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297 results for “warbler”
Data from: A century of genetic change and metapopulation dynamics in the Galápagos warbler finches (Certhidea)
Populations that are connected by immigrants play an important role in evolutionary and conservation biology, yet we have little direct evidence of how such metapopulations change genetically over evolutionary time. We compared historic (1895-1905) to modern (1988-2006) genetic variation in 11 populations of warbler finches at 14 microsatellite loci. Although several lines of evidence suggest that Darwin's finches may be in decline, we found that the genetic diversity of warbler finches has not generally declined, and broad scale patterns of variation remained similar over time. Contrary to expectations, inferred population sizes have generally increased over time (6-8%) as have immigration rates (8-16%), which may reflect a recent increase in the frequency and intensity of El Niño events. Individual island populations showed significant declines (18-19%) and also substantial gains (18-20%) in allelic richness over time. Changes in genetic diversity were correlated with changes in immigration rates, but did not correspond to population size or human disturbance. These results reflect the expected stabilizing properties of whole metapopulations over time. However, the dramatic and unpredictable changes observed in individual populations during this short time interval suggests that care should be taken when monitoring individual population fragments with snapshots of genetic variation.
Data from: A wood-warbler produced through both interspecific and intergeneric hybridization
Hybridization between divergent taxa can provide insight into the breakdown of characters used in mate choice, as well as reproductive compatibility across deep evolutionary timescales. Hybridization can also occur more frequently in declining populations, as there is a smaller pool of conspecific mates from which to choose. Here we report an unusual combination of factors that has resulted in a rare, three-species hybridization event amongst two genera of warblers, one of which is experiencing significant population declines. We use bioacoustic, morphometric, and genetic data, to demonstrate that an early generation female hybrid between a golden-winged warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera) and a blue-winged warbler (V. cyanoptera) went on to mate and successfully reproduce with a chestnut-sided warbler (Setophaga pensylvanica). We studied the product of this event—a putative chrysoptera x cyanoptera x pensylvanica hybrid—and show that this male offspring sang songs like S. pensylvanica, but had morphometric traits similar to Vermivora warblers. The hybrid's maternal parent had V. chrysoptera mitochondrial DNA and, with six plumage-associated loci, we predicted the maternal parent's phenotype to show that it was likely an early generation Vermivora hybrid. That this hybridization event occurred within a population of Vermivora warblers in significant decline suggests that females may be making the best of a bad situation, and that wood-warblers in general have remained genetically compatible long after they evolved major phenotypic differences.
Data from: Male stress response is related to ornamentation but not resistance to oxidative stress in a warbler
1. Ornaments are thought to honestly signal individual quality to potential mates. Individual quality may include the ability to cope with stress through the production of glucocorticoids (GCs), which help to redirect resources from growth or reproduction to survival during an acute stress response. However, elevated levels of GCs may also increase oxidative stress and reduce immune function. Thus, an important question is whether high quality individuals, with more elaborate ornaments, signal their ability to produce a strong stress response and mitigate some of the negative effects of doing so through higher resistance to oxidative stress. 2. We tested whether ornamentation and resistance to oxidative stress were related to the magnitude of the increase in corticosterone (CORT), the main GC in birds, during an acute stress response in common yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas). Males in this species have two plumage ornaments, a black (eumelanin-based) facial mask and a yellow (carotenoid-based) bib. We measured the increase in CORT in response to capture and handling. 3. Males with more elaborate ornaments (larger masks and more colourful bibs) had a greater increase in CORT during an acute stress response. However, the increase in CORT was not related to resistance to oxidative stress. 4. These results suggest that both melanin- and carotenoid-based plumage ornaments can signal the ability of a male to cope with stressors through a greater increase in CORT. Thus, the association between ornamentation and stress induced CORT is not likely due to a mechanism specific to a particular colour (melanin or carotenoid), but instead may result from more general interactions between CORT and health or condition.
Data from: Song rate as a signal of male aggressiveness during territorial contests in the wood warbler
Aggressive signaling is an important component in animal communication, as it provides an efficient mechanism for settling conflicts over resources between competitors. In songbirds, a number of singing behaviors have been proposed to be aggressive signals used in territory defense, including song rate. Although aggressive signaling in songbirds has received considerable research attention, adequate evidence for most putative aggressive signals is not available. In this study, we experimentally investigated whether the song rate of male wood warblers (Phylloscopus sibilatrix) is a signal of their aggressive intent in male-male interactions. We found that males responded differentially to simulated territorial intrusions depending on the song rate of an intruder. Moreover, males that continued to sing during territorial contests increased their song rates, and this behavior predicted the strength of aggressive escalation by the signaler. These results suggest that song rate is an aggressive signal during male-male interactions in the wood warbler. We also found high intra-individual repeatability in the strength of aggressive response to simulated intrusions, likely reflecting differences in personality (aggressiveness) or quality of male wood warblers. We conclude that changes in singing rate may be an efficient mechanism of signaling immediate shifts in motivation of signalers during territorial contests, especially in species that lack large repertoires or have simple songs.
Data from: Using a full annual cycle model to evaluate long-term population viability of the conservation-reliant Kirtland's warbler after successful recovery
Long-term management planning for conservation-reliant migratory songbirds is particularly challenging because habitat quality in different stages and geographic locations of the annual cycle can have direct and carry-over effects that influence the population dynamics. The Neotropical migratory songbird Kirtland's warbler Setophaga kirtlandii (Baird 1852) is listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and Near Threatened under the IUCN Red List. This conservation-reliant species is being considered for U.S. federal delisting because the species has surpassed the designated 1000 breeding pairs recovery threshold since 2001. To help inform the delisting decision and long-term management efforts, we developed a population simulation model for the Kirtland's warbler that incorporated both breeding and wintering grounds habitat dynamics, and projected population viability based on current environmental conditions and potential future management scenarios. Future management scenarios included the continuation of current management conditions, reduced productivity and carrying capacity due to the changes in habitat suitability from the creation of experimental jack pine Pinus banksiana (Lamb.) plantations, and reduced productivity from alteration of the brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater (Boddaert 1783) removal programme. Linking wintering grounds precipitation to productivity improved the accuracy of the model for replicating past observed population dynamics. Our future simulations indicate that the Kirtland's warbler population is stable under two potential future management scenarios: (i) continuation of current management practices and (ii) spatially restricting cowbird removal to the core breeding area, assuming that cowbirds reduce productivity in the remaining patches by ≤41%. The additional future management scenarios we assessed resulted in population declines. Synthesis and applications. Our study indicates that the Kirtland's warbler population is stable under current management conditions and that the jack pine plantation and cowbird removal programmes continue to be necessary for the long-term persistence of the species. This study represents one of the first attempts to incorporate full annual cycle dynamics into a population viability analysis for a migratory bird, and our results indicate that incorporating wintering grounds dynamics improved the model performance.
Data from: Similar hybrid composition among different age and sex classes in the Myrtle–Audubon's warbler hybrid zone
Hybrid zones provide a key natural context within which to study the barriers between incipient species. In some avian hybrid zones, there is indirect evidence of selection against hybrid offspring, yet the source of that selection is often unclear. We examined the frequency distribution of hybrids between Myrtle Warblers (Setophaga coronata coronata) and Audubon's Warblers (S. c. auduboni), using data to quantify—for the first time at a genomic scale—the composition of hybrids in this hybrid zone. We sampled birds during the breeding season and during fall migration and compared the frequencies of hybrids of different sex and age classes. Specifically, we tested for evidence of early-generation hybrids being significantly under- or over-represented in any of these classes, as would be expected if hybrids have lower or higher fitness than non-hybrids. We found that the genomic composition of birds in the hybrid zone spans the full ancestry spectrum. Across all our sampling periods, we found an excess of birds that had more Audubon's ancestry, with a stronger bias toward Audubon's ancestry in fall migrants than in breeding birds, consistent with asymmetric introgression. Notably, we did not find any differences in hybrid frequencies between juvenile and adult age classes or between males and females. Therefore, our results do not support large differences in viability between male and female hybrids or between different age classes of hybrids.
Contrasting effects of egg size and appearance on egg recognition and rejection response by Oriental reed warblers
<p>Among potential hosts, the rejection of foreign eggs, which is a common and effective strategy to counter brood parasitism, depends on egg recognition. Multi-modal and multi-component recognition cues of brood parasitic eggs, which include both tactile (size, shape, and texture) and visual (size, shape, color, and maculation) cues, are potentially involved in the perception and discrimination of foreign eggs by hosts. An egg rejection experiment on the host with different types of model eggs can help to accurately assess the relative contribution of different components on egg recognition and constraints to rejection, in which videos can help identify the method of host rejection. Here, we assessed egg recognition and rejection responses by Oriental reed warblers (<i>Acrocephalus orientalis</i>), one of the most common hosts of common cuckoos (<i>Cuculus canorus</i>) which breed in eastern China. We designed six groups of model eggs for rejection experiments in which sensory cues included three grades of size and two categories of visual mimicry. Our experiments confirmed that the multi-modal traits, which included variation in size, were significant predictors of egg rejection: we detected significantly higher rejection rates of mimetic spotted model eggs than of non-mimetic blue eggs. However, large model eggs did not yield higher rejection rates and, instead, these were less likely to be rejected and more likely to be deserted compared with smaller eggs. Further video-recording data showed that there was no significant effect of egg size on the egg recognition rate (percentage of nests with evidence of egg-pecking). No evidence that the egg appearance had an effect on the method of egg rejection (ejection or nest desertion) was found. Only visual signals, such as color and maculation, contributed to the recognition of foreign eggs by Oriental reed warblers as recognizable clues, but not the egg size. The egg size had an impact on the type of egg rejection. It was less feasible for the warblers to eject large eggs and that is why they opted more often for desertion as the mean of model egg rejection. The significantly lower egg rejection rate of large eggs suggested that although some of them were recognized as foreign eggs, hosts failed to reject these eggs and finally the eggs were assumed to being accepted by the commonly-used nest-checking methods.</p>
Rapid recovery by fat- and muscle-depleted Blackpoll Warblers following trans-oceanic migration is driven by time-minimization
<p>Non-stop endurance flights are a defining characteristic of many long-distance migratory birds but subsequent recovery phases are not typically distinguished from fueling phases (collectively 'stopovers'), despite endurance flights inducing marked physiological changes including flight muscle atrophy and gastrointestinal tract reductions. Here, we hypothesize that recovery requires unique behavioral adaptations, leading to departures from the predictions of optimal migration theory for time-minimizing migrants. We predict that recovering birds will 1) select (moist) food-rich habitats on arrival; 2) have slow initial fueling rates due to decreased gastrointestinal capacity; 3) show a negative correlation between stopover duration and arrival condition instead of a negative correlation with fuel deposition rate (FDR); 4) stopover longer than required to store energy reserves for subsequent flights; and 5) show evidence of rebuilding flight muscles. To test these predictions, we studied Blackpoll Warblers <em>Setophaga striata</em> in northern Colombia following trans-oceanic flights >2250 km. Birds selected dry seasonal habitats, despite proximity of moist forests, and among 1227 captured individuals, 14-21% were emaciated and 88% had atrophied flight muscles. We recaptured 74 individuals, revealing net positive mass gains and, contrary to Prediction 2, no evidence for slow initial recovery rates. Contrary to Prediction 3, stopover duration was only weakly correlated with arrival condition and birds with high FDR (4.9% LBM/day) had shorter durations (3 days) relative to birds with slower rates (7 days) - both groups accumulated sufficient fuel to reach non-breeding (over-wintering) grounds 500-1000 km away. Mass increases were largely attributable to fat deposition but some birds improved flight muscle condition (31.9%), consistent with Prediction 5. Together these results reveal a strong selection for time-minimization in the decisions made by Blackpoll Warblers following trans-oceanic flights, likely mediated through advantages to early arrival on non-breeding grounds, contrary to our hypothesis of recovery imposing unique selection pressures.</p>
High resource overlap and small dietary differences are widespread in food-limited warbler communities
<p class="CxSpFirst">Although both interspecific competition and coexistence mechanisms are central to ecological and evolutionary theory, past empirical studies have generally focused on simple (two-species) communities over short time periods. Experimental tests of these species interactions are challenging in complex study systems. Moreover, a number of studies of 'imperfect generalists', consistent with Liem's Paradox, raise questions about the ability of evolved species differences to effectively partition niche space when resources vary considerably across the annual cycle. Here we used a recently developed theoretical framework to combine past research on population-level processes with observational data on resource use to test for ongoing interspecific competition and understand the nature of resource overlap. We compared species diet overlaps and differences in several distinctive communities centred on a focal species, the American Redstart <i>Setophaga ruticilla</i> replicated both spatially and seasonally, in combination with documentation of population regulation to assess the ability of similar species to partition dietary niche space and limit interspecific competition. Our results document high dietary overlap in most of the communities studied, with only subtle differentiation consistent with known species-differences in foraging behaviour and morphology. These findings are largely consistent with species foraging as imperfect generalists. However, in contrast to past studies, the high diet overlaps observed here during times of inferred resource scarcity were driven by low value prey taxa (e.g. small ants) and did not involve truly 'private' resources. All of these factors increase the potential negative impacts of interspecific competition and limit the ability of these birds to avoid competition if conditions further deteriorate, either seasonally or at longer intervals.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Haemoproteus nucleocondensus n. sp. (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae) from a Eurasian songbird, the Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus
FIGURE 2. Bayesian phylogeny of 24 mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages of Haemoproteus spp. and 4 lineages of Plasmodium spp. One lineage of Leucocytozoon is used as outgroup. Codes of lineages and GenBank accession numbers (in parentheses) are given after parasite species names, with the name of new species in bold. Names of parasites with microgametocytes possessing condensed nuclei morphologically similar to the new species are underlined. Posterior probability values>70 are indicated near the nodes.Vertical bars A and B indicate haemoproteid species belonging to the subgenera Haemoproteus and Parahaemoproteus, respectively.
FIGURE 1 in Haemoproteus nucleocondensus n. sp. (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae) from a Eurasian songbird, the Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus
FIGURE 1. Gametocytes of Haemoproteus nucleocondensus sp. nov. (a-l) from the blood of Great Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus and Haemoproteus payevskyi (m-t) from the blood of Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus: a, b, i, m, q—young gametocytes; c–h, n–p—macrogametocytes; j–l, r–t—microgametocytes. Long arrows—nuclei of parasites; short arrows—unfilled spaces between gametocyte and envelope of infected erythrocyte; arrow head—pigment granules. Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Bar = 10 µm.
Fatal mobbing and attack of the common cuckoo by its warbler hosts
<p><span>Nest defence is an effective strategy of hosts against parasites. Typically, hosts will aggressively attack brood parasites that approach or visit their nests, which can prevent the parasites from laying eggs or may even lead to the death of the parasites. Few previous studies have specifically reported such fatal cases involving brood parasites and have attributed the cause of death to either drowning or hypothermia after falling into the water following an attack from hosts. In this study, we recorded the process of multiple host individuals of the Oriental reed warbler (<em>Acrocephalus</em> <em>orientalis</em>) mobbing and attacking a female common cuckoo (<em>Cuculus</em> <em>canorus</em>) in the field. We discovered that the immediate cause of the cuckoo's death was the fatal physical damage resulting from the aggressive defence from the hosts, suggesting that frantic pecking and scratching by the hosts is the most proximate cause of mortality among egg-laying female cuckoos. This finding enhances our essential understanding of the effectiveness of host attacks.</span></p>
Golden-cheeked warbler Integrated Population Model (IPM) data in Austin, TX (2011–2019)
<p>These data and code are associated with the publication in Ecosphere entitled "Urban land cover and El Nino events negatively impact population viability of an endangered North American songbird." We performed an integrated population model to evaluate the effect of climate patterns and urban land cover on the viability of an endangered wood-warbler breeding in central Texas. We used territory monitroing data from 2011–2019 to predict viability of the population 25 years into the future.</p>
Data from: The effects of dietary macronutrients on flight ability, energetics, and fuel metabolism of yellow-rumped warblers Setophaga coronata
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Data from: Male stress response is related to ornamentation but not resistance to oxidative stress in a warbler
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Data from: Influence of climate change and post-delisting management on long-term population viability of the conservation-reliant Kirtland’s warbler
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Data from: Habitat suitability and the constraints of migration in New World warblers
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Data from: Evaluation of sex differences in the stopover behavior and postdeparture movements of wood-warblers
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Data from: Oxidative status and fitness components in the Seychelles warbler
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Data from: Positive correlations between pre- and post-copulatory sexual traits in warblers
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