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FIGURE 10 in Hexactinellida from the Perth Canyon, Eastern Indian Ocean, with descriptions of five new species

FIGURE 10. Spicules of Farrea ritchieae sp. nov., holotype, WAM Z92530. A, dermal pentactin. B, uncinate. C–D, clavules. E, microxyhexaster. F, microxyhemihexaster.

FIGURE 1 in Hexactinellida from the Perth Canyon, Eastern Indian Ocean, with descriptions of five new species

FIGURE 1. Map of Perth Canyon. Triangles are RV Falkor stations and circles are RV Southern Surveyor stations.

FIGURE 5 in Hexactinellida from the Perth Canyon, Eastern Indian Ocean, with descriptions of five new species

FIGURE 5. Calyptorete falkorae sp. nov., holotype, WAM Z92540, SEM images. A, B, euretoid framework of the wall. C, sieve plate constructed from a layer of dermal hexactins.

FIGURE 13 in Hexactinellida from the Perth Canyon, Eastern Indian Ocean, with descriptions of five new species

FIGURE 13. Spicules of Farrea hieroglyphica, sp. nov., holotype, WAM Z92521. A, dermal pentactin. B, uncinate. C–G, anchorate clavules. H–I, pileate clavules. J–M, micramphidiscs. N, microstaurodisc. O–R, microtaudiscs. S–W, other abnormal discoidal microscleres.

FIGURE 9 in Hexactinellida from the Perth Canyon, Eastern Indian Ocean, with descriptions of five new species

FIGURE 9. Farrea ritchieae sp. nov., holotype WAM Z92530, SEM images. A, B, one layer of farreoid skeleton.

FIGURE 6 in Leucoraja elaineae sp. nov., a new rough skate (Rajiformes: Rajidae) from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 6. Leucoraja wallacei, total dorsal coloration, not preserved, specimen not saved, discarded at sea. Scale bar: 5 cm. Photograph courtesy Robin Leslie ©

FIGURE 5 in Leucoraja elaineae sp. nov., a new rough skate (Rajiformes: Rajidae) from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 5. Leucoraja elaineae sp. n., female holotype, SAIAB 13742, 318 mm TL, after preservation showing thorns at tail mid-length in a dorsal view, b lateral view. Photograph courtesy Marsha Englebrecht ©

FIGURE 3 in Leucoraja elaineae sp. nov., a new rough skate (Rajiformes: Rajidae) from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 3. Leucoraja elaineae sp. n., female holotype, SAIAB 13742, 318 mm TL, after preservation showing oronasal region and tooth band. Photograph courtesy Marsha Englebrecht ©

FIGURE 2 in Leucoraja elaineae sp. nov., a new rough skate (Rajiformes: Rajidae) from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 2. Leucoraja elaineae sp. n., female holotype, SAIAB 13742, 318 mm TL, after preservation showing snout, orbit, spiracle, and nuchal regions. Photograph courtesy Marsha Englebrecht ©

FIGURE 1 in Leucoraja elaineae sp. nov., a new rough skate (Rajiformes: Rajidae) from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 1. Leucoraja elaineae sp. n., female holotype, SAIAB 13742, 318 mm TL, after preservation showing a total dorsal view, b total ventral view. Scale bar: 5 cm. Photograph courtesy Marsha Englebrecht ©

FIGURE 40. Parmotrema subisidiosum. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 40. Parmotrema subisidiosum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.3962); D: Upper surface of isidiate lobe conspicuously reticulate white-maculate, and with cylindrical, ± coralloid-branched isidia (Masson 974.3931). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 8 mm; D = 2 mm.

FIGURE 41. Parmotrema tinctorum. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 41. Parmotrema tinctorum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system), lemon-yellow cells = specimens examined, pale yellow cells with a cross = specimens not examined; B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Part of thallus showing the eciliate lobe margins (Masson 974.5078); D: Isidiate lobe with coralloid-branched and eciliate isidia (Masson 974.4767). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 2 mm.

FIGURE 42. Parmotrema udisilvestre. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 42. Parmotrema udisilvestre. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Submarginal soralia arising from pustule-like swellings or forming from disintegration of the upper cortex of ± revolute lobe (holotype); D: Sorediate lobe with fragile, cracking and flaking upper cortex (Masson 974.4959); E: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4833). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 2 mm; D = 3 mm; E = 8 mm.

FIGURE 39. Parmotrema subdeflectens. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 39. Parmotrema subdeflectens. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Sorediate lobes with marginal and often branched cilia, and terminal labriform or subcapitate soralia on very short laciniae (holotype); D: Sorediate lobes with marginal and ± linear labriform soralia (Masson 974.3946); E: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.3946). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 4 mm; D = 3 mm; E = 10 mm.

FIGURE 38. Parmotrema subcorallinum. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 38. Parmotrema subcorallinum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4961); D: Lobes with irregular isidia, at first granular or cylindrical, then ± coralloid or arbuscular and inflated, often apically ciliate (Masson 974.4961). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 4 mm

FIGURE 35. Parmotrema reticulatum aggr. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 35. Parmotrema reticulatum aggr. A: Distribution (UTM 2×2 km grid system) of specimens with molecular data on Réunion [= species 2 of Del-Prado et al. (2016)]; B: Distribution of specimens without molecular data on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); C: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites of specimens with molecular data (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); D: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4781); E: Part of thallus with apothecia of various ages (Masson 974.5069); F: Sorediate lobes with soralia capitate at the tip of marginal short laciniae, or submarginal ± linear at the apex of revolute lobe (Masson 974.4289). Scale bars: A, B = 10 km; D, E = 10 mm; F = 4 mm.

FIGURE 33. Parmotrema paramascarenense. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 33. Parmotrema paramascarenense. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Sorediate arbusculae in old part of thallus (holotype); D: Soralia at the apex of tiny laciniae, ± labriform or subcapitate, in young part of thallus (holotype); E: Gross morphology of thallus (Kalb & Kalb 33656). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C, D = 4 mm; E = 8 mm.

FIGURE 32. Parmotrema orarium. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 32. Parmotrema orarium. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Coastal stand of Pandanus utilis, a typical habitat for P. orarium on Réunion Island (Sainte-Rose, Bois Blanc, 13 August 2015); D: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype); E: Sorediate isidia (Masson 974.4646); F: Submarginal pustules, bursting into soredia (Masson 974.4221). Scale bars: A = 10 km; D = 20 mm; E = 1 mm; F = 2 mm.

FIGURE 37. Parmotrema robustum. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 37. Parmotrema robustum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974. 4044); D: Sorediate lobes with young soralia ± labriform or subcapitate at the apex of laciniae, then ± coalescing and slightly spreading submarginally with age (Masson 974.4826). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 4 mm

FIGURE 43 in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 43. Parmotrema thomsonii (holotype of Parmelia pachysperma). A: Part of thallus with a mature apothecium; B: Lobes with white-maculate upper surface, and conspicuous verruciform marginal pycnidia with whitish ostiolar region. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B = 2 mm.