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475 results for “words”
Biao (Dagang) audio word list
<p>Three dialects of Biao were documented from May 8-9, 2013 in:</p> <ul> <li>Yonggu Township 永固镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong</li> <li>Zhailing Village 寨岭村, Dagang Township 大岗镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong</li> <li>Baoshan Village 保山村, Chang'an Township 长安镇, Fengkai County, Guangdong</li> </ul> <p>Liang Min (2002) documented the Biao lect of Shidong Township 诗洞镇, Huaiji County, and included a few examples from Yonggu Biao. Biao of Dagang Township 大岗镇 was previously undocumented. Shidong and Yonggu Biao speakers both report each others’ lects to be unintelligible. Dagang Biao is also unintelligible with both Shidong Biao and Yonggu Biao.</p> <p>(1) Yonggu Township 永固镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong Province<br> (2) Zhailing Village 寨岭村, Dagang Township 大岗镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong Province</p> <p>I have also collected data from Baoshan Village 保山村, Chang'an Township 长安镇, Fengkai County, Guangdong Province. This variety turned out to be mutually intelligible with the Dagang lect, since my informant from Zhailing, Dagang was able to fully converse with the Biao speakers of Baoshan when he traveled with me to the field site. Locals in Dagang report that Biao of Liangcun Township 梁村镇 is intelligible and nearly identical with Dagang Biao. Thus, there are at least three mutually unintelligible varieties of Biao, namely (1) Shidong 诗洞, (2) Yonggu 永固, and (3) Dagang 大岗.</p> <p>Biao appears to share some lexical and phonological links with Lakkja, which some Chinese linguists consider to be a divergent Kam-Sui language. Thus, Biao may form a subgroup with Kam-Sui and/or Lakkja, or it may even constitute a primary branch of Kra-Dai on its own.</p>
Ku (Shidongmen) audio word list
<p>On April 17, 2013, I documented Ku of Shidongmen 石洞门, Xijide Village 西基得村, Zhulin Township 珠琳镇, Guangnan County, Yunnan, China. Ku speakers are locally known as the Luo 倮族, who are recognized as distinct from the Pu 仆族. Locals in Zhulin recognize a Luo-Pu distinction within Yi.</p>
Va (Northern) audio word list
<p>On April 10-11, 2014, I collected about 270 words from Northern Va and about 100 words from Southern Va. Both are spoken in several scattered villages in Jingxing Township 景星乡, Mojiang County, Yunnan, China. Southern Va is spoken only by middle-age and elderly people, but not by children. It is more conservative and retains many sesquisyllabic prefixes, particularly /s-/, which are not retained in Northern Va. Northern Va may have about 2,000 speakers, and for Southern Va, perhaps just under 1,000. The Va of Mojiang County are geographically isolated from other Austroasiatic-speaking groups, as no other Austroasiatic languages are spoken within perhaps a 100-km radius.</p> <p>My Northern Va informant, surnamed Li 李, is a 27-year-old male shopkeeper who is fluent in Putonghua (standard Mandarin), Southwestern Mandarin, and Va. He has worked in Kunming for a few years before. According to Li, the ancestors of the Va were also called “Mang 莽” in the past, and had migrated from the Dali area, which is located much further to the northwest. My Southern Va informant is 42-year-old Wang Lijuan 王丽娟. Data collection on Southern Va was performed under time constraints, since it was done during a bus break by the side of a road while I was on my way to the Mojiang county seat.<br> <br> My Northern Va informant claimed that Southern Va is very difficult for him to understand, but my Southern Va informant reported that she understands Northern Va perfectly well. Also, speakers are aware that Va numerals (except 1-3) are from Tai. However, most of their neighbors are Kaduo (kha31 tu31) speakers, a Southern Loloish group; the Tai are a minority in the region.<br> <br> Northern Va is spoken in about 8 villages in Taihe Administrative Village 太和村, Jingxing Township 景星乡, Mojiang County, Yunnan, China by about 600 ethnic Bulang households or just over 2,000 families. All generations, including children, speak the language fluently.<br> • Wamo 挖墨<br> • Xinzhai 新寨 (Upper 上 and Lower 下 hamlets)<br> • Jiuzhai 旧寨<br> • Dazhai 大寨 (Upper 上 and Lower 下 hamlets)<br> • Xiaozhai 小寨 (Upper 上 and Lower 下 hamlets)<br> <br> Southern Va is spoken in the following villages of Zhenglong Administrative Village 正龙村, Jingxing Township 景星乡, Mojiang County, Yunnan, China. The children do not speak Va.<br> • Pingtian 平田<br> • Banglao 蚌老 (culture and language best preserved)<br> • Miena 乜那<br> • Binggu 丙故<br> • Yin’gou 阴沟<br> • Yakou 丫口 (culture and language least preserved)<br> <br> Even though their autonym is “Va,” their language is fully Angkuic, and does not have any Waic influence or substrate.</p>
Biao (Chang'an) audio word list
<p>Three dialects of Biao were documented from May 8-9, 2013 in:</p> <ul> <li>Yonggu Township 永固镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong</li> <li>Zhailing Village 寨岭村, Dagang Township 大岗镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong</li> <li>Baoshan Village 保山村, Chang'an Township 长安镇, Fengkai County, Guangdong</li> </ul> <p>Liang Min (2002) documented the Biao lect of Shidong Township 诗洞镇, Huaiji County, and included a few examples from Yonggu Biao. Biao of Dagang Township 大岗镇 was previously undocumented. Shidong and Yonggu Biao speakers both report each others’ lects to be unintelligible. Dagang Biao is also unintelligible with both Shidong Biao and Yonggu Biao.</p> <p>(1) Yonggu Township 永固镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong Province<br> (2) Zhailing Village 寨岭村, Dagang Township 大岗镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong Province</p> <p>I have also collected data from Baoshan Village 保山村, Chang'an Township 长安镇, Fengkai County, Guangdong Province. This variety turned out to be mutually intelligible with the Dagang lect, since my informant from Zhailing, Dagang was able to fully converse with the Biao speakers of Baoshan when he traveled with me to the field site. Locals in Dagang report that Biao of Liangcun Township 梁村镇 is intelligible and nearly identical with Dagang Biao. Thus, there are at least three mutually unintelligible varieties of Biao, namely (1) Shidong 诗洞, (2) Yonggu 永固, and (3) Dagang 大岗.</p> <p>Biao appears to share some lexical and phonological links with Lakkja, which some Chinese linguists consider to be a divergent Kam-Sui language. Thus, Biao may form a subgroup with Kam-Sui and/or Lakkja, or it may even constitute a primary branch of Kra-Dai on its own.</p>
Nisu (Dao San) audio word list
<p>On February 10, 2014 In U Nhí Chải, Dao San Township, Phong Tho District, Lai Chau Province, Vietnam, I met a "Lo Lo" woman who said that the autonym of her group was Nisuphu [ȵi³³so⁵⁵pʰo²¹]. She was born in China, but had married into a Hani (Ha Nhi) family in U Nhi Chai. Her language turned out to be Nisu (Southern Yi), a Loloish language.</p>
Hani (Dao San) audio word list
<p>On February 10, 2014 in U Nhí Chải, Dao San Township, Phong Tho District, Lai Chau Province, Vietnam, I collected a word list of U Nhi or Hani (ha³³ȵi³³pʰa⁵³). U Nhi turned out to be a local exonym for the Hani people in the area. My informant was a middle-aged woman about 50 years old who was more fluent in Southwestern Mandarin (which the locals called Hanhua 汉话) than in Vietnamese.</p> <p>The Hani language spoken in Phong Tho is similar to Hani dialects spoken in Jinping County, which is located just across the border. Three months later, I visited Jinping County but did not collect data on any languages there.</p>
Laopa audio word list
<p>On February 7, 2014, I met 2 young women in their 20's named Anh Hà and Thuyên Kim. They were on the bus from Van Ban district to Lao Cai who were from from Dồng Vệ, xã Chiền Khe, huyện Văn Bàn, Lao Cai Province, Vietnam. They spoken Laopa ([lau21 pa51), which turned out to be a dialect of Laghuu (Xa Pho). The Laopa women also were highly fluent in Putonghua (standard Mandarin Chinese) and Vietnamese.</p>
Phuthai (Atsaphone) audio word list
<p>Recorded in Savannakhet City in April 2015.</p> <p>My informant was Sipaseuth Phongphanith, who speaks the Phuthai dialect of Ban Phak Kha Nya, Atsaphone District, Savannakhet Province, Laos. Elicitation was done using Lao vocabulary lists from "Lao for Beginners" by Benjawan Poomsan Becker.</p>
Mien (Qingxiyuan) audio word list
<p>In April 2013, I documented the local Mien dialect of Qingxiyuan 清溪源, Yuankou Township 源口瑶族乡, Jiangyong County, Hunan, China as well as some Pingdi Yao lects that appeared to be somewhat similar to Pinghua Chinese dialects.</p>
Mauphu audio word list
<p>Recorded on May 6, 2015.<br> <br> "Mauphu" (autonym: mau²¹pʰu³⁵) is spoken by only about 20 speakers in the single village of Dagulu 大咕噜, Guangnan County, Yunnan, China. Middle-aged speakers remember a few phrases.<br> <br> My informant was Dai Baizhi 代柏芝 (born May 30, 1947; 68 years old), who used to be a schoolteacher.<br> <br> Mauphu and Motang have different phrases for 'eat rice'.</p> <ul> <li>zei21 sei33 (Mauphu)</li> <li>haŋ33 tsu33 (Motang)</li> </ul> <p>Mauphu has some words beginning with ts- where other Mondzish languages have s- instead, suggesting that Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ts- > s was an innovation that spread after Mondzish diversified, but did not originate in Proto-Mondzish.</p> <p>Mauphu and Motang are closely related languages, and form a group (or pair) within Mondzish.</p>
Biao Min (Baizhuping) audio word list
<p>On May 2, 2013, I visited two Biao Min villages of Guanyang County, Guangxi, China.</p> <p><br> The dialects are reported to be mutually intelligible. However, this language is undocumented, and is unintelligible with Biao Min of Dongshan Township, Quanzhou County, Guangxi located just to the north.<br> <br> Dialect 1:</p> <ul> <li>Mifengshan 蜜蜂山, Jiangtang 江塘村, Shuiche Township 水车乡, Guanyang County</li> </ul> <p><br> Dialect 2:</p> <ul> <li>Baizhuping 白竹坪, Wenshi Township 文市乡, Guanyang County</li> <li>Xiamashan 下马山, Xieshui Village 斜水村, Dongshan Township 东山乡, Quanzhou County (reported as the same dialect by speakers in Baizhuping; I did not have a chance to visit Xiamashan)</li> </ul>
Biao (Yonggu) audio word list
<p>Three dialects of Biao were documented from May 8-9, 2013 in:</p> <ul> <li>Yonggu Township 永固镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong</li> <li>Zhailing Village 寨岭村, Dagang Township 大岗镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong</li> <li>Baoshan Village 保山村, Chang'an Township 长安镇, Fengkai County, Guangdong</li> </ul> <p>Liang Min (2002) documented the Biao lect of Shidong Township 诗洞镇, Huaiji County, and included a few examples from Yonggu Biao. Biao of Dagang Township 大岗镇 was previously undocumented. Shidong and Yonggu Biao speakers both report each others’ lects to be unintelligible. Dagang Biao is also unintelligible with both Shidong Biao and Yonggu Biao.</p> <p>(1) Yonggu Township 永固镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong Province<br> (2) Zhailing Village 寨岭村, Dagang Township 大岗镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong Province</p> <p>I have also collected data from Baoshan Village 保山村, Chang'an Township 长安镇, Fengkai County, Guangdong Province. This variety turned out to be mutually intelligible with the Dagang lect, since my informant from Zhailing, Dagang was able to fully converse with the Biao speakers of Baoshan when he traveled with me to the field site. Locals in Dagang report that Biao of Liangcun Township 梁村镇 is intelligible and nearly identical with Dagang Biao. Thus, there are at least three mutually unintelligible varieties of Biao, namely (1) Shidong 诗洞, (2) Yonggu 永固, and (3) Dagang 大岗.</p> <p>Biao appears to share some lexical and phonological links with Lakkja, which some Chinese linguists consider to be a divergent Kam-Sui language. Thus, Biao may form a subgroup with Kam-Sui and/or Lakkja, or it may even constitute a primary branch of Kra-Dai on its own.</p>
Avala audio word list
<p>Avala (a21 va21 la21) is a previously undocumented Angkuic lect that I had recorded on April 30, 2014 in Bangliu 邦六, Manghuai Township 芒怀乡, Yun County 云县, Yunnan, China. Avala is practically extinct, and there is only one elderly man in the entire village cluster who remembers any words from the language – 83-year-old Chen Zhifang 陈织芳. Chen is hard of hearing and has lost most of his teeth; hence elicitation was difficult, resulting in inconsistent speech as well. Fortunately, of the 30 or so words I managed to elicit from him, he also remembered the autonym. Chen claims he does not remember any more words in Avala other than the ones that I have elicited from him.<br> <br> Locals in Manghuai Township reported more ethnic Bulang residing in Niuquan 牛圈, Maolan Township 茂兰镇, Yun County, but it is unknown whether they speak Avala (Bulang) or not.<br> <br> Avala is most similar to Luce’s P’uman and to Bulang of Nanjian County as recorded in Chinese characters by the Nanjian County Gazetteer (1994).</p>
Buyi (Suode) audio word list
<p>On April 11, 2013, I interviewed a Buyi informant in Suode (梭得), Jichangping Township 鸡场坪乡, Pan County, Guizhou, China. My informant reported that his ancestors had migrated from the Anshun area. The Buyi are also locally known as the Shui.</p>
Buyi (Aboji) audio word list
<p>On April 13, 2013, I visited the ethnic "Shui" village of Upper Abaiji (locally called Aboji) 上阿白吉村 in Luoping County, Yunnan, China. The village was very remote, and was accessible only via a narrow footpath that was one hour's walk from the nearest paved road. I had to walk one hour there, with a local guide leading me on the path up to Aboji village.</p> <p>My informant was a 66-year-old man named Wang Qibing 王齐兵. Wang reported that his language, which I have determined to be a Buyi dialect, was mutually intelligible with Shui of Luo’e, Fuyuan County. Locals Han Chinese and even the Shui themselves also refer to the Shui as “Buyi.” Wang also reported that there are ethnic Yi in Fanai 发耐, Xinzhai 新寨, Xinfacun 新发村.</p>
Hezhang Buyi (Tiejiang) audio word list
<p>Hezhang Buyi is a highly endangered mixed Kra-Dai language with a Northern Tai (Buyi) superstratum and Kra substratum.</p> <p>On April 8, 2013, I interviewed Yang Zhenmei 杨珍妹 (born July 15, 1928), who was the mother of a local village official in Tiejiang village 铁匠村, Tiejiang township 铁匠乡, Hezhang County 赫章县, Guizhou, China.</p> <p>In Dazhai 大寨, Fuchu township 辅处乡, Hezhang County 赫章县, Guizhou, China, my informant was Gao Chunjie 高春姐 (female, illiterate; born May 5, 1928 in Yuguo village 雨果村, Weining county). She was the best native speaker of “Shui” in the village. There were also “few” other elderly fluent speakers in the village.</p> <p>Gao's middle-aged male relative said their ancestors had migrated from from Dashiban, Taihe County, Fuguang Prefecture, Jiangxi 江西福广府太河县大石板. He also reported other locations of Shui in Hezhang County as Zhuyuan, Kele Township 可乐乡竹园 (and one other village) and Tangbian, Zhuming Township 朱明乡塘边.</p> <p> </p>
Buyi (Jichang) audio word list
<p>On April 6, 2013, I interviewed He Weifu (born October 1939 in Dawan village 大湾村), a Buyi speaker who was born in and has lived all his life in Dawan, Jichang Township 鸡场苗族彝族布依族乡, Zhijin County, Guizhou, China. He says that ethnic Buyi clothing is now rarely worn in Dawan, and that the younger generations speak Buyi with Chinese accents or not at all. However, the older generations are completely fluent in Buyi, and He was proud of the fact that Dawan is one of the few villages in the township where Buyi is still widely spoken, at least by the elderly generation. The Buyi of Dawan had been officially classified as Shui until the 1980’s, when they were reclassified as Buyi. The neighboring villages just downhill still say that the residents of Dawan are ethnic “Shui” (水族), although the Dawan residents now say they are ethnic “Buyi” (布依族).</p> <p> </p><p>There were also ethnic White Miao in Wupu 乌普, which some residents in neighboring villages confuse as ethnic “Bai” (白族). No actual ethnic Bai have been found in Jichang Township 鸡场乡.</p> <p></p>
Red Gelao (Houzitian) audio word list
<p>On August 1, 2012, I found the last living speaker of Houzitian Red Gelao, an 88-year-old woman named Guo Yunxiu 郭云秀. She was living in Luomadong 罗马洞 (18 组), Qinglong village 青龙村, Langdai township 郎岱镇, Liuzhi Special District, Guizhou, China after she married a man from that village, but she was born in Houzitian 猴子田, Liuzhi Special District, Guizhou. Her son drove me in his minivan, and also invited me to a meal of dog meat soup.</p> <p>Guo reported that she had not conversed in Red Gelao with other Red Gelao speakers for about 20 years.</p>
White Gelao (Judu) audio word list
<p>Su Xingming 苏兴明, an elementary school teacher in Judu village, was my informant. I elicited more than 500 vocabulary words on July 31, 2012. Unfortunately, the static noise from the Minghai H15 unidirectional microphone was quite frustrating to me. I was always making sure my informant spoke loud and close enough to the microphone as to speak significantly louder than the static. However, I still successfully collected excellent data, as Su Xingming was a highly cooperative and literate informant who had worked with field linguists before. He had personally known Li Jinfang and his graduates students Kang Zhongde and Li Xia.</p> <p>Unlike all of the other ethnic Gelao villages I had been to, in Judu, the Gelao language was actually used far more in daily conversation than Chinese. Even the village officials often spoke White Gelao to each other. They took me to the Judu elementary school, where I was to work with my informant, have my meals, and stay for the night. I then played Jerold Edmondson’s recordings of northern Vietnam’s White Gelao to them, and then said that much of it was intelligible, except for some variations in tone and lexicon.</p> <p>Location: Judu village 居都村, Qingkou township 箐口乡, Liuzhi Special District, Liupanshui, Guizhou, China</p>
Gelao (Hongfeng) audio word list
<p>My Red Gelao informant in Hongfeng village was Wang Lunguang 王伦光 (65), communicates with his wife entirely in Gelao, but speaks to most of the family in Southwestern Mandarin (or Guizhouhua). He is multilingual in Red Gelao, Southwestern Mandarin, and some Miao. Recorded on July 25, 2012 in Hongfeng village, Pudi Township, Dafang County, Guizhou, China.</p>
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