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15,542 results for “How long”
Southern Hemisphere coasts are biologically connected by frequent, long-distance rafting events
<p>Globally, species distributions are shifting in response to environmental change, and those that cannot disperse risk extinction. Many taxa, including marine species, are showing poleward range shifts as the climate warms. In the Southern Hemisphere, however, circumpolar oceanic fronts can present formidable barriers to dispersal<sup>4</sup>. Although passive, southward movement of species across this barrier has been considered unlikely, the recent discovery of buoyant kelp rafts on beaches in Antarctica demonstrates that such journeys are possible. Rafting is a key process by which diverse taxa – including terrestrial and coastal marine species – can cross oceans. Kelp rafts can carry passengers, and thus can act as vectors for long-distance dispersal of coastal organisms. The small numbers of kelp rafts previously found in Antarctica do not, however, shed much light on the frequency of such dispersal events. We here use a combination of high-resolution phylogenomic analyses (>220,000 SNPs) and oceanographic modelling to show that long-distance biological dispersal events in the Southern Ocean are not rare. We document tens of kelp (<em>Durvillaea antarctica</em>) rafting events of thousands of kilometres each, over several decades (1950 – 2019), with many kelp rafts apparently still reproductively viable. Modelling of dispersal trajectories from genomically-inferred source locations shows that some distant landmasses are particularly well connected, for example South Georgia and New Zealand, and the Kerguelen Islands and Tasmania. Our findings illustrate the power of genomic approaches to track, and modelling to show frequencies, of long-distance dispersal events.</p> <p> </p>
Dataset for "Long-term implications of reduced gas imports on the decarbonization of the European energy system"
<p>A dataset containing results for the paper "Long-term implications of reduced gas imports on the decarbonization of the European energy system". See also the associated Github repository: https://github.com/TimToernes/Reduced-gas-imports </p>
Long Live The Image: Container-Native Data Persistence in Production
<p>The (Docker) source files for creating a read-only database container.</p> <p><strong>Note:</strong></p> <p>"tail -F /var/log/mysql/error.log" (after the demo of selecting all data) makes the container keep alive as a MySQL server.</p> <p><strong>To be Updated:</strong></p> <p>The database user and password are still hardcoded.</p>
Reconstructed, Long-Term Meteorological Forcing and Mass Balance over Glaciers in High Mountain Asia
<p>%%%% Reconstructed_WRF_Forcing_HMA.mat %%%%%%%%<br> A reconstructed, long-term data series of meteorological data for three glaciers in distinct regions of High Mountain Asia. The meteorological forcing consists of hourly Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) data bias-corrected by high elevation, off-glacier automatic weather station (AWS) data. The variables of the forcing data consist of 2m air temperature ('T' °C), relative humidity ('RH' %), air pressure ('PRESS' hPa), incoming shortwave ('SWIN' Wm-2) and longwave ('LWIN' Wm-2) radiation, precipitation ('PP', mm hr) and wind speed ('FF' m s-1). The period of the timeseries ranges from January 1981 to December 2019. <br> <br> Data are available for the following glaciers (bias-corrected to the given coordinates / elevation of the off-glacier AWS)<br> Yala Glacier, Nepal (28.237°N 85.619°E, 5090 m a.s.l.) - 'AWS Yala Basecamp' (AWS Data available on the ICIMOD RDS)<br> Parlung Glacier Number 4 (29.245°N 96.928°E, 4600 m a.s.l.) - 'AWS4600' (Contact author Wei Yang for AWS data requests)</p> <p>Mugagangqiong Glacier (32.234°N, 87.485°E, 5850 m a.s.l.) - 'AWS5850' (Contact author Wei Yang for AWS data requests)</p> <p> </p> <p>Data are stored as matlab tables in .mat files. Data were created using Matlab version 2020b. </p> <p> </p> <p>%%%% Reconstructed_Mass_Balance_HMA.mat %%%%%%%%<br> <br> Reconstructed cumulative mass balances for the aforementioned glaciers (values in m w.e.)</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Historical surveys reveal a long-term decline in muskrat populations
<p>The muskrat (<i>Ondatra zibethicus</i>) is an iconic species in Canada, valued for both its fur and its integral role in wetland ecosystems, and widely regarded for its perseverance. However, the resilience of this semi-aquatic mammal seems to be in question now as increasing evidence points to widespread population declines. Recent analyses of harvest data across North America suggest a reduction in their numbers, but this has not been widely corroborated by population surveys. In this study we replicated historic muskrat house count surveys at two large Great Lakes coastal wetlands and present confirmation that declines in muskrat harvest correspond to actual declines in muskrat abundance. At the Point Pelee National Park marsh and the Matchedash Bay-Gray Marsh wetland we found that mean muskrat house counts declined by 93% and 91% respectively between historic surveys 40-50 years ago and contemporary surveys over the past seven years. The factors responsible for these dramatic declines remain unclear but there may be a relationship with changes in the habitat quality of these wetlands that have occurred over the same time frame. Not only is the loss of muskrats an issue for the resulting loss of the wetland ecosystem services they provide, but it may be an indication of broader marsh ecosystem degradation. As such, a scarcity of muskrats should be considered a red flag for the state of biodiversity in our wetlands. Continued surveys and ongoing research are needed to shed more light on the current status of muskrat populations and their marsh habitats across their native range.</p>
Individual variability in space use near power lines by a long-lived territorial raptor
<p>Evaluating species responses to anthropogenic infrastructures and other habitat changes is often used to assess environmental impacts and to guide conservation actions. However, such studies are generally carried out at the population-level, disregarding inter-individual variability. Here, we investigate population- and individual-level responses towards power lines of a territorial raptor, the Bonelli's eagle Aquila fasciata. We used GPS-PTT tracking data of seventeen adult eagles to model space use as a function of distance to transmission and distribution lines, while accounting for other habitat features known to affect this species. At population level, eagles increased the intensity of space use in the proximity of power lines (up to 1000 m), suggesting an attraction effect. At individual level, some eagles shared the general population attraction pattern, while others showed reduced intensity of space use in the proximity of power lines. These differential responses were unrelated to the sex of individuals, but were affected by the characteristics of the power grid, with a tendency for apparent attraction to be associated with individuals occupying home ranges with a denser network of transmission lines and transmission pylons. However, the study could not rule out the operation of other potentially influential factors, such as individual idiosyncrasies, the spatial distribution of prey availability, and the availability of natural perches and nesting sites. Overall, these results suggest that power lines may drive different behaviors and have differential impacts across individuals, with those attracted to the proximity of power lines potentially facing increased risk of mortality through electrocution and collision, and those avoiding power lines being potentially subject to exclusion effects. More generally, our results reinforce the need to understand individual variability when assessing and mitigating impacts of anthropogenic infrastructures.</p>
Long-term resilience of primary sex ratios in a species with temperature dependent sex determination after decades of climate warming
<p><span>Species with environmental sex determination (ESD) have persisted through deep time, despite massive environmental perturbation in the geological record. Understanding how species with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), a type of ESD, persist through climate change is particularly timely given the current climate crisis, as highly biased sex ratios and extinction are predicted. Since 1982, we have studied primary sex ratios of a reptile with TSD (<em>Chelydra serpentina</em></span><span>). Primary sex ratios remained unchanged over time, despite warming in the environment. Resilience of the primary sex ratio occurred via a portfolio effect, realized through remarkable intra-annual variation in nest-level sex ratios, leading to a relatively consistent mean annual sex ratio. Intra-annual variation in nest-level sex ratios was related to variation in egg burial depth coupled with large clutch sizes, creating thermal gradients in the nest, and promoting mixed-sex clutches. Further, both locally and globally, sustained increases in nighttime air temperature contribute more to warming than increases in daily maximum temperature, but development rate was affected more strongly by maximum daily air temperature, conferring additional resilience to overall warming. Our study suggests that some TSD species may be resilient to warming and provides an example of how ESD may persist under environmental change.</span><span><br></span></p>
Long-term minnow community data from the Bayou Pierre, Mississippi
<p>Long-term community monitoring is becoming an important tool for ecological studies. Historical data are present in a variety of sources but often require considerable effort to extract, filter, and verify prior to analyses. In this dataset we document minnow (sensu lato, Cyprinidae + Leuciscidae) communities in the Bayou Pierre, Mississippi. We include filtered community data from twelve localities and three time periods (1974-75, 1985-89, 2019-20) derived from a mixture of literature, museum collections, and contemporary collecting efforts. All collections were made using comparable methodologies. We also include an additional 29 contemporary collections which do not have historical representation but which cover the majority of the watershed. We further include a trait database coded from literature values which captures both reproductive and ecological traits for the species in these data. These data were used in preparation of a manuscript examining long-term taxonomic, ecological, and functional change within the minnows in the Bayou Pierre, and they are part of a broader research effort to study the effects of fluvial geomorphic evolution on aquatic ecosystems.</p>
Re-assessment of the climatic controls on the carbon and water fluxes of a boreal aspen forest over 1996-2016: changing sensitivity to long-term climatic conditions
<p>Recent evidence suggests that the relationships between climate and boreal tree growth are generally non-stationary; however, it remains uncertain whether the relationships between climate and carbon (C) fluxes of boreal forests are stationary or have changed over recent decades. In this study, we used continuous eddy-covariance and microclimate data over 21 years (1996-2016) from a 100-year-old trembling aspen stand in central Saskatchewan, Canada to assess the relationships between climate and ecosystem C and water fluxes. Over the study period, the most striking climatic event was a severe, 3-year drought (2001-2003). Gross ecosystem production (GEP) showed larger interannual variability than ecosystem respiration (<em>R</em><sub>e</sub>) over 1996-2016, but <em>R</em><sub>e</sub> was the dominant component contributing to the interannual variation in net ecosystem production (NEP) during post-drought years. The inter-annual variations in evapotranspiration (ET) and C fluxes were primarily driven by temperature and secondarily by water availability. Two-factor linear models combining precipitation and temperature performed well in explaining the inter-annual variation in C and water fluxes (<em>R</em><sup>2</sup>>0.5). The temperature dependence of all three C fluxes (NEP, GEP and <em>R</em><sub>e</sub>) declined over 1996-2015 (<em>p</em><0.05), and as a result, the phenological controls on annual NEP weakened. The decreasing temperature sensitivity of the C fluxes over 1996-2015 may reflect changes in forest structure, related to the over-maturity of the aspen stand at 100-years of age and exacerbated by high tree mortality following the severe 2001-2003 drought. These results may provide an early warning signal of driver shift or even an abrupt status shift of aspen forest dynamics. They may also imply a universal weakening in the relationship between temperature and GEP as forests become over-mature, associated with the structural and compositional changes that accompany forest ageing.</p>
Data from: Benchmarking ultra-high molecular weight DNA preservation methods for long-read and long-range sequencing
<p>Studies in vertebrate genomics require sampling from a broad range of tissue types, taxa, and localities. Recent advancements in long-read and long-range genome sequencing have made it possible to produce high-quality chromosome-level genome assemblies for almost any organism. However, adequate tissue preservation for the requisite ultra-high molecular weight DNA (uHMW DNA) remains a major challenge. Here we present a comparative study of preservation methods for field and laboratory tissue sampling, across vertebrate classes and different tissue types. We find that no single method is best for all cases. Instead, the optimal storage and extraction methods vary by taxa, by tissue, and by down-stream application. Therefore, we provide sample preservation guidelines that ensure sufficient DNA integrity and amount required for use with long-read and long-range sequencing technologies across vertebrates. Our best practices generate the uHMW DNA needed for the high-quality reference genomes for Phase 1 of the Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP), whose ultimate mission is to generate chromosome-level reference genome assemblies of all ~70,000 extant vertebrate species.</p>
Data and scripts from: Long term analysis of social structure: evidence of age-based consistent associations in male Alpine ibex
<p>The folder contains the data and scripts used to produce the manuscript: "Long term analysis of social structure: evidence of age-based consistent associations in Alpine ibex" by Alice Brambilla, Achaz von Hardenberg, Claudia Canedoli, Francesca Brivio, Cédric Sueur and Christina R Stanley.</p>
Stress axis programming generates long-term effects on cognitive abilities in a cooperative breeder
<p><span>The ability to flexibly adjust behaviour to social and non-social challenges is important for successfully navigating variable environments. Social competence, i.e., adaptive behavioural flexibility in the social domain, allows individuals to optimize their expression of social behaviour. Behavioural flexibility outside the social domain aids in coping with ecological challenges. However, it is unknown if social and non-social behavioural flexibility share common underlying cognitive mechanisms. Support for such shared mechanism would be provided if the same neural mechanisms in the brain affected social and non-social behavioural flexibility similarly. We used individuals of the cooperatively-breeding fish <em>Neolamprologus pulcher</em> that had undergone early-life programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis by exposure to (i) cortisol, (ii) the glucocorticoid-receptor antagonist mifepristone or (iii) control treatments, and where effects of stress-axis programming on social flexibility occurred. One year after the treatments, adults learned a colour-discrimination task, and subsequently, a reversal-learning task testing for behavioural flexibility. Early-life mifepristone treatment only marginally affected learning performance, whereas cortisol treatment significantly reduced behavioural flexibility. Thus, early-life cortisol treatment reduced both social and non-social behavioural flexibility, suggesting a shared cognitive basis of behavioural flexibility. Further our findings imply that early-life stress programming affects the ability of organisms to flexibly cope with environmental stressors.</span></p>
Data and code to explore annual cycle schedule adjustments in a long distance migrant
<p>Matching the timing of annual cycle events with the required resources can have crucial consequences for individual fitness. But as the annual cycle is comprised of sequential events, a delay at any point may be carried over to the subsequent stage (or more, in a domino effect) and negatively influence individual performance. To investigate how migratory animals navigate their annual schedule, and where and when it may be adjusted, we used full annual cycle data of 38 Icelandic whimbrels <em>Numenius phaeopus islandicus</em> tracked over 7 years – a subspecies that typically performs long-distance migrations to West Africa. We found that individuals apparently used the wintering sites to compensate for delays that mostly arose due to previous successful breeding, and a domino effect was observed from spring departure to laying date, with the potential to affect breeding output. However, the total time saved during all stationary periods is apparently enough to avoid interannual effects between breeding seasons. These findings highlight the importance of preserving good quality non-breeding sites in which individuals may adjust annual schedules and avoid potentially adverse effects of arriving late at the breeding grounds.</p>
Code and source data for the paper: Global warming leads to larger bats with a faster life history pace in the long-lived Bechstein's bat (Myotis bechsteinii)
<p>Contains two R scripts necessary to perfom the analysis for the paper "Global warming leads to a faster life history pace in the long-lived Bechstein’s bat (Myotis bechsteinii)"</p> <ul> <li>1st Script (" Script_analysis paper_bodysize_AFR_fecundity_LRS_GAMs_revised": Descriptive statistics, calculation of all GAMs and code for figure 1, 2 and 3</li> <li>2nd Script (" Script_size specific generation times"): Calculation of reproductive and mortality rates, calculation of generation time and population growth rates (lambda) as well as code for figure 4 and 5</li> </ul> <p>And also .csv files with the data points of all figures.</p>
Long series of semi-thin transverse sections of the vascular cambium of Robinia pseudoacacia L. (a-l)
<p>A series of consecutive transverse sections of the vascular cambium of black locust used for radial, and tangential planes reconstruction in: </p> <p>Miodek, A., Gizińska, A., Włoch, W. <em>et al.</em> Intrusive growth of initials does not affect cambial circumference in <em>Robinia pseudoacacia</em>. <em>Sci Rep</em> <strong>12, </strong>7428 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11272-y</p> <p>Scale bar = 20 μm</p>
Data and code from: Decade-long leukaemia remissions with persistence of CD4+ CAR Tcells
<p>CITE-Seq and CyTOF data and code: CAR T cells from two patients with long-term CLL remission.</p> <p>This is the accompanying dataset for the manuscript:</p> <p>Melenhorst JJ, Chen GM, Wang M, Porter DL, et al. Decade-long leukaemia remissions with persistence of CD4+ CAR T cells. Nature, 2022. PMID: 35110735</p> <p> </p> <p>Manuscript abstract:</p> <p>The adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes reprogrammed to target tumour cells has demonstrated potential for treatment of various cancers. However, little is known about the long-term potential and clonal stability of the infused cells. Here we studied long-lasting CD19-redirected chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia who achieved a complete remission in 2010. CAR T cells remained detectable more than ten years after infusion, with sustained remission in both patients. Notably, a highly activated CD4+ population emerged in both patients, dominating the CAR T cell population at the later time points. This transition was reflected in the stabilization of the clonal make-up of CAR T cells with a repertoire dominated by a small number of clones. Single-cell profiling demonstrated that these long-persisting CD4+ CAR T cells exhibited cytotoxic characteristics along with ongoing functional activation and proliferation. In addition, longitudinal profiling revealed a population of gamma delta CAR T cells that prominently expanded in one patient concomitant with CD8+ CAR T cells during the initial response phase. Our identification and characterization of these unexpected CAR T cell populations provide novel insight into the CAR T cell characteristics associated with anti-cancer response and long-term remission in leukaemia.</p>
Growth resilience of conifer species decreases with early, long-lasting and intense droughts but cannot be explained by hydraulic traits
<p><span>Drought events may reduce growth and survival of conifer trees. The effects of the intensity and timing of drought on the growth resilience, including growth reductions during drought and recovery of growth after drought, remains however highly uncertain.</span></p> <p><span>Growth resilience of 20 conifer species to 11 dry years was compared in a common garden experiment. We assessed 1) the relationships among growth resistance, recovery and resilience, 2) the impacts of different drought dimensions (intensity, onset and length) on resistance, and 3) the underlying mechanisms in terms of growth potential and hydraulic traits. </span></p> <p><span>Droughts led to 22% reduction in stem growth for 85% of species, but most species (85%) were resilient due to high recovery. Growth resistance decreased with an early onset of drought (significant for 55% of species), and longer lasting (35%) and intense droughts (60%). While </span><span>fast-growing species and slow-growing species were similar in resistance and recovery, fast-growing species were more resilient. </span><span>Unexpectedly, resilience could not be explained by hydraulic traits, possibly because the species grew on poor sandy soils and were acclimated to drought with large hydraulic safety margins.</span></p> <p><span><em>Synthesis </em>Our study shows that in a mild maritime climate almost all conifer species are resilient to drought, and that putative hydraulic traits may be less important here for growth resilience. It also highlights the importance of addressing multiple dimensions of drought, i.e., timing, duration and severity, to predict species responses to climate change.</span></p>
Evolution of a novel female reproductive strategy in Drosophila melanogaster populations subjected to long term protein restriction
<p>Reproductive output is often constrained by availability of macronutrients, especially protein. Long term protein restriction, therefore, is expected to select for traits maximizing reproduction even under nutritional challenge. We subjected four replicate populations of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> to a complete deprivation of yeast supplement, thereby mimicking a protein restricted ecology. Following 24 generations, compared to their matched controls, females from experimental populations showed increased reproductive output early in life, both in presence and absence of yeast supplement. The observed increase in reproductive output was without associated alterations in egg size, development time, pre-adult survivorship, body mass at eclosion, and lifespan of the females. Further, selection was ineffective on lifelong cumulative fecundity. However, females from experiment regime were found to have a significantly faster rate of reproductive senescence following the attainment of the reproductive peak early in life. Therefore, adaptation to yeast deprivation ecology in our study involved a novel reproductive strategy whereby females attained higher reproductive output early in life followed by faster reproductive aging. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the cleanest demonstration of optimization of fitness by fine tuning of reproductive schedule during adaptation to a prolonged nutritional deprivation.</p>
dataset for "Long-lived Bell states in an array of optical clock qubits"
<p>Dataset for main figures in "Long-lived Bell states in an array of optical clock qubits".</p>
Data supporting On the step type of continuous propagating positive leader in laboratory-scale long spark discharges
<p>The data supports the manuscript entitled "On the step type of continuous propagating positive leader in laboratory-scale long spark discharges". The *.txt file contains the applied voltage waveform and discharge current waveform. The*.doc file contains the data for Figure 5. The *.rar file contains the high-speed video frames, and can be decompressed and opened. The data can be used freely for scientific purposes with appropriate citation.</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.