.

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Text-fig. 7. a–e, h, i – Myotis cf. reductus: a – BSP 1974 XIV 1209, left M2, Erkertshofen 2, occlusal view; b – BSP 1974 XIV 1208, right M1, Erkertshofen 2, occlusal view; c – left maxillary fragment with M1–2, NMA P28/0345, Petersbuch 28, ventral view; d – BSP 1974 XIV 1199, left C inf., Erkertshofen 2, lingual (c1) and occlusal (c2) views; e – SNSB-BSPG 1962 XIX 4200, left mnd without teeth; Erkertshofen 1, occlusal (e1) and lateral (e2) views; h – BSP 1974 XIV 1202, left p4, Erkertshofen 2, occlusal view; i – PCMRCh87, right m3, Petersbuch 2, occlusal view; f, g – cf. Myotis sp., right C inf., Petersbuch 2, lingual view: f – PCMRCh25, g – PCMRCh88; j – M. aff. reductus, NMA P62/0331, right dentary fragment with p4–m1, Petersbuch 62, occlusal view. in The Early Miocene Bats (Chiroptera, Mammalia) From The Karstic Sites Of Erkertshofen And Petersbuch 2 (Southern Germany)

Text-fig. 7. a–e, h, i – Myotis cf. reductus: a – BSP 1974 XIV 1209, left M2, Erkertshofen 2, occlusal view; b – BSP 1974 XIV 1208, right M1, Erkertshofen 2, occlusal view; c – left maxillary fragment with M1–2, NMA P28/0345, Petersbuch 28, ventral view; d – BSP 1974 XIV 1199, left C inf., Erkertshofen 2, lingual (c1) and occlusal (c2) views; e – SNSB-BSPG 1962 XIX 4200, left mnd without teeth; Erkertshofen 1, occlusal (e1) and lateral (e2) views; h – BSP 1974 XIV 1202, left p4, Erkertshofen 2, occlusal view; i – PCMRCh87, right m3, Petersbuch 2, occlusal view; f, g – cf. Myotis sp., right C inf., Petersbuch 2, lingual view: f – PCMRCh25, g – PCMRCh88; j – M. aff. reductus, NMA P62/0331, right dentary fragment with p4–m1, Petersbuch 62, occlusal view.

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Text-fig. 5. Macroevolutionary trends related to the IC model in the first three teeth of the six families of extinct sloths, as well as specimens of the "basal Megatherioidea", Pseudoglyptodon, and Bradypus. Dashed line (- -) shows the regression including all data; solid line shows the regression after the exclusion of Octodontotherium (shown in the plot as a filled triangle). in Unexpected Inhibitory Cascade In The Molariforms Of Sloths (Folivora, Xenarthra): A Case Study In Xenarthrans Honouring Gerhard Storch'S Open-Mindedness

Text-fig. 5. Macroevolutionary trends related to the IC model in the first three teeth of the six families of extinct sloths, as well as specimens of the "basal Megatherioidea", Pseudoglyptodon, and Bradypus. Dashed line (- -) shows the regression including all data; solid line shows the regression after the exclusion of Octodontotherium (shown in the plot as a filled triangle).

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Text-fig. 4. Macroevolutionary trends related to the IC model in the last three teeth of the six families of extinct sloths, as well as specimens of the "basal Megatherioidea", Pseudoglyptodon, and Bradypus. Dash-dot line (-.-) shows the regression including all data; solid line shows the regression after the exclusion of Octodontotherium (shown in the plot as a filled triangle). in Unexpected Inhibitory Cascade In The Molariforms Of Sloths (Folivora, Xenarthra): A Case Study In Xenarthrans Honouring Gerhard Storch'S Open-Mindedness

Text-fig. 4. Macroevolutionary trends related to the IC model in the last three teeth of the six families of extinct sloths, as well as specimens of the "basal Megatherioidea", Pseudoglyptodon, and Bradypus. Dash-dot line (-.-) shows the regression including all data; solid line shows the regression after the exclusion of Octodontotherium (shown in the plot as a filled triangle).

Text-fig. 4. m1 of U. t. mediterraneus from Šandalja I compared with other bear species. All teeth in occlusal view. a: Šandalja I (specimen C), b: U. t. mediterraneus, Mauer (SMNS 10166), c: U. t. mediterraneus, Azykh (ZIN 32549), d: U. etruscus, Olivola (IGF 4605), e: U. etruscus, Upper Valdarno (IGF 913), f: U. deningeri, Koněprusy caves (NM-Rv 20008). Specimens coated by ammonium chloride; a, d, f reversed. in Šandalja I (Croatia) And

Text-fig. 4. m1 of U. t. mediterraneus from Šandalja I compared with other bear species. All teeth in occlusal view. a: Šandalja I (specimen C), b: U. t. mediterraneus, Mauer (SMNS 10166), c: U. t. mediterraneus, Azykh (ZIN 32549), d: U. etruscus, Olivola (IGF 4605), e: U. etruscus, Upper Valdarno (IGF 913), f: U. deningeri, Koněprusy caves (NM-Rv 20008). Specimens coated by ammonium chloride; a, d, f reversed.

Text-fig. 6. Plot of discriminant scores (R1/R2) of individual m1 and M1 teeth of Apodemus spp. from particular Pleistocene biozones superimposed onto a plot of variation ranges for the respective variables for the Recent Apodemus sample (based on the discrimination analysis of metric variables of M1 and m1). in Genus Apodemus In The Pleistocene Of Central Europe: When Did The Extant Taxa Appear?

Text-fig. 6. Plot of discriminant scores (R1/R2) of individual m1 and M1 teeth of Apodemus spp. from particular Pleistocene biozones superimposed onto a plot of variation ranges for the respective variables for the Recent Apodemus sample (based on the discrimination analysis of metric variables of M1 and m1).

Text-fig. 4. Bivariate plots of the upper teeth (M2 – P3) of small to medium sized Miocene hyaenodonts from African localities. Data source: Pilgrim (1912, 1914, 1932), Colbert (1935), Savage (1965), Barry (1988), Morales et al. (1998a, 2007), Holroyd (1999), Rasmussen et al. (2009), Borths et al. (2016), Borths and Seiffert (2017). in New Hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) From The Early Miocene Of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) And Grillental (Namibia)

Text-fig. 4. Bivariate plots of the upper teeth (M2 – P3) of small to medium sized Miocene hyaenodonts from African localities. Data source: Pilgrim (1912, 1914, 1932), Colbert (1935), Savage (1965), Barry (1988), Morales et al. (1998a, 2007), Holroyd (1999), Rasmussen et al. (2009), Borths et al. (2016), Borths and Seiffert (2017).

Text-fig. 3. Bivariate plots of the lower teeth (m3 – m2) of small to medium sized Miocene hyaenodonts from African localities. Data source: Pilgrim (1912, 1932), Colbert (1935), Savage (1965), Barry (1988), Morales et al. (1998a, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010), Holroyd (1999), Morlo et al. (2007), Rasmussen et al. (2009), Borths et al. (2016), Borths and Seiffert (2017). in New Hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) From The Early Miocene Of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) And Grillental (Namibia)

Text-fig. 3. Bivariate plots of the lower teeth (m3 – m2) of small to medium sized Miocene hyaenodonts from African localities. Data source: Pilgrim (1912, 1932), Colbert (1935), Savage (1965), Barry (1988), Morales et al. (1998a, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010), Holroyd (1999), Morlo et al. (2007), Rasmussen et al. (2009), Borths et al. (2016), Borths and Seiffert (2017).