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Figures 268–273 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 268–273. 'Spermophora' minotaura. Left male palp in prolateral (268) and retrolateral (269) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (270), apophysis and modified hairs distally on male chelicerae (271), and cleared epigynum in ventral (272) and dorsal (273) views. 'e': embolus; 'f': 'Spermophora-flap'; 'hp': hinged process. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (268, 269, 272, 273), 0.2 mm (270), 50 Mm (271).

Figures 99–105 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 99–105. Buitinga safura. Left male palp in prolateral (99) and retrolateral (100) views, modified hairs on male cheliceral apophyses (101), male chelicerae in frontal (102) and lateral (103) views, and cleared epigynum in ventral (104) and dorsal (105) views. 'e': embolus; 'f': transparent flap on procursus; 'p': bulbal papilla. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (99, 100), 0.2 mm (102, 103), 0.3 mm (104, 105), 50 Mm (101).

Figures 106–112 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 106–112. Buitinga griswoldi. Left male palp in prolateral (106) and retrolateral (107) views, male chelicerae in frontal (108) and lateral (109) views, modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (110), and cleared epigynum in ventral (111) and dorsal (112) views. 'e': embolus; 'hp': putative hinged process. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (106, 107), 0.2 mm (108, 109, 111, 112), 30 Mm (110).

Figures 92–98 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 92–98. Buitinga nigrescens. Left male palp in prolateral (92) and retrolateral (93) views, male chelicerae in frontal (94) and lateral (95) views, modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (96), and cleared epigynum in ventral (97) and dorsal (98) views. 'e': embolus; 'dt': dorsal trichobothrium; 'hp': putative hinged process. Scale bars = 0.4 mm (92, 93), 0.2 mm (94, 95, 97, 98), 50 Mm (96).

Figures 64–70 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 64–70. Buitinga lakilingo. Left male palp in prolateral (64) and retrolateral (65) views, male chelicerae in frontal (66) and lateral (67) views, modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (68), and cleared epigynum in ventral (69) and dorsal (70) views. 'e': embolus; 'p': distinctive papilla on bulb; 'va': ventral apophysis on palpal coxa. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (64, 65), 0.2 mm (66, 67, 69, 70), 50 Mm (68).

Figures 85–91 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 85–91. Buitinga amani. Left male palp in prolateral (85) and retrolateral (86) views, male chelicerae in frontal (87) and lateral (88) views, modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (89), and cleared epigynum in ventral (90) and dorsal (91) views. 'e': embolus; 'dt': dorsal trichobothrium; 'va': ventral apophysis on palpal coxa; arrow points to structure that winds around procursus ventrally. Scale bars = 0.3 mm (85, 86), 0.2 mm (87, 88, 90, 91), 30 Mm (89).

Figures 71–84 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 71–84. Buitinga kadogo (71–79), mazumbai (80–83), and lakilingo (84). 71. Sclerotized teeth on proximal projections of male chelicerae. 72. Distal male cheliceral apophyses with modified hairs. 73. Male spinnerets. 74. Male gonopore with epiandrous spigots. 75. Right procursus, prolateral view. 76, 80. Scapes on epigyna. 77, 82. Male palpal tarsal organs. 78, 83. Female palpal tarsal organs. 79, 81. Female ALS. 84. Tip of female pedipalp with tarsal organ. Scale bars = 6 Mm (78), 8 Mm (83), 10 Mm (79), 20 Mm (71, 72, 77, 81, 82), 30 Mm (84), 40 Mm (74), 60 Mm (73, 76), 80 Mm (75), 200 Mm (80).

Figures 58–63 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 58–63. Buitinga mazumbai. Left male palp in prolateral (58) and retrolateral (59) views, male chelicerae in lateral (60) view, modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (61), and cleared epigynum in ventral (62) and dorsal (63) views. 'e': embolus; 'dt': dorsal trichobothrium; 'va': ventral apophysis on palpal coxa. Scale bars = 0.3 mm (58, 59, 62, 63), 0.2 mm (60), 30 Mm (61).

Figures 280–287 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 280–287. 'Spermophora' minotaura (280–283), berlandi (284, 285), and lambilloni (286, 287). 280. Frontal modifications on male chelicerae. 281. Modified hairs on male chelicerae. 282, 284, 286. Male gonopores with epiandrous spigots. 283. Male ALS and PMS. 285, 287. Male ALS spigots. Scale bars = 10 Mm (283, 287), 20 Mm (281), 30 Mm (282, 284–286), 50 Mm (280).

Figures 262–267 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 262–267. 'Spermophora' berlandi. Left male palp in prolateral (262) and retrolateral (263) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (264), apophysis and modified hairs distally on male chelicerae (265), and cleared epigynum in ventral (266) and dorsal (267) views. 'f ': 'Spermophora-flap'; 'hp': hinged process; 'i': indented area on bulb. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (262, 263, 266, 267), 0.3 mm (264), 50 Mm (265).

Figures 14–25 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 14–25. Buitinga and 'Spermophora' habitus, males in dorsal and lateral views. 14. B. ruwenzori. 15. B. tingatingai. 16. B. mulanje. 17. B. kanzuiri. 18. 'S.' morogoro. 19. 'S.' sangarawe. 20. 'S.' usambara. 21. 'S.' masisiwe. 22. 'S.' kivu. 23. 'S.' berlandi. 24. 'S.' minotaura. 25. 'S.' lambilloni.

Figures 51–57 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 51–57. Buitinga kadogo. Left male palp in prolateral (51) and retrolateral (52) views, male chelicerae in frontal (53) and lateral (54) views, modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (55), and cleared epigynum in ventral (56) and dorsal (57) views. 'e': embolus; 'dt': dorsal trichobothrium; 'to': tarsal organ; arrows point to distinctive structures of procursus. Scale bars = 0.3 mm (51, 52), 0.2 mm (53, 54, 56, 57), 30 Mm (55).

Figures 244–249 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 244–249. 'Spermophora' masisiwe. Left male palp in prolateral (244) and retrolateral (245) views, modified hairs distally on male chelicerae (246), male chelicerae in frontal view (247), and cleared epigynum in ventral (248) and dorsal (249) views. 'e': embolus; 'hp': hinged process. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (244, 245), 0.3 mm (248, 249), 0.2 mm (247).

Figures 182–186 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 182–186. Buitinga kihanga. Left male palp in prolateral (182) and retrolateral (183) views, modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (184), and cleared epigynum in ventral (185) and dorsal (186) views. 'e': embolus; 'hp': hinged process; 'wp': process winding around procursus. Scale bars = 0.3 mm (182, 183, 185, 186), 50 Mm (184).

Figures 1–13 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 1–13. Buitinga habitus, males in dorsal and lateral views. 1. B. kadogo, 2. B. mazumbai, 3. B. lakilingo, 4. B. amani, 5. B. safura, 6. B. nigrescens, 7. B. griswoldi, 8. B. buhoma, 9. B. kihanga, 10. B. asax, 11. B. mbomole, 12. B. ruhiza, 13. B. uzungwa.

Figures 213–217 in Cladistic analysis of Malagasy pholcid spiders reveals generic level endemism: Revision of Zatavua n. gen. and Paramicromerys Millot (Pholcidae, Araneae)

Figures 213–217. Paramicromerys rabeariveloi. Left male palp in prolateral (213) and retrolateral (214) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (215), and cleared epigynum in ventral (216) and dorsal (217) views. 'e': embolus. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (213, 214), 0.2 mm (215–217).

Figures 183–190. Paramicromerys manantenina. 183 in Cladistic analysis of Malagasy pholcid spiders reveals generic level endemism: Revision of Zatavua n. gen. and Paramicromerys Millot (Pholcidae, Araneae)

Figures 183–190. Paramicromerys manantenina. 183, Male palpal trochanter ('t') and tips of procursus ('p') and embolus ('e'). 184, Procursus with hinged process ('hp'). 185, Structure on tip of procursus. 186, Male gonopore with epiandrous spigots. 187, Conical elevation on male palpal cymbium with tarsal organ. 188, Male ALS and PMS. 189–190, Modified hairs imbedded in tips of male cheliceral apophyses. Scale lines: 200 Mm (183, 184), 50 Mm (185), 20 Mm (186), 40 Mm (187), 30 Mm (188), 5 Mm (189, 190).

Figures 209–212 in Cladistic analysis of Malagasy pholcid spiders reveals generic level endemism: Revision of Zatavua n. gen. and Paramicromerys Millot (Pholcidae, Araneae)

Figures 209–212. Paramicromerys marojejy. Left male palp in prolateral (209) and retrolateral (210) views, and cleared epigynum in ventral (211) and dorsal (212) views. 'e': embolus; 'hp': hinged process; 'p': pocket; arrow points to distinctive femur apophysis. Scale lines: 0.4 mm (209, 210), 0.2 mm (211, 212).

Figures 230–237 in Cladistic analysis of Malagasy pholcid spiders reveals generic level endemism: Revision of Zatavua n. gen. and Paramicromerys Millot (Pholcidae, Araneae)

Figures 230–237. 'Spermophora' ranomafana. 230, Female prosoma, frontal view. 231, Male gonopore with epiandrous spigots. 232, Female ALS. 233, Male ALS and PMS. 234, Tip of female palp with tarsal organ. 235, Structure on female opisthosoma between epigynum and spinnerets, with pair of pockets. 236, Tip of procursus with hinged process ('hp'). 237, Epigynum with posterior structure. 'ap': anterior pocket; 'pp': posterior pocket. Scale lines: 300 Mm (230), 20 Mm (231, 234), 10 Mm (232, 233), 50 Mm (235), 60 Mm (236), 200 Mm (237).

Figures 177–182 in Cladistic analysis of Malagasy pholcid spiders reveals generic level endemism: Revision of Zatavua n. gen. and Paramicromerys Millot (Pholcidae, Araneae)

Figures 177–182. Paramicromerys manantenina. Left male palp in prolateral (177) and retrolateral (178) views, male chelicerae in lateral (179) and frontal (180) views, and cleared epigynum in ventral (181) and dorsal (182) views. 'hp': hinged process; 'pa': papilla on bulb; arrow points to proximo-dorsal femur apophysis. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (177, 178), 0.2 mm (179, 180), 0.4 mm (181, 182).