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1,705 results for “vector”
Bloodmeal metabarcoding of the argasid tick (Ornithodoros turicata Dugès) reveals extensive vector-host associations
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A Double-Edged Sword: Parental care increases risk of offspring infection by a maternally-vectored parasite
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A vector calculus for neural computation in the cerebellum
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Data from: Present and future suitability of invasive and urban vectors through an environmentally-driven mosquito reproduction number
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GIS vector data for sample locations and plots associated with the Hillslope Study in Macon County, NC
The Hillslope Study sites represent a gradient of landscapes, including forested, valley agriculture, and mountain housing developments. These locations and plots were used to collect samples of various matrices for numerous analyses at differing intervals. The data set consists of Open Office spreadsheet and other files that document all the Hillslope Study locations.
Multi-temporal TM-NDVI Vectors at Rodent Webs from the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico (1984-1993)
This database contains mean NDVI values for 200 m diameter circles encompassing Rodent Webs on the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), for 21 Landsat TM scene dating from 1984 to 1993. These NDVI vectors were generated as part of cooperative project between the Sevilleta LTER and the Indian Health Service, to study the 1992 Hantavirus outbreak.
NOAA-NOS-NGS t-sheet Vector Shorelines for the Eastern Shore of VA and southern MD, 1847-1978
The primary purpose of this dataset is to provide VCRLTER researchers and students with a convenient and comprehensive set of historical NOS t-sheet shorelines spanning the full Virginia Eastern Shore in a single GIS data layer. From NOAA-NOS-NGS source metadata: "These shoreline data represent a vector conversion of a set of NOS raster shoreline manuscripts identified by t-sheet or tp-sheet numbers. These vector data were created by contractors for NOS who vectorized georeferenced raster shoreline manuscripts using Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI)(r), ArcInfo's(r) ArcScan(r) software to create individual ArcInfo coverages. The individual coverages were ultimately edgematched within a surveyed project area and appended together. The NOAA NESDIS Environmental Data Rescue Program (EDRP) funded this project. The NOAA National Ocean Service, Coastal Services Center, developed the procedures used in this project and was responsible for project oversight. The project intent was to rescue valuable historical data and make it accessible and useful to the coastal mapping community. This process involved the conversion of original analog products to digital mapping products. This file is a further conversion of that product from a raster to a vector product that may be useful for Electronic Charting and Display Information Systems (ECDIS) and geographic information systems (GIS)." Original NOAA-NOS-NGS data were organized by project, with each project containing a single shapefile containing the historical shoreline features from multiple T-sheets based on surveys from roughly the same time period. There were 43 projects containing information from 208 T-sheets and TP-sheets that were found to cover the Eastern Shore of VA and southern MD and ranging in time from 1847 to 1978 (plus one set of shorelines from 2009 for the new Chincoteague bridge and the immediate surrounding area). VCRLTER staff combined these 43 shapefiles into a single shapefile with
Data from: Age influences the thermal suitability of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in the Asian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi
<p><span>Models predicting disease transmission are vital tools for long-term planning of malaria reduction efforts, particularly for mitigating impacts of climate change. We compared temperature-dependent malaria transmission models when mosquito life history traits were estimated from a truncated portion of the lifespan (a common practice) to traits measured across the full lifespan. We conducted an experiment on adult female <i>Anopheles stephensi, </i>the Asian urban malaria mosquito, to generate daily per capita values for mortality, egg production, and biting rate at six constant temperatures. Both temperature and age significantly affected trait values. Further, we found quantitative and qualitative differences between temperature-trait relationships estimated from truncated data versus observed lifetime values. Incorporating these temperature-trait relationships into an expression governing the thermal suitability of transmission, relative <i>R<sub>0</sub></i></span><span>(</span><i><span>T</span></i><span>)<i>,</i> resulted in minor differences in the breadth of suitable temperatures for <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> transmission between the two models constructed from only <i>An. stephensi</i> trait data. However, we found a substantial increase in thermal niche breadth compared to a previously published model consisting of trait data from multiple <i>Anopheles</i> mosquito species. Overall, this work highlights the importance of considering how mosquito trait values vary with mosquito age and mosquito species when generating temperature-based suitability predictions of transmission.</span></p>
Data from: Detecting the population dynamics of an autosomal sex-ratio distorter transgene in malaria vector mosquitoes
<p>1. The development of genetically modified mosquitoes and their subsequent field release offers innovative and cost-effective approaches to reduce mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria. A sex-distorting autosomal transgene has been developed recently in G3 mosquitoes, a lab strain of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. The transgene expresses an endonuclease called I-PpoI during spermatogenesis, which selectively cleaves the X chromosome to result in ~95% male progeny. Following the World Health Organization Guidance Framework for the testing of genetically modified mosquitoes, we assessed the dynamics of this transgene in large cages using a joint experimental-modelling approach.</p> <p>2. We performed a four-month experiment in indoor large cages to study the population genetics of the transgene. The cages were set up to mimic a simple tropical environment with a diurnal light-cycle, constant temperature, and constant humidity. We allowed the generations to overlap to engender a stable age structure in the populations. We constructed a model to mimic the experiments, and used the experimental data to infer the key model parameters.</p> <p>3. We identified two fitness costs associated to the transgene. First, transgenic adult males have reduced fertility and, second, their female progeny have reduced pupal survival rates. Our results demonstrate that the transgene is likely to disappear in less than three years under our confined conditions. Model predictions suggest this will be true over a wide range of background population sizes and transgene introduction rates.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications: Our semi-field indoor cage experiments are in line with WHO guidance recommendations in regards to the development and testing of self-limiting technologies. Since the transgenic strain (Ag(PMB)1) has been considered for genetic vector control of malaria, our results are fundamentally important for determining expectations on the persistence of the transgene post-release. Our results provide a demonstration of the self-limiting nature of the transgene, and indicate that longevity will be further reduced by fitness costs that were not previously identified. Finally, our study has showcased an alternative and effective method for characterising the phenotypic expression of a transgene in an insect pest population.</p>
Data and code from: Vector demography, dispersal, and the spread of disease: Experimental epidemics under elevated resource supply
1. The spread of many diseases depends on the demography and dispersal of arthropod vectors. Classic epidemiological theory typically ignores vector dynamics and instead makes the simplifying assumption of frequency-dependent transmission. Yet vector ecology may be critical for understanding the spread of disease over space and time and how disease dynamics respond to environmental change. 2. Here, we ask how environmental change shapes vector demography and dispersal, and how these traits of vectors govern the spatiotemporal spread of disease. 3. We developed disease models parameterized by traits of vectors and fit them to experimental epidemics. The experiment featured a viral pathogen (CYDV-RPV) vectored by aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi) among populations of grass hosts (Avena sativa) under two rates of environmental resource supply (i.e., fertilization of the host). We compared a non-spatial model that ignores vector movement, a lagged dispersal model that emphasizes the delay between vector reproduction and dispersal, and a travelling wave model that generates waves of infections across space and time. 4. Resource supply altered both vector demography and dispersal. The lagged dispersal model fit best, indicating that vectors first reproduced and then dispersed among hosts in the experiment. Elevated resources decreased vector population growth rates, nearly doubled their carrying capacity per host, increased dispersal rates when vectors carried the virus, and homogenized disease risk across space. 5. Together, the models and experiment show how environmental eutrophication can shape spatial disease dynamics – for example, homogenizing disease risk across space – by altering the demography and behavior of vectors.
Quantifying species traits related to oviposition behavior and offspring survival in two important disease vectors
<p>Animals with complex life cycles have traits related to oviposition and juvenile survival that can respond to environmental factors in similar or dissimilar ways. We examined the preference-performance hypothesis (PPH), which states that females lacking parental care select juvenile habitats that maximize fitness, for two ubiquitous mosquito species, <i>Aedes albopictus</i> and <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i>. Specifically, we examined if environmental factors known to affect larval abundance patterns in the field played a role in the PPH for these species. We first identified important environmental factors from a field survey that predicted larvae across different spatial scales. We then performed two experiments, the first testing the independent responses of oviposition and larval survival to these environmental factors, followed by a combined experiment where initial oviposition decisions were allowed to affect larval life history measures. We used path analysis for this last experiment to determine important links among factors in explaining egg numbers, larval mass, development time, and survival. For separate trials, <i>Aedes albopictus</i> displayed congruence between oviposition and larval survival, however <i>C. quinquefasciatus</i> did not. For the combined experiment path analysis suggested neither species completely fit predictions of the PPH, with density dependent effects of initial egg number on juvenile performance in <i>A. albopictus</i>. For these species the consequences of female oviposition choices on larval performance do not appear to fit expectations of the PPH. </p>
Data from: Barrier bednets target malaria vectors and expand the range of usable insecticides
<p>Transmission of <i>Plasmodium falciparum </i>malaria parasites occurs when nocturnal <i>Anopheles </i>mosquito vectors feed on human blood. In Africa, where malaria burden is greatest, bednets treated with pyrethroid insecticide were highly effective in preventing mosquito bites and reducing transmission, and essential to achieving unprecedented reductions in malaria until 2015. Since then, progress has stalled and with insecticidal bednets losing efficacy against pyrethroid-resistant <i>Anopheles</i> vectors, methods that restore performance are urgently needed to eliminate any risk of malaria returning to the levels seen prior to their widespread use throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Here we show that the primary malaria vector <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> is targeted and killed by small insecticidal net barriers positioned above a standard bednet, in a spatial region of high mosquito activity but zero contact with sleepers, opening the way for deploying many more insecticides on bednets than currently possible. Tested against wild pyrethroid-resistant <i>Anopheles gambiae </i>in Burkina Faso, pyrethroid bednets with organophosphate barriers achieved significantly higher killing rates than bednets alone. Treated barriers on untreated bednets were equally effective, without significant loss of personal protection. Mathematical modelling of transmission dynamics predicted reductions in clinical malaria incidence with barrier bednets that exceeded those of 'next-generation' nets recommended by WHO against resistant vectors. Mathematical models of mosquito-barrier interactions identified alternative barrier designs to increase performance. Barrier bednets that overcome insecticide resistance are feasible using existing insecticides and production technology, and early implementation of affordable vector control tools is a realistic prospect.</p>
the state vectors and transition matrixes of the LULC classification in Nanjing for modified Sankey chart
<p><strong>The original data of the state vectors and transition matrixes of the LULC classification in Nanjing used to create the modified Sankey charts.</strong></p>
Vector equipolente
<p>Vídeo lección para apoyar el estudio de vectores en Álgebra Lineal</p>
Combinación lineal de vectores
<p>Vídeo lección para apoyar el aprendizaje del Álgebra Lineal</p>
Data for the article "Identification of Néel vector orientation in antiferromagnetic domains switched by currents in NiO/Pt thin films"
<p>Data for the article "Identification of Néel vector orientation in antiferromagnetic domains switched by currents in NiO/Pt thin films" (<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.08507">[2008.08507] Identification of Néel vector orientation in antiferromagnetic domains switched by currents in NiO/Pt thin films (arxiv.org)</a>)</p>
Data from: Pliant pathogens: estimating viral spread when confronted with new vector, host, and environmental conditions
<p>1. Pathogen spread rates are determined, in part, by the performance of pathogens under altered environmental conditions and their ability to persist while switching among hosts and vectors.</p> <p>2. To determine the effects of new conditions (host, vector, and nutrient) on pathogen spread rate, we introduced a vector-borne, viral plant pathogen, Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus PAV (BYDV-PAV) into hosts, vectors, and host nutrient supplies that it had not encountered for thousands of viral generations. We quantified pathogen prevalence over the course of two serial inoculations under the new conditions. Using individual level transmission rates from this experiment, we parameterized a dynamical model of disease spread and projected spread across host populations through a growing season. </p> <p>3. A change in nutrient conditions (increased supply of phosphorus) reduced viral transmission whereas shifting to a new vector or host species had no effect on infection prevalence. However, the reduction in the new nutrient environment was only temporary; infection prevalence recovered after the second inoculation.</p> <p><i>4. Synthesis</i>. These results highlight how robust the pathogen, BYDV-PAV, is to changes in its biotic and abiotic environment. Our study also highlights the need to quantify longitudinal infection information beyond snapshot assessments to project disease risk for pathogens in new environments.</p>
First detection of herpesvirus and mycoplasma in free-ranging Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermanni), and in potential pet vectors
<p>Two types of pathogens cause highly contagious upper respiratory tract diseases (URTD) in Chelonians: testudinid herpesviruses (TeHV) and a mycoplasma (<em>Mycoplasma agassizii</em>). In captivity, these infections are frequent and can provoke outbreaks. Pet trade generates international flow of tortoises, often without sanitary checking; individuals intentionally or accidentally released in the wild may spread pathogens. A better understanding of the transmission of infectious agents from captivity to wild tortoises is needed. Many exotic individuals have been introduced in populations of the endangered western Hermann’s tortoise (<em>Testudo hermanni hermanni</em>), notably spur-thighed tortoises (<em>Testudo graeca</em>). We assessed the presence of TeHV and mycoplasma in native western Hermann’s tortoises and in potential pet vectors in south-eastern France. Using a large sample (N=572 tortoises), this study revealed the worrying presence of herpesvirus in 7 free-ranging individuals (3 sub-populations). Additionally, <em>Mycoplasma agassizii</em> was detected in 15 of the 18 populations sampled with a frequency ranging from 2.5 to 25%. Exotic spur-thighed tortoises showed high frequency of <em>Mycoplasma </em>infection in captivity (18%) and in individuals (50%) found in native Hermann’s tortoise sub-populations, suggesting that this species could be a significant vector. The paucity of information of TeHV on European tortoise’ URTD in natural settings, especially in combination with mycoplasma, prompts for further studies. Indeed, sick tortoises remain concealed and may not be easily detected in the field. Our results indicate that both the prevalence and health impact of URTD are high should be scrutinized in the field.</p>
A non-vector herbivore indirectly increases the transmission of a vector-borne virus by reducing plant chemical defenses
<ol> <li><span><span>Vectors and viruses </span><span><span>exist</span></span><span> in communities consisting of many interacting species. Although the cascading effects of predators or parasitoids on disease spread via direct effects on vectors have been investigated, little is known about the effects of other free-living species in communities on the transmission of vector-borne viruses via </span><span><span>indirect (host-plant mediated) effects</span></span><span> on vectors.</span></span></li> <li><span><span>In the present study, we used a food web consisting of tomato plants (</span><i><span>Solanum lycopersicum</span></i><span>), two tomato herbivores (the vector whitefly,</span><i><span> Bemisia tabaci</span></i><span>, and the non-vector two-spotted spider mite, </span><i><span>Tetranychus urticae</span></i><span>), and a whitefly-vectored plant virus (</span><i><span>Tomato yellow leaf curl virus</span></i><span>, TYLCV) to study how </span><i><span>T. urticae</span></i><span> may affect TYLCV transmission by </span><i><span>B. tabaci</span></i><span> via </span><span><span>host-plant</span></span><span> </span><span><span>mediated effects</span></span><span><span> on </span><i><span>B. tabaci</span></i></span><span>.</span></span></li> <li><span><span>We found that </span><i><span>T. urticae</span></i><span> infestation promoted </span><i><span>B. tabaci</span></i><span> feeding and thereby increased TYLCV transmission to tomato plants. These increases were </span><span><span>associated with</span></span><span> </span><i><span>T. urticae</span></i><span>-induced reductions in two flavonoids (rutin and quercetin trisaccharide) of tomato plants. Elevation of rutin and quercetin trisaccharide levels in </span><i><span>T. urticae</span></i><span>-infested plants via exogenous stem applications reduced </span><i><span>B. tabaci</span></i><span> feeding and TYLCV transmission. Therefore, suppression of these flavonoids by </span><i><span>T. urticae</span></i><span> infestation was </span><span><span>the most likely explanation for the observed changes in </span></span><i><span><span>B. tabaci</span></span></i><span><span> feeding behavior and TYLCV transmission</span></span><span>.</span></span></li> <li> <span>Our results show that by reducing flavonoids in tomato plants, a non-vector herbivore can indirectly increase the transmission of a vector-borne plant virus. These findings indicate that species that are far removed from the direct vector–virus interactions can indirectly affect vector–borne virus transmission by altering the </span><span><span>chemical defenses</span></span><span> of the shared host plant.</span> </li> </ol>
Integrated genome-wide investigations of the housefly, a global vector of diseases reveal unique dispersal patterns and bacterial communities across farms
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Background:</b>Houseflies (<i>Musca domestica</i>L.) live in intimate association with numerous microorganisms and is a vector of human pathogens. In temperate areas, houseflies will<span>overwinter in environments constructed by humans and recolonize surrounding areas in early summer. However, the </span>dispersal patterns and associated bacteria across season and location are unclear.We used genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) for the simultaneous identification and genotyping of thousands of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) to establish dispersal patterns of houseflies across farms. Secondly, we used16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to establish the variation and association between bacterial communities and the housefly across farms. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Results: </b>Using GBS we identified 18,000 SNPs across 400 individualssampled within and between 11 dairy farms in Denmark. There was evidence for sub-structuring of Danish housefly populations and with genetic structure that differed across season and sex. Further, there was a strong isolation by distance (IBD) effect, but with large variation suggesting that other hidden geographic barriers are important. Large individual variations were observed in the community structure of the microbiome and it was found to be dependent on location, sex, and collection time. Furthermore, the relative prevalence of putative pathogens was highly dependent on location and collection time.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Conclusion:</b>We were able to identify SNPs for the determination of the spatiotemporal housefly genetic structure, and to establish the variation and association between bacterial communities and the housefly across farms using novel <span>next</span><span>‐</span><span>generation sequencing (NGS)</span>techniques. These results are important for disease prevention given the fine-scale population structure and IBD for the housefly, and that individual houseflies carry location specific bacteria including putative pathogens. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.