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Figure 1 in Extinct Neuropterida of Brazil (Insecta: Neuroptera, Megaloptera, Raphidioptera)
Figure 1 Map of South America showing the locations of the Araripe and Paraná Basins and the approximate locations of the outcrops of the Crato (Araripe Basin) and Irati (Paraná Basin) Formations [after Chahud (2021), Ribeiro et al. (2021)].
FIGURE 4 in Redescription and reevaluation of the extinction risk of Plinia renatiana (Myrtaceae), a species endemic to the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil
FIGURE 4. Geographic distribution of Plinia renatiana G.M.Barroso & Peixoto.
Figure 5 in Nikolaj Livanow's historical collection sheds new light on potential local extinctions and host association in Hirudinea
Figure 5. Historical samples of Hirudo medicinalis Linnaeus, 1758 (lot EEZM 406-407 "Kazan. E. Meyer, 1891") and Glossiphonia grubei (Lukin & Epshtein, 1959) (lot EEZM 397 "Lake Baikal (Maloe More [Strait]). V. Garjaew, 1899"). (a) H. medicinalis (specimen No 1; dorsal view). (b) H. medicinalis (specimen No 2; ventral view). (c) G. grubei (dorsal view). Scale bar = 10 mm. Photo: A. V. Bespyatykh.
Fig. 4 in The phanerozoic diversity of agglutinated foraminifera: Origination and extinction rates
Fig. 4. Per−capita (A) and percent (B) extinction rates of agglutinated foraminiferal genera over the Phanerozoic, compared with the "Big−5" mass extinctions of Sepkoski (1984).
FIGURE 3 in Redescription and reevaluation of the extinction risk of Plinia renatiana (Myrtaceae), a species endemic to the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil
FIGURE 3. Reproductive phenology of Plinia renatiana based on herbarium samples.
FIGURE 1 in Thismia kobensis (Burmanniaceae), a new and presumably extinct species from Hyogo Prefecture, Japan
FIGURE 1. Thismia kobensis (holotype) from the type locality.
FIGURE 3 in Rediscovery of Senecio reitzianus (Asteraceae), a species believed to be possibly extinct, on Santa Catarina Island, southern Brazil
FIGURE 3. Distribution map of Senecio reitzianus.
FIGURE 1 in Rediscovery of Senecio reitzianus (Asteraceae), a species believed to be possibly extinct, on Santa Catarina Island, southern Brazil
FIGURE 1. Holotype of Senecio reitzianus (J.A. Rohr 609, LIL 203929, barcode LIL001606).
FIGURE 4 in Rediscovery of Senecio reitzianus (Asteraceae), a species believed to be possibly extinct, on Santa Catarina Island, southern Brazil
FIGURE 4. Habitat and habit of Senecio reitzianus.
Figure 17 in Specimens of the extinct Spectacled Cormorant Urile perspicillatus
Figure 17 (right). Maxillae or rostra from Spectacled Cormorants Urile perspicillatus in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC (USNM 17041 and USNM 19417); scale bars in mm (© J. Watanabe)
FIGURE 1 in Not extinct after all: rediscovery of Commelina dielsii (Commelinaceae) after 140 years, and first record of this species in Uruguay
FIGURE 1. Commelina dielsii in Paysandú, Uruguay. A: overview of a specimen; B: detail of flower.
FIGURE 2 in Not extinct after all: rediscovery of Commelina dielsii (Commelinaceae) after 140 years, and first record of this species in Uruguay
FIGURE 2. Distribution map of Commelina dielsii (green star).
Table 2 in Taxonomy, phylogeny, and diversity of the extinct Lesser Antillean rice rats (Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini), with description of a new genus and species
<p><b>Table 2.</b> Condition of morphological characters for West Indian rice rat taxa</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Character trait</th><th><i>Pennatomys</i></th><th><i>Megalomys</i></th><th><i>Oligoryzomys</i></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Size</th><td>Medium</td><td>Large</td><td>Small</td></tr><tr><th>Pedal plantar pads</th><td>Unknown</td><td>Hypothenar absent or vestigial, digitals large</td><td>Hypothenar present, digitals small</td></tr><tr><th>Nasals posterior extension</th><td>Even with maxillary–frontal– lacrimal suture</td><td>Posterior to maxillary–frontal– lacrimal suture</td><td>Even with maxillary–frontal– lacrimal suture</td></tr><tr><th>Lacrimal articulation</th><td>Equal maxillary and frontal</td><td>Primarily with maxillary</td><td>Equal maxillary and frontal</td></tr><tr><th>Supraorbital shape</th><td>Slightly convergent anteriorly with weak crest</td><td>Convergent anteriorly with well-developed crest</td><td>Squared, smooth margins</td></tr><tr><th>Posterior margin of zygomatic plate</th><td>Slightly anterior to M1 alveolus</td><td>Approximately even with M1 alveolus</td><td>Anterior to M1 alveolus</td></tr><tr><th>Carotid circulation pattern</th><td>Unknown</td><td>III*</td><td>II*</td></tr><tr><th>Anterior section of masseteric crests in ramus</th><td>Joined</td><td>Separated</td><td>Separated</td></tr><tr><th>Labial accessory root on M1</th><td>Absent</td><td>Present</td><td>Unknown†</td></tr><tr><th>Roots on m2</th><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>Unknown†</td></tr><tr><th>Roots on m3</th><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>Unknown†</td></tr><tr><th>Anteromedian flexus on M1</th><td>Absent</td><td>Present, shallow</td><td>Present, deep</td></tr><tr><th>Mesofossette on M2</th><td>Single</td><td>Single</td><td>Double</td></tr><tr><th>Posteroloph on M3</th><td>Absent</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td></tr><tr><th>Anterolophid on m2 and m3</th><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Absent</td></tr></tbody></table><p><i>Megalomys</i> characters are based on <i>Megalomys luciae</i> and <i>Megalomys desmarestii</i> only.</p><p>*Pattern II, stapedial foramen present, sphenofrontal foramen absent; pattern III, stapedial foramen and sphenofrontal foramen absent.</p><p>†Other species of <i>Oligoryzomys</i> do not have a labial accessory root on M1, and have only two roots on m2 and m3.</p>
Table 1 in Taxonomy, phylogeny, and diversity of the extinct Lesser Antillean rice rats (Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini), with description of a new genus and species
<p><b>Table 1.</b> Measurement data for <i>Megalomys desmarestii</i>, <i>Megalomys luciae</i>, and <i>Oligoryzomys victus</i> (mm)</p><table><tbody><tr><th><i>Measurement</i></th><th><i>M. desmarestii</i></th><th><i>M. desmarestii</i></th><th><i>M. luciae</i></th><th><i>O. victus</i></th></tr><tr><th>(NHM 50.11.30.5-6)</th><th>(NHM 55.12.24.201)</th><th>(NHM 53.12.16.2)</th><th>(NHM 97.12.26.1)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Greatest skull length</th><td>55.2</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Condylo-incisive length</th><td>53.6</td><td>–</td><td>47.5</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Breadth of occipital condyles</th><td>9.6</td><td>–</td><td>9.8</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Length of diastema</th><td>17.8</td><td>16.9</td><td>15.6</td><td>7.8</td></tr><tr><th>Palatal bridge</th><td>14.0</td><td>12.8</td><td>13.0</td><td>6.2</td></tr><tr><th>Length of incisive foramen</th><td>9.4</td><td>8.3</td><td>7.8</td><td>5.4</td></tr><tr><th>Breadth of incisive foramen</th><td>3.3</td><td>3.1</td><td>2.7</td><td>2.1</td></tr><tr><th>Length of maxillary molars</th><td>8.2</td><td>9.4</td><td>7.7</td><td>4.5</td></tr><tr><th>Breadth of first maxillary molar</th><td>2.5</td><td>2.6</td><td>2.5</td><td>1.4</td></tr><tr><th>External alveolar breadth</th><td>10.7</td><td>10.5</td><td>10.4</td><td>5.6</td></tr><tr><th>Cranial height</th><td>15.7</td><td>14.6</td><td>13.7</td><td>9.3</td></tr><tr><th>Rostrum length</th><td>21.0</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>11.2</td></tr><tr><th>Rostrum breadth</th><td>11.4</td><td>10.6</td><td>9.0</td><td>6.1</td></tr><tr><th>Least interorbital breadth</th><td>9.1</td><td>9.7</td><td>9.4</td><td>5.1</td></tr><tr><th>Orbital length</th><td>17.4</td><td>17.5</td><td>15.6</td><td>11.0</td></tr><tr><th>Zygomatic breadth</th><td>30.6</td><td>–</td><td>26.9</td><td>16.7</td></tr><tr><th>Breadth of braincase</th><td>16.9</td><td>–</td><td>15.1</td><td>11.4</td></tr><tr><th>Breadth of zygomatic plate</th><td>7.8</td><td>6.1</td><td>6.1</td><td>3.9</td></tr><tr><th>Head–body length</th><td>257</td><td>312</td><td>261</td><td>94</td></tr><tr><th>Tail length</th><td>254</td><td>278</td><td>145*</td><td>121</td></tr><tr><th>Hindfoot length (with claw)</th><td>45</td><td>59</td><td>50</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><th>Length of internal side of ear</th><td>18</td><td>20</td><td>18</td><td>14</td></tr></tbody></table><p>*The tail of NHM 53.12.16.2 is incomplete.</p>
Table 3 in Taxonomy, phylogeny, and diversity of the extinct Lesser Antillean rice rats (Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini), with description of a new genus and species
<p><b>Table 3.</b> Tooth row measurements of Pennatomys nivalis <b>gen. et sp. nov</b>. populations from Nevis, St. Eustatius, and St. Kitts (mm)</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Nevis</th><th>St. Eustatius</th><th>St. Kitts</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Maxillary molar row (occlusal)</th><td>6.12 (5.6–6.4)</td><td>6.39 (6.1–6.7)</td><td>6.57 (6.4–6.7)</td></tr><tr><td>SD = 0.249, <i>n</i> = 14</td><td>SD = 0.188, <i>n</i> = 14</td><td>SD = 0.137, <i>n</i> = 6</td></tr><tr><th>Mandibular molar row (occlusal)</th><td>6.61 (5.9–7.1)</td><td>6.65 (6.4–6.9)</td><td>6.84 (6.4–7.4)</td></tr><tr><td>SD = 0.237, <i>n</i> = 41</td><td>SD = 0.141, <i>n</i> = 22</td><td>SD = 0.240, <i>n</i> = 13</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Size range, standard deviation, and sample size given for each measurement.</p>
Figure 3 in Specimens of the extinct Spectacled Cormorant Urile perspicillatus
Figure 3 (top). Spectacled Cormorant Urile perspicillatus skin in the collection of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg (ZISP 137178) (© V. Vysotsky)
TABLE 1 in The Okuru skink (Oligosoma carinacauda sp. nov) of South Westland, New Zealand-simply elusive or extinct?
<p><b>TABLE 1.</b> Comparison of morphometric and meristic features between <i>O. carinacauda</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> and similar species.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Character</b></th><th><i>O. carinacauda</i></th><th><i>O. inconspicuum</i></th><th><i>O. repens</i></th><th><i>O. burganae</i></th><th><i>O. tekakahu</i></th><th><i>O. toka</i></th><th><i>O. aureocola</i></th><th><i>O. polychroma</i></th></tr><tr><th><b>sp. nov.</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><b>Mean TL/SVL</b></th><td>1.25</td><td>1.16 n=14</td><td>1.28 n=2</td><td>1.00 n=1</td><td>N/A</td><td>1.16 n=3</td><td>N/A</td><td>1.16 n=19</td></tr><tr><th><b>(intact tail)</b></th></tr><tr><th><b>MS</b></th><td>29</td><td>26–32</td><td>30–34</td><td>30–34</td><td>30</td><td>30–34</td><td>30–31</td><td>26–31</td></tr><tr><th><b>VS</b></th><td>82</td><td>67–86</td><td>68–81</td><td>70–82</td><td>68</td><td>77–88</td><td>80–84</td><td>63–81</td></tr><tr><th><b>Lamellae</b></th><td>18/19</td><td>17–23</td><td>19–23</td><td>18–23</td><td>16</td><td>17–23</td><td>24–26</td><td>17–26</td></tr><tr><th><b>HL/HW</b></th><td>1.63</td><td>1.25–1.63</td><td>1.34–1.60</td><td>1.28–1.48</td><td>1.44</td><td>1.37–1.53</td><td>1.45–1.51</td><td>1.44– 1.93</td></tr><tr><th><b>SVL/HW</b></th><td>12.04</td><td>7.50–11.63</td><td>9.09–10.84</td><td>9.45–11.61</td><td>9.88</td><td>9.20–11.98</td><td>9.42–9.83</td><td>8.31–12.93</td></tr><tr><th><b>Projecting</b></th><td>No</td><td>Sometimes</td><td>Sometimes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Usually</td></tr><tr><th><b>scale(s) in ear</b></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><b>opening</b></th></tr><tr><th><b>Tail keeled</b></th><td>Yes</td><td>Sometimes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><b>Supraoculars</b></th><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>3</td><td>3,4</td><td>3,4</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>3,4</td></tr></tbody></table>
Data from: How much does it cost to save a species from extinction? Costs and rewards of conserving the Lear's macaw
Although the limited resources available to save species from extinction necessitate the optimization of conservation actions, little is known about their costs and effectiveness. We developed a costs-rewards framework that integrates information on which sectors of society contribute to funding conservation, how much is contributed, how funds are distributed among conservation targets, and how these investments drive not only conservation rewards but also the economic and ecosystem services that benefit society. We applied this framework to the Lear's macaw (Anodorhynchus leari), a species discovered in the wild in 1978 with only 60 individuals. Funds invested over the last 25 years reached US$ 3.66 million. The contribution of governments, NGOs and private funders varied over time, as did the funding targets. Funds were proportionally invested to mitigate the main causes of mortality, while no funds were devoted to protecting foraging habitats. Conservation rewards were satisfactory, with the cost and time needed to downlist the species from Critically Endangered to Endangered similar to those invested in other bird species. However, economic rewards (through ecotourism and handicrafts linked to the conservation of the species) were low and require promotion, while ecosystem services provided by Lear's macaws have yet to be quantified.
Data from: Local extinctions of obligate frugivores and patch size reduction disrupt the structure of seed dispersal networks
A central problem in ecology is to understand how human impacts affect plant-animal interactions that lead to effective seed dispersal services for plant communities. Seed dispersal services are the outcome of plant-frugivore interactions that often form local networks of interacting species. Recent work has shown that some frugivorous bird species are more critical to network organization than others. Here, we explore how patch size and the potential local extinctions of obligate frugivorous birds affect the reorganization of seed dispersal networks. We examined the structure of 20 empirical seed dispersal networks documented across tropical avian assemblages occupying widely variable habitat patch sizes, a surrogate of the amount of remaining habitat. Networks within small forest patches consistently supported both lower plant and bird species richness. Forest patch size was positively associated with nestedness, indicating that reductions in patch size disrupted the nested organization of seed dispersal networks. Obligate frugivores, especially large-bodied species, were almost entirely absent from small forest patches. Analysis at the species level showed that obligate frugivores formed the core of interacting species, connecting species within a given seed dispersal network. Our combined results revealed that patch size reduction erodes frugivorous bird diversity, thereby affecting the integrity of seed dispersal networks. We highlight the importance of conserving large forest patches to maintain tropical forest functionality.
Data from: A geographic test of species selection using planktonic foraminifera during the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction
Species selection has received a great deal of theoretical attention but it has rarely been empirically tested. It is important to determine the level of selection that operated during a particular extinction event because it can help distinguish between traits that were actually responsible for extinction and those that were merely correlated with it. Here, we present a test that can help distinguish between organismal and species-level selection, which we demonstrate using the high-resolution fossil record of planktonic foraminifera species recorded in deep-sea sediment cores. Our test examines the fate of survivors and victims during the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) mass extinction within single geographic regions, where all individuals experience the same selection pressures. Selection at the organismal level implies that individual members of surviving species are more fit than those of victimized species, and therefore should be more likely to survive in affected areas; conversely, selection at the species level implies individuals will suffer equally within an affected area. We find that survivors of the mass extinction suffered very high extirpation rates in cores where the overall extinction rate was high, indicating that individual members of the surviving species were generally no more fit than individual members of extinct species. Rather, these species were able to survive because they possessed advantageous species-level traits, such as larger geographic ranges and greater abundances than victimized species. This geographic pattern of extirpation suggests that selection operated at the species, rather than organismal, level during the K/Pg mass extinction of planktonic foraminifera.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.