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opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

Half-Dose Fulvestrant plus Anastrozole as a First-Line Treatment for Hormone Receptor-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Abstract Objective The S0226 trial demonstrated that the combination of half-dose fulvestrant (FUL) and anastrozole (ANA) (F&A) caused a significant improvement in overall survival (OS) versus ANA monotherapy for first-line treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer (PMW-MBC[HR+]). The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of F&A in the first-line treatment for PMW-MBC(HR+) in China. Design We constructed a Markov model over a life-time horizon. The clinical outcomes and utility data were obtained from published literature. Cost data were obtained from official Chinese websites. Sensitivity analyses were performed to test result uncertainty. Setting Chinese health care system perspective. Population A hypothetical cohort of adult patients presenting with PMW-MBC(HR+). Interventions F&A compared with full-dose FUL and ANA monotherapy. Main outcome measures The main outcome of this study was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALY). Results ANA was estimated to have the lowest cost and minimum life years (LYs). The ICER of F&A versus ANA was $15,665.891/QALY with incremental cost and QALY of $12,401.120 and 0.792, respectively, which was less than the willingness-to-pay (WTP) of $29,383/QALY. Compared with F&A, FUL yielded a higher cost and a shorter lifetime; hence, it was identified as a dominated strategy. The univariate sensitivity analysis indicated the price of FUL was the most influential factor in our study. The probability that F&A was cost-effective at a threshold of $29,383/QALY in China was 86.5%. Conclusion F&A is a cost-effective alternative to FUL and ANA monotherapy for the first-line treatment of PMW-MBC(HR+) in China. F&A is a promising first-line treatment for PMW-MBC(HR+), and more research is needed to evaluate the economy of using F&A in other countries.

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

Negative mood affects the expression of negative but not positive emotions in mice

Whether, and to what extent animals experience emotions is crucial for understanding their decisions and behaviour, and underpins a range of scientific fields, including animal behaviour, neuroscience, evolutionary biology and animal welfare science. However, research has predominantly focussed on alleviating negative emotions in animals, with the expression of positive emotions left largely unexplored. Therefore, little is known about positive emotions in animals and how their expression is mediated. We used tail handling to induce negative mood in laboratory mice and found that whilst being more anxious and depressed increased their expression of a discrete negative emotion ('disappointment') meaning that they were less resilient to negative events, their capacity to express a discrete positive emotion ('elation') was unaffected relative to control mice. Therefore, we show not only that mice have discrete positive emotions, but that they do so regardless of their current mood state. Our findings are the first to suggest that the expression of discrete positive and negative emotions in animals are not equally affected by long-term mood state. Our results also demonstrate that repeated negative events can have a cumulative effect to reduce resilience in laboratory animals, which has significant implications for animal welfare.

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

A contribution to Gymnosphaera (Cyatheaceae) in mainland Asia: two new species, reinstatement of Cyathea bonii, and their phylogenetic positions

Gymnosphaera represents a minor lineage within the scaly tree-fern family Cyatheaceae. Tropical and subtropical mainland Asia is a main distribution area of Gymnosphaera. However, the species diversity of Gymnosphaera is currently incompletely known in mainland Asia due to lacking critical revision. Here we present new findings of species diversity and their relationships of mainland Asian Gymnosphaera based on field surveys, the examination of herbarium collections, and phylogenetic analyses of sequences of multiple chloroplast and nuclear regions. Two new species, G. saxicola from southwestern Yunnan and G. bachmaensis from central Vietnam, are established. Traditionally recognized G. podophylla is revealed to be a complex, from which G. bonii is reinstated as a distinct species. Our phylogenetic analyses identified four clades within Gymnosphaera in mainland Asia: G. denticulata clade, G. gigantea clade, G. podophylla clade, and G. salletii clade. The new species G. saxicola, which is special for its saxicolous habitat, was resolved as sister to G. austroyunnanensis in the G. salletii clade. The newly discovered G. bachmaensis, which is characterized specially by the spathulate frond, was positioned in the G. podophylla clade, being sister to G. bonii. The mountainous region from south-central Vietnam northwards to western Yunnan is a diverse center of Gymnosphaera and more species of this group are probably to be discovered there.

opencc-zeroDec 2011View details →

Data from: Positive relationships between association strength and phenotypic similarity characterize the assembly of mixed-species bird flocks worldwide

Competition theory predicts that communities at small spatial scales should consist of species more dissimilar than expected by chance. We find a strikingly different pattern in a multi-continent dataset (55 presence-absence matrices from 24 locations) on the composition of mixed-species bird flocks, important subunits of local bird communities the world over. Using null models and randomization tests followed by meta-analysis, we find the association strength of species in flocks to be strongly related to similarity in body size and foraging behavior, and higher for congeneric compared with non-congeneric species pairs. Given the small spatial scale of our individual analyses, differences in habitat preferences of species are unlikely to have caused these association patterns; therefore, the patterns are most likely the outcome of species interactions. Extending group-living and social information use theory to a heterospecific context, we discuss potential behavioral mechanisms leading to positive interactions among similar species in flocks as well as ways in which competition costs are reduced. Our findings highlight the need to consider positive interactions along with competition when seeking to explain community assembly.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2020View details →

Geostatistical Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Positive Cases in the United States

Geostatistics analyzes and predicts the values associated with spatial or spatial-temporal phenomena. It incorporates the spatial (and in some cases temporal) coordinates of the data within the analyses. It is a practical means of describing spatial patterns and interpolating values for locations where samples were not taken (and measures the uncertainty of those values, which is critical to informed decision making). This archive contains results of geostatistical analysis of COVID-19 case counts for all available US counties. Test results were obtained with ArcGIS Pro (ESRI). Sources are state health departments, which are scraped and aggregated by the Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center and then pre-processed by MappingSupport.com. This update of the Zenodo dataset (version 6) consists of three compressed archives containing geostatistical analyses of SARS-CoV-2 testing data. This dataset utilizes many of the geostatistical techniques used in previous versions of this Zenodo archive, but has been significantly expanded to include analyses of up-to-date U.S. COVID-19 case data (from March 24th to September 8th, 2020): Archive #1: “1.Geostat. Space-Time analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in the US (Mar24-Sept6).zip” – results of a geostatistical analysis of COVID-19 cases incorporating spatially-weighted hotspots that are conserved over one-week timespans. Results are reported starting from when U.S. COVID-19 case data first became available (March 24th, 2020) for 25 consecutive 1-week intervals (March 24th through to September 6th, 2020). Hotspots, where found, are reported in each individual state, rather than the entire continental United States. Archive #2: "2.Geostat. Spatial analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in the US (Mar24-Sept8).zip" – the results from geostatistical spatial analyses only of corrected COVID-19 case data for the continental United States, spanning the period from March 24th through September 8th, 2020. The geostatistical techniques utilized in this archive includes ‘Hot Spot’ analysis and ‘Cluster and Outlier’ analysis. Archive #3: "3.Kriging and Densification of SARS-CoV-2 in LA and MA.zip" – this dataset provides preliminary kriging and densification analysis of COVID-19 case data for certain dates within the U.S. states of Louisiana and Massachusetts. These archives consist of map files (as both static images and as animations) and data files (including text files which contain the underlying data of said map files [where applicable]) which were generated when performing the following Geostatistical analyses: Hot Spot analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*) [‘Archive #1’: consecutive weeklong Space-Time Hot Spot analysis; ‘Archive #2’: daily Hot Spot Analysis], Cluster and Outlier analysis (Anselin Local Moran's I) [‘Archive #2’], Spatial Autocorrelation (Global Moran's I) [‘Archive #2’], and point-to-point comparisons with Kriging and Densification analysis [‘Archive #3’]. The Word document provided ("Description-of-Archive.Updated-Geostatistical-Analysis-of-SARS-CoV-2 (version 6).docx") details the contents of each file and folder within these three archives and gives general interpretations of these results.

opencc-zeroOct 2020View details →

Dataset from: Positive indirect effects of top-predators on the survival and behaviour of juvenile fishes

Top-predators can suppress mesopredator behaviour through risk effects. However, there is limited understanding of whether such behavioural suppression can dampen the lethal and sub-lethal effects of mesopredators on bottom level prey. Here, we document a field experiment that examines whether the presence of top-predator cues (visual and chemical stimuli from a coral trout) can cascade to indirectly influence the behaviour and survival of juvenile fish prey of different species (Pomacentrus amboinensis and P. chrysurus) and size (small = 1.18 cm SL vs large = 1.32 cm SL). Results showed that habitat patches exposed to top-predator cues received fewer visits and foraging attacks from mesopredators, leading to higher space use (~46%), feeding rate (~95%), and survival (~67%) from juvenile fish prey. Survival was always higher for individuals of P. amboinensis and of large-size, independent of the presence or absence of top-predator cues. Our data indicate that predation risk from the top-predator indirectly favoured the persistence and behaviour of juvenile fishes by promoting risk-averse behavioural responses in mesopredators. This study underscores the behavioural mechanisms by which risk effects can cascade through the food web and highlights the consequences that harvesting top-predators may have on the replenishment of bottom prey populations.

opennotspecifiedDec 2001View details →

................................................................................................................................................. Fig. 5. Phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA sequences (a) and gltA sequences (b) showing the position of strains R1T, R3, R4 and R6 in relation to the known Bartonella spp. The tree was rooted by using Brucella abortus (a) and Sinorhizobium meliloti (b) as the outgroup. in Bartonella schoenbuchii sp. nov., isolated from the blood of wild roe deer.

................................................................................................................................................. Fig. 5. Phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA sequences (a) and gltA sequences (b) showing the position of strains R1T, R3, R4 and R6 in relation to the known Bartonella spp. The tree was rooted by using Brucella abortus (a) and Sinorhizobium meliloti (b) as the outgroup.

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

Dissecting the in vivo dynamics of transcription locking due to positive supercoiling buildup

Positive supercoiling buildup (PSB) is a pervasive phenomenon in the transcriptional programs of Escherichia coli. After finding a range of Gyrase concentrations where the inverse of the transcription rate of a chromosome-integrated gene changes linearly with the inverse of Gyrase concentration, we apply a Line Weaver-Burk plot to dissect the expected in vivo transcription rate in absence of PSB. We validate the estimation by time-lapse microscopy of single-RNA production kinetics of the same gene when single-copy plasmid-borne, shown to be impervious to Gyrase inhibition. Next, we estimate the fraction of time in locked states and number of transcription events prior to locking, which we validate by measurements under Gyrase inhibition. Replacing the gene of interest by one with slower transcription rate decreases the fraction of time in locked states due to PSB. Finally, we combine data from both constructs to infer a range of possible transcription initiation locking kinetics in a chromosomal location, obtainable by tuning the transcription rate. We validate with measurements of transcription activity at different induction levels. This strategy for dissecting transcription initiation locking kinetics due to PSB can contribute to resolve the transcriptional programs of E. coli and in the engineering of synthetic genetic circuits.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Data from: Multiple constraints cause positive and negative feedbacks limiting grassland soil CO2 efflux under CO2 enrichment

Terrestrial ecosystems are increasingly enriched with resources such as atmospheric CO2 that limit ecosystem processes. The consequences for ecosystem carbon cycling depend on the feedbacks from other limiting resources and plant community change, which remain poorly understood for soil CO2 efflux, JCO2, a primary carbon flux from the biosphere to the atmosphere. We applied a unique CO2 enrichment gradient (250 to 500 µL L-1) for eight years to grassland plant communities on soils from different landscape positions. We identified the trajectory of JCO2 responses and feedbacks from other resources, plant diversity (effective species richness, exp(H)), and community change (plant species turnover). We found linear increases in JCO2 on an alluvial sandy loam and a lowland clay soil, and an asymptotic increase on an upland silty clay soil. Structural equation modelling identified CO2 as the dominant limitation on JCO2 on the clay soil. In contrast with theory predicting limitation from a single limiting factor, the linear JCO2 response on the sandy loam was reinforced by positive feedbacks from aboveground net primary productivity and exp(H), while the asymptotic JCO2 response on the silty clay arose from a net negative feedback among exp(H), species turnover, and soil water potential. These findings support a multiple resource limitation view of the effects of global change drivers on grassland ecosystem carbon cycling and highlight a crucial role for positive or negative feedbacks between limiting resources and plant community structure. Incorporating these feedbacks will improve models of terrestrial carbon sequestration and ecosystem services.

FIGURE 25 in Life stages and phylogenetic position of the wool carder bee mite Sennertionyx manicati (Acari: Acaridae)

FIGURE 25. Maximum likelihood tree (PHYML) of 18S sequences showing the phylogenetic relationship of wool carder bee mite from New Zealand (T15_00159NZ) and related species. Bootstrap/posterior probability (pp) values are included in the tree; values lower than 50 for bootstrap support and less than 0.5 for pp values were not shown. The accession numbers for the taxa downloaded from GenBank are next to the species names.

FIGURE 24. A–C in Life stages and phylogenetic position of the wool carder bee mite Sennertionyx manicati (Acari: Acaridae)

FIGURE 24. A–C, Sennertionyx manicati (A, adult male; B, legs III–IV and aedeagus of adult male; C, food boli and eggs inside female body). D, Pupa of wool carder bee Anthidium manicatum.

FIGURE 26 in Life stages and phylogenetic position of the wool carder bee mite Sennertionyx manicati (Acari: Acaridae)

FIGURE 26. Maximum likelihood tree (PHYML) of 28S sequences showing the phylogenetic relationship of the wool carder bee mite from New Zealand (T15_00159NZ) and related species. Bootstrap/posterior probability (pp) values are included in the tree; values smaller than 50% bootstrap support and less than 0.5 for pp values were not shown. The accession numbers for the taxa downloaded from GenBank are next to the species names.

FIGURE 21 in Life stages and phylogenetic position of the wool carder bee mite Sennertionyx manicati (Acari: Acaridae)

FIGURE 21. Sennertionyx manicati (larva). A, dorsal view of idiosoma; B, ventral view of idiosoma; C, Claparède organ; D. subcapitulum.

FIGURE 15 in Life stages and phylogenetic position of the wool carder bee mite Sennertionyx manicati (Acari: Acaridae)

FIGURE 15. Sennertionyx manicati (deutonymph). A, ventral view of gnathosoma and trochanter I; B, suctorial plate.

FIGURE 8 in Life stages and phylogenetic position of the wool carder bee mite Sennertionyx manicati (Acari: Acaridae)

FIGURE 8. Sennertionyx manicati (A–D heteromorphic male; E, homeomorphic male). A, leg I; B, leg II; C, leg III; D, leg IV; E, leg III.

FIGURE 7 in Life stages and phylogenetic position of the wool carder bee mite Sennertionyx manicati (Acari: Acaridae)

FIGURE 7. Sennertionyx manicati (A–C: adult female; D–G: adult male). A, chelicera; B, subcapitulum; C, spermatheca; D, subcapitulum; E, aedeagus; F, anus and anal suckers; G. tarsus I.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Positive Emotion Dispositions and Emotion Regulation in the Italian Population

Dataset of the Dispositional Positive Emotion Scale in the Italian population

opennotspecifiedJul 2020View details →

FIGURE 4. Moina wierzejskii Richard, 1895 in Position of Moina wierzejskii Richard, 1895 (Crustacea: Cladocera) within the genus Moina Baird, 1850 in the light of new morphological data

FIGURE 4. Moina wierzejskii Richard, 1895, parthenogenetic female (A–C), gamogenetic female (D) and male (E–G) from "Mare T. Vienp. et Briqueterie. Port au Prince", Haiti, DGF 0800. A, armature of anterior portion of valve in parthenogenetic female. B, armature of anterior portion of posteroventral portion of valve in parthenogenetic female. C, armature of posterior portion of valve in parthenogenetic female. D, fragment of ephippium, central portion. E, adult male, lateral view. F–G, armature of valve in male. Scale bars denote 0.1 mm.

opennotspecifiedJul 2020View details →

FIGURE 5. Moina wierzejskii Richard, 1895 in Position of Moina wierzejskii Richard, 1895 (Crustacea: Cladocera) within the genus Moina Baird, 1850 in the light of new morphological data

FIGURE 5. Moina wierzejskii Richard, 1895, ephippial females from "Mare T. Vienp. et Briqueterie. Port au Prince", Haiti, DGF 0800. A, ephippium, lateral view. B, fragment of dorsal portion of ephippium, lateral view. C–D, fragment of central portion of ephippium, lateral view. E, ephippium, dorsal view. F, fragment of dorsal portion of ephippium, dorsal view. Scale bars denote 0.2 mm for A, E; 0.05 mm for B–C, F; 0.02 mm for D.