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opennotspecifiedNov 2021View details →

FIGURE 1 in Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia

FIGURE 1. Distribution maps of the major groups of microteiid lizards (Alopoglossidae + Gymnophthalmidae). Based on data from Roll et al. (2017) with authors additions.

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

Data and supporting information from: Higher metabolic plasticity in temperate compared to tropical lizards suggests increased resilience to climate change

We investigate thermal acclimation of three species of Takydromus lizards distributed along a broad latitudinal gradient in China. The dataset are including metabolic rates, organ size, mitochondrial respiration, Cox activities, proteomic and metabolomic regulations of three Takydromus lizards after warm and cold acclimation in the laboratory. See details in related paper.

FIG. 3 in Current status of the Crocodile Lizard Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl, 1930 in Vietnam with implications for conservation measures

FIG. 3 Population structure of Shinisaurus crocodilurus in Vietnam. (A) Frequency histogram of snoutvent length of all encountered animals; (B) Frequency of individuals with original or regenerated tails for each nature reserve, p <0.05.

FIG. 6 in Current status of the Crocodile Lizard Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl, 1930 in Vietnam with implications for conservation measures

FIG. 6 Main threats to S. crocodilurus in Vietnam. (A) Coal-mining exploration close to the species' habitat; (B) Opening of the forest with roads to facilitate coal-mining throughout the nature reserves; (C) Preserved S. crocodilurus in alcohol, used for traditional medicine in Quang Ninh Province. Photos: M. Bernardes & M. van Schingen.

FIG. 2 in Current status of the Crocodile Lizard Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl, 1930 in Vietnam with implications for conservation measures

FIG. 2 Map of the current distribution of Shinisaurus crocodilurus. Red dots represent occurrence records.

FIG. 5 in Current status of the Crocodile Lizard Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl, 1930 in Vietnam with implications for conservation measures

FIG. 5 Slash and burn practices in Tay Yen Tu NR, Vietnam. (A) example of forest fire; (B) burned area cleared for agricultural purposes or exploration by the paper industry. Photos: M. Bernardes & M. van Schingen.

FIG. 1 in Current status of the Crocodile Lizard Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl, 1930 in Vietnam with implications for conservation measures

FIG. 1 Shinisaurus crocodilurus in its natural habitat in Tay Yen Tu NR, Vietnam. Photo: M. van Schingen.

FIG. 4 in Current status of the Crocodile Lizard Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl, 1930 in Vietnam with implications for conservation measures

FIG. 4 Distribution of different age classes of S. crocodilurus in Vietnam. (A) Frequency of observed juveniles, subadults and adults from three nature reserves, p <0.001; (B) Frequency shift (of juveniles, subadults and adults) in Tay Yen Tu NR between 2010 and 2013, p <0.05.

opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

Can sensory drive explain the evolution of visual signal diversity in terrestrial species? A test with Anolis lizards

Animal signal colors evolve to efficiently stimulate conspecific visual systems. The sensory drive hypothesis proposes that species differences in habitat light conditions favor the evolution of color diversity. The strongest support comes from aquatic systems, while terrestrial systems offer fewer convincing examples. Anolis lizards occupy diverse habitats and signal with a colorful dewlap. Dewlap visibility depends on perceived chromatic contrast with the background. Visual-system modeling has shown that red dewlaps are most visible in most habitat types. However, a majority of species possess white or yellow dewlaps. In a recent behavioral study we showed that low light conditions can sometimes make yellow and white colors more visible, by altering chromatic contrast perception with the background. Using 17 Caribbean Anolis species we showed that cut-on wavelength, a measure of dewlap color in a white-to-red continuum, correlates with habitat light intensity. Pairwise comparisons revealed that red dewlaps are most visible in bright habitats, whereas yellow and white are more visible in darker habitats. We conclude that sensory drive has contributed to the evolution of dewlap color differences through the interactive effects of total habitat light intensity and chromatic contrast perception and may provide a mechanism for speciation among anoles.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Geographic variation in the matching between call characteristics and tympanic sensitivity in the Weeping lizard

Effective communication requires a match among signal characteristics, environmental conditions, and receptor tuning and decoding. The degree of matching, however, can vary, among others due to different selective pressures affecting the communication components. For evolutionary novelties, strong selective pressures are likely to act upon the signal and receptor to promote a tight match among them. We test this prediction by exploring the coupling between the acoustic signals and auditory sensitivity in Liolaemus chiliensis, the Weeping lizard, the only one of more than 285 Liolaemus species that vocalizes. Individuals emit distress calls that convey information of predation risk to conspecifics, which may respond with antipredator behaviors upon hearing calls. Specifically, we explored the match between spectral characteristics of the distress calls and the tympanic sensitivities of two populations separated by more than 700 km, for which previous data suggested variation in their distress calls. We found that populations differed in signal and receptor characteristics and that this signal variation was explained by population differences in body size. No precise match occurred between the communication components studied, and populations differed in the degree of such correspondence. We suggest that this difference in matching between populations relates to evolutionary processes affecting the Weeping lizard distress calls.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

Deep-time reticulation and ancient mitochondrial genome capture during the radiation of Jamaican Anolis lizards (Squamata; Iguanidae)

Gene flow and reticulation are increasingly recognized as important processes in the diversification of many taxonomic groups. With the increasing ease of collecting genomic data and the development of multispecies coalescent network approaches, such reticulations can be accounted for when inferring phylogeny and diversification. Caribbean Anolis lizards are a classic example of an adaptive radiation in which species have independently radiated on the islands of the Greater Antilles into the same ecomorph classes. Within the Jamaican radiation at least one species, A. opalinus, has been documented to be polyphyletic in its mitochondrial DNA, which could be the result of an ancient reticulation event or incomplete lineage sorting. Here we generate mtDNA and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data and implement gene-tree, species-tree, and multispecies coalescent network methods to infer the diversification of this group. Our mtDNA gene-tree recovers the same relationships previously inferred for this group, which is strikingly different from the species-tree inferred from our GBS data. Posterior predictive simulations suggest that our genomic data violate commonly adopted assumptions of the multispecies coalescent model, so we use network approaches to infer phylogenetic relationships. The inferred network topology contains a reticulation event but does not explain the mtDNA polyphyly observed in this group, however coalescent simulations suggest that the observed mtDNA topology is likely the result of past introgression. How common a signature of gene flow and reticulation is across the radiation of Anolis is unknown; however, the reticulation events that we demonstrate here may have allowed for adaptive evolution, as has been suggested in other, more recent adaptive radiations.

Fig. 4 Femoral proportions and ratios with statistical results. A–D in The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 4 Femoral proportions and ratios with statistical results. A–D Circumferences versus lengths with best fit curves and/or least area polygons, the large Tyrannosaurus data is included in all these plots, higher placement on plots indicates higher gracility. A Allosaurus. B Gorgosaurus (squares), Albertosaurus (diamonds). C All large Tyrannosaurus and all tyrannosaurids aside from those from the TT-zone, the smaller of the two polygons for the latter excludes specimens with femora below 250 mm long. D All large Tyrannosaurus and all other sampled theropods. E–H Lengths versus circumferences with best fit curves for all large Tyrannosaurus and the three species, higher placement on plots indicates more robusticity. I and J Femur proportional ratios and C-means and K-means analyses: note that these plots represent one-dimensional data on a two-dimensional coordinate plane, which is why the x and y axes are the same and the data follows a perfect y = x line; not an error in application of the clustering algorithms, it is the way the graphics software defaults to a two-dimensional plot in all cases

Fig. 3 in The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 3 Tyrannosaurus anterior left dentaries in dorsomedial view showing differing proportions of the first three tooth sockets. A Tyrannosaurus imperator (morphotype I) "Samson" with two small anterior-most incisors (after Fig. 8.5 in Larson, 2008a, b). B Tyrannosaurus rex (morphotype II) holotype CM 9380 with one small anterior-most incisor (after Fig. 8.4 in Larson, 2008a, b)

Fig. 2 in The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 2 Tyrannosaurus femora (top row) and metatarsals II (bottom row on left sides) and IV (on right sides) to same scale, bar equals 500 mm. C and E after Fig. 8.14 in Larson (2008a, b). A Gracile large juvenile T. regina (morphotype III) LACM 23845 (~ 1.5 tonnes). B Robust large juvenile T. incertae sedis USNM 6183 (~ 2.5). C Robust adult T. rex (morphotype II) BHI 6233 (~ 4). D Robust adult T. rex holotype CM 9380 (6.4). E Gracile adult T. regina exBHI 3033 (7.4). F Gracile subadult T. regina BHI 6230 (~ 3.7). Solid black is preserved bone, masses with an ~ indicator are scaled from volumetric estimates of more complete specimens

Fig. 6 in The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 6 Element ratios for large Tyrannosaurus specimens at differing stratigraphic levels (lower L, middle M, upper U) in the TT-zone (vertical axis); specimens that may be from either the upper lower or lower middle T-zone are plotted between the lower and middle levels. For A to I increasingly bone gracility is to the right, for J increasing 2nd incisor robustness is the left. A Femur length/circumference, division between robusts and graciles indicated by dashed line. B Humerus length/circ. C Ilium length/depth. D Metatarsal 2 length/ circ. E Metatarsal 2 length/diameter. F Metatarsal 4 length/circ. G Metatarsal 4 length/diameter. H Maxilla length/depth. I Dentary length/depth. J Dentary teeth 2/3 base diameters, division between one and two incisors indicated by dashed line

Fig. 5 in The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 5 Stratigraphic-temporal separation of adults of western North American Campanian– Maastrichtian tyrannosaurid species, to same scale, bar equals 2 m, showing sudden size increase in Late Maastrichtian in association with retreating interior seaway resulting in reconnection of North America into a contiguous continent. From bottom to top; Gorgosaurus libratus (2.6 tonnes), Albertosaurus sarcophagus (2.8), Tyrannosaurus imperator (7.2), T. regina (7.4). Stippled areas are the formations that preserve the illustrated tyrannosaurids, from bottom to top Dinosaur Park, Horseshoe Canyon, TT-zone

FIGURE 10 in Four new species of polychromatic spiny-tailed iguanian lizards, genus Stenocercus (Iguania: Tropiduridae), from Peru

FIGURE 10. Spiny-tailed species of Stenocercus in situ. (A) adult male of S. torquatus basking on a branch near Oxapampa town; (B) adult male of S. asenlignus sp. nov. basking in a tree near Omia (type locality); (C, D) adult female of S. torquatus hidden and perched on a roof support of a rural house; (E) an adult male of S. flagracanthus hidden at the base of a wall near Shipasbamba; and (F) an adult male of S. flagracanthus basking in a tree at Suyubamba. Photographs by (A) O. Custodio, (B) T. Mark, (C, D) A. Marchelie, (E) AGB, and (F) E. Calle-Alverca.

FIGURE 8 in Four new species of polychromatic spiny-tailed iguanian lizards, genus Stenocercus (Iguania: Tropiduridae), from Peru

FIGURE 8. Stenocercus qalaywasi sp. nov. preserved holotype, adult male, SVL 88 mm (CORBIDI 20567): dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) views of the head; dorsal (D) and ventral (E) views of the entire specimen. Photographs by LAGA. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Four new species of polychromatic spiny-tailed iguanian lizards, genus Stenocercus (Iguania: Tropiduridae), from Peru

FIGURE 9. Dorsolateral and ventral views of Stenocercus qalaywasi sp. nov. in life: (A-C) holotype, SVL 88 mm (CORBIDI 20567); (D-F) adult female, SVL 95 mm (CORBIDI 20568); (G) adult male basking on a roof (not collected). Photographs by LAGA.

FIGURE 5 in Four new species of polychromatic spiny-tailed iguanian lizards, genus Stenocercus (Iguania: Tropiduridae), from Peru

FIGURE 5. Dorsolateral and ventral views of Stenocercus leybachi sp. nov. in life: (A-C) holotype, SVL 83 mm (CORBIDI 16397); (D, E) adult male, SVL 84 mm (CORBIDI 16532); (F, G) adult male, SVL 81 mm (CORBIDI 13333); (H) adult female, SVL 82 mm (CORBIDI 16400); (I, J) adult female, SVL 80 mm (CORBIDI 16429); (K) adult male hidden in a tree hole (not collected); (L) adult female photographed hidden in a hollow branch (not collected). Photographs by (A-C, & H) D. Vásquez, (D, E, & I-L) JCCA, and (F, G) V. Duran.