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FIG UR E 3 (a) Dated phylogeny of the genus Theodoxus constructed in BEAST based on COI, 16S and ATPα. Node labels denote divergence times in millions of years ago (Ma); node bars indicate the 95% credibility interval around these dates. Small squares at nodes indicate significant support of divergence events found with BEAST and other phylogenetic analyses (see Figures S2.1 and S2.2), as explained through the key. Where MOTUs (A–R) show conspecifics among a number of morphospecies, species names are given in order of their year of description. Morphospecies, incorporated from GenBank, where determination was potentially dubious are highlighted by an asterisk. Clades (C) and subclades (SC) are demarcated by dashed lines between MOTUs. (b) LTT plots indicating the build‐up of lineages in Theodoxus over geological time. Dashed lines surrounding the solid LTT lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals. Where intra‐ and interspecific diversity diverge, interspecific diversity is highlighted in blue and intraspecific diversity in red. Transitions in geological ages are highlighted by narrow grey lines, while the grey bar marks the period of pronounced glacial cycles (last 900 kyr) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] in Contributions of biogeographical functions to species accumulation may change over time in refugial regions
FIG UR E 3 (a) Dated phylogeny of the genus Theodoxus constructed in BEAST based on COI, 16S and ATPα. Node labels denote divergence times in millions of years ago (Ma); node bars indicate the 95% credibility interval around these dates. Small squares at nodes indicate significant support of divergence events found with BEAST and other phylogenetic analyses (see Figures S2.1 and S2.2), as explained through the key. Where MOTUs (A–R) show conspecifics among a number of morphospecies, species names are given in order of their year of description. Morphospecies, incorporated from GenBank, where determination was potentially dubious are highlighted by an asterisk. Clades (C) and subclades (SC) are demarcated by dashed lines between MOTUs. (b) LTT plots indicating the build‐up of lineages in Theodoxus over geological time. Dashed lines surrounding the solid LTT lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals. Where intra‐ and interspecific diversity diverge, interspecific diversity is highlighted in blue and intraspecific diversity in red. Transitions in geological ages are highlighted by narrow grey lines, while the grey bar marks the period of pronounced glacial cycles (last 900 kyr) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Intermolecular hydrogen bond ruptured by graphite with different lamellar number
<p>Intermolecular hydrogen bonds are formed through the electrostatic attraction between the hydrogen nucleus on a strong polar bond and high electronegative atom with an unshared pair of electrons and a partial negative charge. It affects the physical and chemical properties of substances. Based on this, we presented a physical method to modulate intermolecular hydrogen bonds for not changing the physical-chemical properties of materials. The graphite and graphene is added into the glycerol respectively by being used as a viscosity reducer in this paper. The samples are characterized by Raman and <sup>1</sup>H-NMR. Results show that intermolecular hydrogen bonds are adjusted by graphite or graphene. The rheology of glycerol is reduced to varying degrees. TEM and computer simulation show that the spatial limiting action of graphite or graphene is the main cause of breaking the intermolecular hydrogen bond network structure. We hope this work reveals the potential interplay between nanomaterials and hydroxyl liquids, which will contribute to the field of solid-liquid coupling lubrication.</p>
FIGURE 3. Theoretical diagrams showing a in Aspidistra paucitepala (Asparagaceae), a new species with occurrence of the lowest tepal number in flowers of Asparagales
FIGURE 3. Theoretical diagrams showing a fraction of variation of flower groundplan in Aspidistra in the framework of the pentacyclic interpretation. Outer whorl tepals and outer whorl stamens red, inner whorl tepals and inner whorl stamens blue. Gynoecium is a black circle (individual carpels not shown as gynoecium diversity requires further investigation). There are some examples of species (based on data from protologues, Liang & Tamura 2000, Tillich 2005) below diagrams. Note that no attempt was made to make species lists exhaustive; trimerous and tetramerous flowers are found in many species of the genus. An alternative interpretation implies that all flowers illustrated here possess a single whorl of tepals and a single whorl of stamens.
FIGURE 2 in Aspidistra paucitepala (Asparagaceae), a new species with occurrence of the lowest tepal number in flowers of Asparagales
FIGURE 2. Vegetative organs, pistil and fruits of A. paucitepala. a. fruiting plant; b. fruiting plant with vertical branched rhizome (young green leaves mark rhizome apices); c. rhizome with basal parts of petioles and a nearly mature fruit; d. pistil of anthetic flower with lobed stigma; e. vertical rhizome with flowers and fruits at different developmental stages.
FIGURE 1 in Aspidistra paucitepala (Asparagaceae), a new species with occurrence of the lowest tepal number in flowers of Asparagales
FIGURE 1. Flowers of A. paucitepala. a–c. longitudinal sections of flowers (a, c) and flower bud (b); d. flower with three tepals and supposedly three stamens (side view); e. flower with two tepals and two stamens (cross section at the level of anthers, above the stigma, scanning electron microscopy); f. flower with three tepals and three stamens (top view); g. flower with four tepals and four stamens (top view); h. flowers with four and three tepals occurring on the same individual plant.
FIGURE 2 in Upping their number, addressing their risk. Viola singularis (Violaceae) revisited, and an evaluation of sect. Andinium, its higher taxonomic group
FIGURE 2. Physical map of the sector in Catamarca Province, Argentina, where Viola singularis is located. Three outlying towns are identified for orientation. A hatched oblong indicates the Río de Los Nacimientos (or Río Las Cuevas) where the viola was discovered. It is situated above the settlement of Los Nacimientos, shown as a white asterisk within a black circle.
FIGURE 1 in Upping their number, addressing their risk. Viola singularis (Violaceae) revisited, and an evaluation of sect. Andinium, its higher taxonomic group
FIGURE 1. Map of the Southern Cone of South America, outlining the Argentinian provinces. Catamarca is dark-shaded, and the location of Viola singlaris denoted as an asterisk. The false, previous location in Mendoza Province, as given for the protologue, is marked with a cross.
Dataset of MAVEN/NGIMS density and estimated ion number densities under the photochemical equilibrium
<p>This dataset is used for figures in the paper "Seasonal and dust related variations of the dayside thermospheric and ionospheric compositions of Mars observed by MAVEN/NGIMS." The dataset contains neutral and ion number densities measured by MAVEN/NGIMS and estimated ion number densities under the photochemical equilibrium (PCE). The electron temperature measured by MAVEN/LPW and the photoionization rates estimated by the EUVAC solar flux model (Richards et al., 1994), which are used for estimation of ion number densities under the PCE, are included in the dataset. Detailed information can be found in the readme files in each directory.</p>
Decreased aviation leads to increased ice crystal number and a positive radiative effect
<p>This is the dataset to support our paper titled of "Decreased aviation leads to increased ice crystal number and a positive radiative effect". Travel restrictions in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an unprecedented decrease of 73% in global flight mileage in April-May 2020 compared to 2019. Here we examine the CALIPSO satellite observations and find a significant increase in ice crystal number concentrations (Ni) in cirrus clouds in the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, which we attribute to an increase in homogeneous freezing when soot from aircraft emissions is reduced. A relatively small positive radiative effect of 21 mWm<sup>-2</sup> is estimated if a decrease in aircraft traffic continues. We infer from this analysis that the worldwide adoption of biofuel blending in aircraft fuels that lead to smaller soot emissions could lead to a significant change in the microphysical properties of cirrus clouds but a rather small positive radiative effect.</p> <p>This dataset including three sections. The data are model output or input from climate simulations conducted with Community Earth System Model (CESM) version 1.2.2 with IMPACT aerosol module. The input files are default in the component set of "FC5" in the CESM model. The files in the dataset are described below:</p> <p><strong>Model code.zip: </strong>This tar file contains the sources code of the IMPACT aerosol module that we implemented as additional aerosol module embedded in the CESM model which is publicly available from NCAR repository. This code is used to create model output list in this dataset.</p> <p><strong>2020_act.rar: </strong>This tar file contains NetCDF out file of daily mean meteorological and aerosol fields during January and May in 2020 from the model based on the actual aviation activity in 2020.</p> <p><strong>2020_yes.rar: </strong>This tar file contains NetCDF out file of daily mean meteorological and aerosol fields during January and May in 2020 from the model assuming the aviation activity in 2020 is same as 2019.</p> <p><strong>Year_act.zip: </strong>This tar file contains NetCDF out file of annual mean meteorological and aerosol fields in the next five years from the model assuming the aviation restriction in 2020 last for the next five years.</p> <p><strong>Year_yes.zip: </strong>This tar file contains NetCDF out file of annual mean meteorological and aerosol fields in the next five years from the model assuming the aviation activity keeping same as 2019 in the next five years.</p> <p><strong>filght.zip:</strong> The FlightRadar24 commercial database of flight mileages from January 2019 to May 2020 at 1°x1° resolution, which were used as input file in our model.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Sperm numbers on the perivitelline layers of blue tit eggs are repeatable within a clutch, but independent of the occurrence of extra-pair paternity
In many socially monogamous bird species, females produce offspring sired by males other than their social partner. A large body of research has aimed to elucidate the evolutionary causes and consequences of such extra-pair paternity, but relatively little is known about the underlying behaviour. The number of sperm on the egg's perivitelline layers (PVL) is related to recent copulation activity and may thus give some insight into the female's mating behaviour. We used a simple technique that allowed us to remove embryonic cells from the blastoderm for DNA extraction whilst keeping the PVL intact for sperm counts. Using 243 eggs from 99 blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), we show that PVL sperm numbers were repeatable within clutches (r = 0.40 [95% CI: 0.25-0.53]). However, neither overall sperm numbers, nor changes in sperm numbers across the laying sequence differed between clutches that contained extra-pair sired eggs and those that did not. Our results therefore provide no evidence that females with and without extra-pair young differ in their copulation activity.
F in A new gigantic earthworm of the genus Metaphire Sims and Easton (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from Taiwan with reference to evolutional trends in body sizes and segment numbers of the Pheretima genus-group
F. 2. Body length frequency distribution of caecate (Amynthas, Metaphire, Pheretima) and acaecate (Archipheretima, Metapheretima, Polypheretima, Planapheretima) earthworms from Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan and South-East Asia (total number of species in parenthesis following average±standard deviation).
F in A new gigantic earthworm of the genus Metaphire Sims and Easton (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from Taiwan with reference to evolutional trends in body sizes and segment numbers of the Pheretima genus-group
F. 1. Metaphire taiwanensis sp. nov. Holotype (637 mm): (A) ventral view of clitellum and male pore regions (fp, female pore; gp, genital pad; p, porophore); (B) left male pore region (sk, skin cover); (C) right spermathecae (dv, diverticulum; amp, ampulla); (D) dorsal view of testis sacs (ts) and seminal vesicles (sv) (dl, dorsal lobe); (E) left prostate gland; (F) right caecum.
FIGURES NJ27–NJ30. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ27, Scrobipalpa acuminatella; NJ28, Sophronia gelidella; NJ29, Anthophila fabriciana; NJ30, Phiaris bipunctana. in Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology
FIGURES NJ27–NJ30. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ27, Scrobipalpa acuminatella; NJ28, Sophronia gelidella; NJ29, Anthophila fabriciana; NJ30, Phiaris bipunctana.
FIGURES NJ17–NJ19, NJ21. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ17, Agonopterix conterminella. NJ18, Depressaria depressana; NJ19, Coleophora atriplicis; NJ21, Coleophora granulatella. in Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology
FIGURES NJ17–NJ19, NJ21. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ17, Agonopterix conterminella. NJ18, Depressaria depressana; NJ19, Coleophora atriplicis; NJ21, Coleophora granulatella.
FIGURES NJ20, NJ22–NJ26. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ20, Coleophora glitzella; NJ22, Coleophora texanella; NJ23, Coleophora vitisella; NJ24, Scythris sinensis; NJ25, Altenia perspersella; NJ26, Gnorimoschema jalavai. in Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology
FIGURES NJ20, NJ22–NJ26. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ20, Coleophora glitzella; NJ22, Coleophora texanella; NJ23, Coleophora vitisella; NJ24, Scythris sinensis; NJ25, Altenia perspersella; NJ26, Gnorimoschema jalavai.
FIGURES FG11–FG13. Female genitalia, ventral aspect. Scale bar = 200µm. Genitalia slide numbers in parentheses. FG11, Plutella hyperboreella (MIC6204); FG12, Lyonetia pulveratella (YPO152PH); FG13a, Oegoconia deauratella (MIC5260); FG13b, Oegoconia novimundi (MIC5261; inset = signum of MIC5269, scale bar = 100µm). in Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology
FIGURES FG11–FG13. Female genitalia, ventral aspect. Scale bar = 200µm. Genitalia slide numbers in parentheses. FG11, Plutella hyperboreella (MIC6204); FG12, Lyonetia pulveratella (YPO152PH); FG13a, Oegoconia deauratella (MIC5260); FG13b, Oegoconia novimundi (MIC5261; inset = signum of MIC5269, scale bar = 100µm).
FIGURES FG27–FG30. Female genitalia, ventral aspect. Scale bar = 200µm. Genitalia slide numbers in parentheses. FG27, Scrobipalpa acuminatella (MIC6489); FG28, Sophronia gelidella (4949OK); FG29, Anthophila fabriciana (MIC6607); FG30, Phiaris bipunctana (TOR4327). in Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology
FIGURES FG27–FG30. Female genitalia, ventral aspect. Scale bar = 200µm. Genitalia slide numbers in parentheses. FG27, Scrobipalpa acuminatella (MIC6489); FG28, Sophronia gelidella (4949OK); FG29, Anthophila fabriciana (MIC6607); FG30, Phiaris bipunctana (TOR4327).
FIGURES FG14–FG19. Female genitalia, ventral aspect. Scale bar = 500µm. Genitalia slide numbers in parentheses. FG14, Blastobasis glandulella (MIC6604); FG15, Blastobasis maroccanella (DAdamski6068); FG16, Blastobasis tarda (MIC5832); FG17, Agonopteryx conterminella (USNM130226); FG18, Depressaria depressana (MIC5961); FG19, Coleophora atriplicis (MIC6210). in Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology
FIGURES FG14–FG19. Female genitalia, ventral aspect. Scale bar = 500µm. Genitalia slide numbers in parentheses. FG14, Blastobasis glandulella (MIC6604); FG15, Blastobasis maroccanella (DAdamski6068); FG16, Blastobasis tarda (MIC5832); FG17, Agonopteryx conterminella (USNM130226); FG18, Depressaria depressana (MIC5961); FG19, Coleophora atriplicis (MIC6210).
FIGURES FG20–FG25. Female genitalia, ventral aspect. Scale bar = 200µm. Genitalia slide numbers in parentheses. FG20, Coleophora glitzella (MIC6772); FG21, Coleophora granulatella (MIC5226); FG22, Coleophora texanella (BL844); FG23, Coleophora vitisella (MIC6156); FG24, Scythris sinensis (MIC6784); FG25, Altenia perspersella (GEL650PH). in Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology
FIGURES FG20–FG25. Female genitalia, ventral aspect. Scale bar = 200µm. Genitalia slide numbers in parentheses. FG20, Coleophora glitzella (MIC6772); FG21, Coleophora granulatella (MIC5226); FG22, Coleophora texanella (BL844); FG23, Coleophora vitisella (MIC6156); FG24, Scythris sinensis (MIC6784); FG25, Altenia perspersella (GEL650PH).
FIGURES MG28–MG30. Male genitalia. Scale bar = 200µm. Genitalia slide numbers in parentheses. MG28, Sophronia gelidella (MIC5492); MG29, Anthophila fabriciana (USNMENT00657744); MG30, Phiaris bipunctana (TOR1620). in Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology
FIGURES MG28–MG30. Male genitalia. Scale bar = 200µm. Genitalia slide numbers in parentheses. MG28, Sophronia gelidella (MIC5492); MG29, Anthophila fabriciana (USNMENT00657744); MG30, Phiaris bipunctana (TOR1620).
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.