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9,937 results for “Endemicity”
Image 1 in Pollination biology of Impatiens cuspidata Wight and Arn. (Balsaminaceae), a rare and endemic balsam of the Western Ghats, India
Image 1. Pollination biology of Impatiens cuspidata
Figure 1 in Pollination biology of Impatiens cuspidata Wight and Arn. (Balsaminaceae), a rare and endemic balsam of the Western Ghats, India
Figure 1. The study area in the Western Ghats
Data from: Epidemic and endemic pathogen dynamics correspond to distinct host population microbiomes at a landscape scale
Infectious diseases have serious impacts on human and wildlife populations, but the effects of a disease can vary, even among individuals or populations of the same host species. Identifying the reasons for this variation is key to understanding disease dynamics and mitigating infectious disease impacts, but disentangling cause and correlation during natural outbreaks is extremely challenging. This study aims to understand associations between symbiotic bacterial communities and an infectious disease, and examines multiple host populations before or after pathogen invasion to infer likely causal links. The results show that symbiotic bacteria are linked to fundamentally different outcomes of pathogen infection: host–pathogen coexistence (endemic infection) or host population extirpation (epidemic infection). Diversity and composition of skin-associated bacteria differed between populations of the frog, Rana sierrae, that coexist with or were extirpated by the fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Data from multiple populations sampled before or after pathogen invasion were used to infer cause and effect in the relationship between the fungal pathogen and symbiotic bacteria. Among host populations, variation in the composition of the skin microbiome was most strongly predicted by pathogen infection severity, even in analyses where the outcome of infection did not vary. This result suggests that pathogen infection shapes variation in the skin microbiome across host populations that coexist with or are driven to extirpation by the pathogen. By contrast, microbiome richness was largely unaffected by pathogen infection intensity, but was strongly predicted by geographical region of the host population, indicating the importance of environmental or host genetic factors in shaping microbiome richness. Thus, while both richness and composition of the microbiome differed between endemic and epidemic host populations, the underlying causes are most likely different: pathogen infection appears to shape microbiome composition, while microbiome richness was less sensitive to pathogen-induced disturbance. Because higher richness was correlated with host persistence in the presence of Bd, and richness appeared relatively stable to Bd infection, microbiome richness may contribute to disease resistance, although the latter remains to be directly tested.
Data from: Phylogeography of Aegean green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup): continental hybrid swarm vs. insular diversification with discovery of a new island endemic
Background: Debated aspects in speciation research concern the amount of gene flow between incipient species under secondary contact and the modes by which post-zygotic isolation accumulates. Secondary contact zones of allopatric lineages, involving varying levels of divergence, provide natural settings for comparative studies, for which the Aegean (Eastern Mediterranean) geography offers unique scenarios. In Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup or Bufotes), Plio-Pleistocene (~2.6 Mya) diverged species show a sharp transition without contemporary gene flow, while younger lineages, diverged in the Lower-Pleistocene (~1.9 Mya), admix over tens of kilometers. Here, we conducted a fine-scale multilocus phylogeographic analysis of continental and insular green toads from the Aegean, where a third pair of taxa, involving Mid-Pleistocene diverged (~1.5 Mya) mitochondrial lineages, earlier tentatively named viridis and variabilis, (co-)occurs. Results: We discovered a new lineage, endemic to Naxos (Central Cyclades), while coastal islands and Crete feature weak genetic differentiation from the continent. In continental Greece, both lineages, viridis and variabilis, form a hybrid swarm, involving massive mitochondrial and nuclear admixture over hundreds of kilometers, without obvious selection against hybrids. Conclusions: The genetic signatures of insular Aegean toads appear governed by bathymetry and Quaternary sea level changes, resulting in long-term isolation (Central Cyclades: Naxos) and recent land-bridges (coastal islands). Conversely, Crete has been isolated since the end of the Messinian salinity crisis (5.3 My) and Cretan populations thus likely result from human-mediated colonization, at least since Antiquity, from Peloponnese and Anatolia. Comparisons of green toad hybrid zones support the idea that post-zygotic hybrid incompatibilities accumulate gradually over the genome. In this radiation, only one million years of divergence separate a scenario of complete reproductive isolation, from a secondary contact resulting in near panmixia.
Spatiotemporal population dynamics of the Caddo Madtom (Noturus taylori), a narrow-range endemic of the Ouachita Highlands
<p>The Caddo Madtom, Noturus taylori, is endemic to three river drainages of the Ouachita Highlands in the southeastern United States. Conservation concern for N. taylori has been heightened by recent studies based on analyses of allozyme data suggesting population decline and a possible extirpation event, which lead to N. taylori petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act in 2011. The objective of this study was to determine if contemporary factors, historic processes, or a combination of both, using microsatellite DNA loci and mitochondrial (mt) DNA, have influenced patterns of genetic structuring for N. taylori to better inform conservation management strategies. Phylogeographic and Bayesian cluster analyses suggest that genetic structuring between Caddo and Ouachita river drainages was shaped by historical processes prior to construction of reservoir dams that dissect the drainages. We found no evidence that reservoir dams influenced contemporary patterns of genetic structure, thus it is likely that larger river courses, and life-history characteristics conducive to headwater habitats, play important roles in limiting gene flow between drainages, and to some extent within drainages. Genetic diversity of N. taylori was relatively high compared to other endangered madtom species; however, compared to the Ouachita River population, genetic diversity was significantly lower for the Caddo River population. Collectively, these results suggest that N. taylori populations are not heavily impaired, and the genetic variation and structuring is most attributable to historic processes. However, the endemic status and narrowly fragmented distribution still renders N. taylori populations vulnerable to extirpation or extinction by stochastic events.</p>
Data from: A new ancient lineage of frog (Anura: Nyctibatrachidae: Astrobatrachinae subfam. nov.) endemic to the Western Ghats of Peninsular India
The Western Ghats (WG) is an escarpment on the west coast of Peninsular India, housing one of the richest assemblages of frogs in the world, with three endemic families. Here, we report the discovery of a new ancient lineage from a high-elevation massif in the Wayanad Plateau of the southern WG. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the lineage belongs to Natatanura and clusters with Nyctibatrachidae, a family endemic to the WG/Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. Based on geographic distribution, unique morphological traits, deep genetic divergence, and phylogenetic position that distinguishes the lineage from the two nyctibatrachid subfamilies Nyctibatrachinae Blommers-Schlösser, 1993 and Lankanectinae Dubois & Ohler, 2001, we erect a new subfamily Astrobatrachinae subfam. nov. (endemic to the WG, Peninsular India), and describe a new genus Astrobatrachus gen. nov. and species, Astrobatrachus kurichiyana sp. nov. The discovery of this species adds to the list of deeply divergent and monotypic or depauperate lineages with narrow geographic ranges in the southern massifs of the WG. The southern regions of the WG have long been considered geographic and climatic refugia, and this new relict lineage underscores their evolutionary significance. The small range of this species exclusively outside protected areas highlights the significance of reserve forest tracts in the WG in housing evolutionary novelty. This reinforces the need for intensive sampling to uncover new lineages and advance our understanding of the historical biogeography of this ancient landmass.
Data from: A Cretaceous aged Paleotropical dispersal established an endemic lineage of Caribbean praying mantises
Recent phylogenetic advances have uncovered remarkable biogeographic histories that have challenged traditional concepts of dispersal, vicariance and diversification in the Greater Antilles. Much of this focus has centred on vertebrate lineages despite the high diversity and endemism of terrestrial arthropods, which account for 2.5 times the generic endemism of all Antillean plants and non-marine vertebrates combined. In this study, we focus on three Antillean endemic praying mantis genera, Callimantis, Epaphrodita and Gonatista, to determine their phylogenetic placement and geographical origins. Each genus is enigmatic in their relation to other praying mantises due to their morphological affinities with both Neotropical and Old World groups. We recovered the three genera as a monophyletic lineage among Old World groups, which was supported by molecular and morphological evidence. With a divergence at approximately 107 Ma, the lineage originated during the break-up of Gondwana. Ancestral range reconstruction indicates the lineage dispersed from an African + Indomalayan range to the Greater Antilles, with a subsequent extinction in the Old World. The profound ecomorphic convergence with non-Caribbean groups obscured recognition of natural relationships within the same geographical distribution. To the best of our knowledge, the lineage is one of the oldest endemic animal groups in the Greater Antilles and their morphological diversity and restricted distribution mark them as a critical taxon to conserve.
Fast diversification through a mosaic of evolutionary histories characterizes the endemic flora of ancient Neotropical mountains
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Mountains are among the most biodiverse areas on the globe. In young mountain ranges, exceptional plant species-richness is often associated to recent and rapid radiations linked to the mountain uplift itself. In ancient mountains, however, orogeny vastly precedes the evolution of vascular plants, so species-richness has been explained by species accumulation during long periods of low extinction rates. Here we evaluate these assumptions by analyzing plant diversification dynamicsin the<i>campo rupestre</i>, an ecosystem associated to pre-Cambrian mountaintops and highlands of eastern South America, areas where plant species-richness and endemism are among the highest in the world. Analyses of 15 angiosperm clades show that radiations of endemics present fastest rates of diversification during the climatically unstable period of the last 5 million years. However, results from ancestral range estimations using different models disagree on the age of the earliest <i>in situ</i>speciation events and point to a complex floristic assembly. There is a general trend for higher diversification rates associated to these areas, but endemism may also increase or reduce extinction rates, depending on the group. Montane habitats, no matter their geological age, may lead to boosts in speciation rates by accelerating population isolation in archipelago-like systems, circumstances that can also result in higher extinction rates and fast species turnover, misleading age estimates of endemic lineages. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Reproductive isolation and the maintenance of species boundaries 1 in two serpentine endemic Jewelflowers
Speciation occurs when reproductive barriers substantially reduce gene flow between lineages. Understanding how specific barriers contribute to reproductive isolation offers insight into the initial forces driving divergence, and the evolutionary and ecological processes responsible for maintaining diversity. Here we quantified multiple pre- and post-pollination isolating barriers in a pair of closely related California Jewelflowers (Streptanthus, Brassicaceae) living in an area of sympatry. S. breweri and S. hesperidis are restricted to similar serpentine habitats, however populations are spatially isolated at fine-scales and rarely co-occur in intermixed stands. Several intrinsic postzygotic barriers were among the strongest we quantified, however postzygotic barriers currently contribute little to overall reproductive isolation due to the cumulative strength of earlier-acting extrinsic barriers, including spatial isolation, and flowering time and pollinator differences. Data from multiple years suggest that pre-pollination barriers may have different strengths depending on annual environmental conditions. Similarly, crossing data suggest that the strength of intrinsic isolation may vary between different population pairs. Estimates of total reproductive isolation in S. breweri - S. hesperidis are robust to uncertainty and variability in individual barrier strength estimates, demonstrating how multiple barriers can act redundantly to prevent gene flow between close relatives living in sympatry.
Data from: Taxonomic delimitation of the rare, eastern North American endemic lichen Santessoniella crossophylla (Pannariaceae)
The taxonomic delimitation and generic placement of Santessoniella crossophylla (Old Gray Crosslobes), a cyanolichen endemic to eastern North America, are revisited based on newly generated nrITS and mtSSU sequences. A population from Nova Scotia whose identification as S. crossophylla has been questioned is confirmed as belonging to the species. The monospecific genus Rockefellera is introduced to accommodate lichens ascribable to S. crossophylla in light of molecular results herein presented. The new name honors the Rockefeller family for their century-long support of North American conservation efforts, particularly with respect to national parks.
Fig. 1 in Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) - rare and endemic African hoverflies
Fig. 1. Distribution map of the Merodon bombiformis species group.
FIGURE 4 in A revision of the Western Australian endemic humicolous beetle genus Tympallopatrum Perkins (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)
FIGURE 4. Tympallopatrum callosum holotype, dorsal and lateral habitus.
FIGURE 1 in A revision of the Western Australian endemic humicolous beetle genus Tympallopatrum Perkins (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)
FIGURE 1. Tympallopatrum longitudum holotype, dorsal and lateral habitus.
FIGURE 3 in A revision of the Western Australian endemic humicolous beetle genus Tympallopatrum Perkins (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)
FIGURE 3. Tympallopatrum curvicostum holotype, dorsal and lateral habitus.
FIGURE 2 in A revision of the Western Australian endemic humicolous beetle genus Tympallopatrum Perkins (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)
FIGURE 2. Tympallopatrum aureolum holotype, dorsal and lateral habitus.
FIGURE 10 in A revision of the South African endemic water beetle genus Pneuminion Perkins (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)
FIGURE 10. Pneuminion nanum holotype. Dorsal and lateral habitus.
FIGURE 9 in A revision of the South African endemic water beetle genus Pneuminion Perkins (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)
FIGURE 9. Pneuminion punctatum holotype. Dorsal and lateral habitus.
FIGURE 6 in A revision of the South African endemic water beetle genus Pneuminion Perkins (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)
FIGURE 6. Pneuminion natalensis holotype. Dorsal and lateral habitus.
FIGURE 4 in A revision of the South African endemic water beetle genus Pneuminion Perkins (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)
FIGURE 4. Pneuminion balfourbrownei holotype. Dorsal and lateral habitus.
FIGURE 3 in A revision of the South African endemic water beetle genus Pneuminion Perkins (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)
FIGURE 3. Pneuminion endroedyi holotype. Dorsal and lateral habitus.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.