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Fig. 37 in The Anatomy Of Effigia Okeeffeae (Archosauria, Suchia), Theropod-Like Convergence, And The Distribution Of Related Taxa

Fig. 37. The right humerus of Effigia okeeffeae (AMNH FR 30587). The proximal portion of the humerus in proximal (A), posterior (B), and anterior (C) views and the distal portion in anterior (D), right lateral (E), and distal (F) views.

Fig. 22 in The Anatomy Of Effigia Okeeffeae (Archosauria, Suchia), Theropod-Like Convergence, And The Distribution Of Related Taxa

Fig. 22. The disarticulated basioccipital of Effigia okeeffeae (AMNH FR 30587) in ventral (A), dorsal (B), and left lateral (C) views. Abbreviations are spelled out in appendix 3.

Fig. 45 in The Anatomy Of Effigia Okeeffeae (Archosauria, Suchia), Theropod-Like Convergence, And The Distribution Of Related Taxa

Fig. 45. Distal right tibia of Effigia okeeffeae (AMNH FR 30587) in lateral (A) and distal (B) views. Proximal right tibia (AMNH FR 30587) in proximal (C), lateral (D), and posterior (E) views. Abbreviations are spelled out in appendix 3.

Fig. 46 in The Anatomy Of Effigia Okeeffeae (Archosauria, Suchia), Theropod-Like Convergence, And The Distribution Of Related Taxa

Fig. 46. The left fibula of Effigia okeeffeae (AMNH FR 30587) in medial (A), lateral (B), and proximal (C) views. The distal right femur of Effigia okeeffeae (AMNH FR 30587) in lateral (D) and distal (E) views. Abbreviations are spelled out in appendix 3.

Fig. 2 in The Anatomy Of Effigia Okeeffeae (Archosauria, Suchia), Theropod-Like Convergence, And The Distribution Of Related Taxa

Fig. 2. Dorsal view of the skull of Effigia okeeffeae (AMNH FR 30587). Photo (above), drawing of specimen (below). Abbreviations are spelled out in appendix 3.

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Figures 1 - 11. Fig. 1 in Baby dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Lance and Hell Creek formations and a description of a new species of theropod

Figures 1 - 11. Fig. 1, Dromaeosauridae, tooth, UCM 39502. Fig. 2a-h, Sauromithoides inequalis: 20,, buccal view of hatchling left dentary, UCM 41666; c, lingual view; e, dorsal view; b, buccal view of left dentary, NMC 8540 (cast); d, lingual view; f, dorsal view; g, lateral view of hatchling basioccipital, UCM 43218; and h, ventral view. Fig. 3a-c, teeth of Pectinodon bakkeri: a, holotype, UCM 38445; b, paratype, UCM 38446; and c, paratype, UCMP 73098. Fig. 4, Pararıychodon lacustris, tooth, UCMP 124990. Fig. 5a, b, Tyrannosauridae: a, lateral view of UCMP 119853; and b, posterior view. Fig. 6, Theropoda, tooth, UCMP 124987. Fig. 7a, b, tooth of Aublysodon mirandus: a! lateral view of UCMP 124406; and b, posterior view. Fig. 8, Thescelosaurus sp., tooth, UCMP 124973. Fig. 9, Hadrosauridae, tooth, UCM 45060. Fig. 10, Ceratopsidae, tooth, UCM 45057. Fig. 11, Ankylosaurus magniventris, tooth, UCMP 124399. Heavy bars to left of specimens = 2 mm.

Text-fig. 10.—A possible hunting set of Hell Creek theropods, drawn to scale. A, Tyrannosaurus rex. B, Albertosaurus lancensis. C, the Jordan theropod. D, Saurornithoides mongoliensis. S. mongoliensis is not present in the Hell Creek, but is used to represent those saurornithoidids and dromaeosaurids present and represented by isolated teeth. A fifth form, Paronychodon lacustris, also represented only by isolated teeth has not been included but was probably intermediate between the saurornithoidids and the Jordan theropod. in A new Theropod Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Central Montana

Text-fig. 10.—A possible hunting set of Hell Creek theropods, drawn to scale. A, Tyrannosaurus rex. B, Albertosaurus lancensis. C, the Jordan theropod. D, Saurornithoides mongoliensis. S. mongoliensis is not present in the Hell Creek, but is used to represent those saurornithoidids and dromaeosaurids present and represented by isolated teeth. A fifth form, Paronychodon lacustris, also represented only by isolated teeth has not been included but was probably intermediate between the saurornithoidids and the Jordan theropod.

Text-fig. 9.—Anterior portion of maxilla of the Jordan theropod (stippled) compared with the corresponding region of the maxillae of other tyrannosaurs. All reproduced to equal length from anterior end of maxilla to anterior margin of antorbital recess (this length in the actual specimens differs by less than 15 percent). A, Juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex. B, Albertosaurus lancensis. C, Juvenile Albertosaurus libratus (AMNH 5664). (A, redrawn from Lawson, 1976; B and C, redrawn from Gilmore, 1946). in A new Theropod Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Central Montana

Text-fig. 9.—Anterior portion of maxilla of the Jordan theropod (stippled) compared with the corresponding region of the maxillae of other tyrannosaurs. All reproduced to equal length from anterior end of maxilla to anterior margin of antorbital recess (this length in the actual specimens differs by less than 15 percent). A, Juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex. B, Albertosaurus lancensis. C, Juvenile Albertosaurus libratus (AMNH 5664). (A, redrawn from Lawson, 1976; B and C, redrawn from Gilmore, 1946).

Text-fig. 8.—The shape of the frontals. A, the Jordan theropod, LACM 28471, B, Albertosaurus libratus, AMNH 5664, C, A. libratus, USNM 12814. All are drawn to the same length. Vertical lines to the right indicate relative lengths of the three frontals respectively. (B, courtesy of Dale A. Russell, C, redrawn from Russell, 1970). in A new Theropod Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Central Montana

Text-fig. 8.—The shape of the frontals. A, the Jordan theropod, LACM 28471, B, Albertosaurus libratus, AMNH 5664, C, A. libratus, USNM 12814. All are drawn to the same length. Vertical lines to the right indicate relative lengths of the three frontals respectively. (B, courtesy of Dale A. Russell, C, redrawn from Russell, 1970).

Text-fig. 6.—Endocranial mold of the Jordan theropod (LACM 28471). A, Dorsal view. B, Lateral view. Anterior is to the right. Lined areas represent broken bone surface and the mold is partially reconstructed in dashed lines. Abbreviations: c.h.—cerebral hemispheres, hb.—hindbrain, o.l.—optic lobe, o.n.—olfactory passage. in A new Theropod Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Central Montana

Text-fig. 6.—Endocranial mold of the Jordan theropod (LACM 28471). A, Dorsal view. B, Lateral view. Anterior is to the right. Lined areas represent broken bone surface and the mold is partially reconstructed in dashed lines. Abbreviations: c.h.—cerebral hemispheres, hb.—hindbrain, o.l.—optic lobe, o.n.—olfactory passage.

Text-fig. 5.—Teeth of the Jordan theropod (LACM 28471). A, Premaxillary tooth in lateral and posterior aspects and section. B, First left dentary tooth in lateral and posterior aspects. C, Second left maxillary tooth in lateral aspect. in A new Theropod Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Central Montana

Text-fig. 5.—Teeth of the Jordan theropod (LACM 28471). A, Premaxillary tooth in lateral and posterior aspects and section. B, First left dentary tooth in lateral and posterior aspects. C, Second left maxillary tooth in lateral aspect.

Text-fig. 7.—A, Ratio (H/L) of height of maxilla (at anterior margin of antorbital recess) to length of maxilla (to anterior margin of antorbital recess), plotted against length (L) of maxilla (to anterior margin of antorbital recess). Length scale in cm. B, Ratio (D/L) of depth of dentary ramus to length of maxilla (to anterior margin of antorbital recess), plotted against length of maxilla (to anterior margin of antorbital recess). Length scale in cm. in A new Theropod Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Central Montana

Text-fig. 7.—A, Ratio (H/L) of height of maxilla (at anterior margin of antorbital recess) to length of maxilla (to anterior margin of antorbital recess), plotted against length (L) of maxilla (to anterior margin of antorbital recess). Length scale in cm. B, Ratio (D/L) of depth of dentary ramus to length of maxilla (to anterior margin of antorbital recess), plotted against length of maxilla (to anterior margin of antorbital recess). Length scale in cm.

Text-fig. 3.—Frontals and parietals of the Jordan theropod (LACM 28471). A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. Anterior is to the left. Lined areas represent broken surfaces and elements are partially reconstructed with dashed lines. in A new Theropod Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Central Montana

Text-fig. 3.—Frontals and parietals of the Jordan theropod (LACM 28471). A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. Anterior is to the left. Lined areas represent broken surfaces and elements are partially reconstructed with dashed lines.

Text-fig. 4.—Right surangular fragment of the Jordan theropod (LACM 28471). Lined areas represent broken surfaces. in A new Theropod Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Central Montana

Text-fig. 4.—Right surangular fragment of the Jordan theropod (LACM 28471). Lined areas represent broken surfaces.

Fig. 5 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 5. Time-calibrated phylogeny of spinosaurids and related theropods. Time-calibrated cladogram elaborated after Carrano et al. (2012) and Allain (2014). The asterisks mark the place of the three basal spinosaurid forms represented only by teeth (Buffetaut et al. 2011; this article). The proposed transition from a plesiomorphic theropod tooth (node 1 and earlier) to a highly derived spinosaurid tooth (node 4) would include a transitional state (represented by MUPE HB-87). 1, Averostra; 2, Tetanurae; 3, Megalosauroidea; 4, Spinosauridae.

Fig. 4 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 4. Dendrogram obtained from the cluster analysis of the theropod teeth. A. Database from Hendrickx and Mateus (2014) and the HB site. The characters used were those proposed by Hendrickx and Mateus (2014) for lateral teeth. HB samples are clustered with Afrovenator and Dubreuillosaurus (black dot). B. Database from Hendrickx and Mateus (2014), the specimens from the HB site, and two basal spinosaurid teeth from the Middle Jurassic TP4 site in Niger (Serrano-Martínez et al. 2015). MUPE HB-118, MUPE HB-125, and MUPE HB-142 remain clustered with Afrovenator and Dubreuillosaurus (black dot), but MUPE HB-87, MUPE TP4-2, and MUPE TP4-3 are clustered with the spinosaurids (white dot).

Fig. 1 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 1. Theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic Tegama Group, Agadez, Niger. A. MUPE HB-142 in labial (A1), lingual (A2), distal (A3), and basal (A5) views, close-up (A4). B. MUPE HB-118 in lateral (B1, B2), distal (B3), and basal (B5) views, close-up (B4). C. MUPE HB-125 in lateral (C1, C2) and distal (C3) views. D. Spinosaurid tooth, MUPE HB-87 in distal (D1), lingual (D2), mesial (D3), and labial (D4) views; close-up view of the labial side (D5); note the deeply veined enamel surface texture and the shape and size of the distal denticles.

Fig. 3 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 3. Morphospace occupied by theropod teeth of the database used in this paper and those of the HB site using the results of the discriminant function analyses (A). Teeth that delimit the morphospace of each taxon (B). The colour convex hulls correspond to the morphospaces delineated by different theropod clades.

Fig. 2 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 2. Tooth measurements and dimensions used in this study. Theropod dental anatomy and variables used, in lateral and basal views (redrawn from Smith et al. 2005). AL, apical length; CA, crown angle; CBL, crown base length; CBR, crown base ratio; CBW, crown base width; CH, crown height; CHR, crown height ratio; DA, distal denticles in the apical section. DB, distal denticles in the basal section. DC, distal denticles in the central section. DSDI, denticle size difference index. MA, mesial denticles in the apical section. MB, mesial denticles in the basal section. MC, mesial denticles in the central section.

Fig. 6 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 6. Generalized palaeogeographic locations of spinosaurids (white) and the specimen of HB site (black), through time from Bajocian–Bathonian (A), Tithonian (B), Barremian−Aptian (C), and Albian−Cenomanian (D). Courtesy of Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/mollglobe.html), modified and actualized after Bertin (2010).