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Fig. 2 Optimisation o in Exploring the evolution and terrestrialization of scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) with rocks and clocks
Fig. 2 Optimisation o_ book lung origin(s) on competing phylogenies o_ Chelicerata. a Scorpions as the sister group to other Arachnida (e.g. Weygoldt and Paulus 1979), implying either book lung loss in other Arachnida or book lung convergence between scorpions and tetrapulmonates. b Scorpions as sister group to Eurypterida (e.g. Dunlop and Braddy 2001), implying book lung convergence and
Fig. 3 Phylogenetic hypotheses o in Exploring the evolution and terrestrialization of scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) with rocks and clocks
Fig. 3 Phylogenetic hypotheses o_ scorpion relationships, with representative taxa _or each major group. (A) Pandinus (Pandinopsis) dictator Pocock, 1888; (B) Cercophonius squama Gervais, 1844; (C) Iurus dufoureius Brullé, 1832; (D) Brotheas sp.; (E) Centruroides
Confirmation of Basitarsal Compound Slit Sensilla (BCSS) in scorpion genera Chaerilus and Scorpiops (Arachnida: Scorpiones)
<p><span>Basitarsal Compound Slit Sensilla (BCSS) are a cluster of mechanosensory structures, collectively composed of striated, curved, successive slits located at the prodistal end of basitarsus, forming into a fan-shaped configuration. It can efficiently detect and amplify substrate-borne micro-vibrational signals at a certain frequency range which cause slit deformation (Wang et al., 2019), being most sensitive to surface Rayleigh waves and crucial for locating the vibration source (but requires sensilla on multiple legs) (Brownwell & Farley, 1979). This structure, to my knowledge, has only been formally reported in three species, <em>Androctonus australis </em>(Linnaeus, 1758), <em>Heterometrus silenus</em> (Simon, 1884) and <em>Smeringurus mesaensis </em>(Stahnke, 1957) (Barth & Wadepuhl, 1975; Brownwell & Farley, 1979; Wang et al., 2019). The present work constitutes an informal observation (out of curiosity) of BCSS across 3 genera, confirming its presence (with different forms) in two of those genera.</span></p> <p><span>BCSS was confidently confirmed in all <em>Scorpiops</em> and <em>Chaerilus</em> species examined (see figures on subsequent pages). There appeared to be some interspecific differences (e.g., the proximal boundary that delineates the sensillar area) within the same genus, but I have not confirmed if those differences are stable and non-overlapping (i.e., diagnostic). Sensilla are closely associated with specific ecological adaptions which shape their phenotypic configurations. One of the most famous sensilla in scorpions is the trichobothrium, which serves as an important diagnostic character for many distinct lineages. Similarly, the constellation array on the externodistal surface of pedipalp fixed finger was also found to be diagnostic in some vaejovids. It is interesting to note the different configurations of slit sensilla between genera <em>Scorpiops</em> and <em>Chaerilus</em>, where in <em>Chaerilus</em> a long, accessory slit sensillum was always present external to the main sensillar area (on or near its boundary). Occasionally, several short striations (sensilla?) were also observed on the joint tubercle between the basi- and telotarsi. Unfortunately, due to the magnification constraint: I was not able to examine genera <em>Langxie</em> and <em>Qianxie</em> (both with highly slender basitarsi); I was not able to confidently identify the striation in genus <em>Olivierus</em> albeit observing a similar depression at the same location (BCSS of the much smaller species of <em>Scorpiops</em> (<em>S. jendeki</em> and <em>S. kovariki</em>) and <em>Chaerilus</em> were even more conspicuous).</span></p>
Fig. 2 in New species of Serpinema (Nematoda: Camallanidae) from the scorpion mud turtle Kinosternon scorpioides (Testudines: Kinosternidae) from eastern Amazon, Brazil
Fig. 2. Line drawings of Serpinema pelliculatus n. sp. (a) Posterior region of male, lateral view. (b) Posterior region of male, ventral view. (c) Spicule, ventral view. (d) Posterior region of female, lateral view. (e) Vulva, lateral view.
Fig. 1 in New species of Serpinema (Nematoda: Camallanidae) from the scorpion mud turtle Kinosternon scorpioides (Testudines: Kinosternidae) from eastern Amazon, Brazil
Fig. 1. Line drawings of Serpinema pelliculatus n. sp. (a) Anterior region of female, lateral view. (b) Anterior region of male, lateral view. (c) Buccal capsule of female, lateral view. (d) Buccal capsule of male, lateral view. (e) Basal ring, apical view. (f) Anterior curved sclerotized structures, lateral view. (g) Cephalic extremity of male, apical view (h) Trident of male, ventral view. (i) Buccal capsule of male, apical view.
Fig. 3 in New species of Serpinema (Nematoda: Camallanidae) from the scorpion mud turtle Kinosternon scorpioides (Testudines: Kinosternidae) from eastern Amazon, Brazil
Fig. 3. Scanning electron microscopy of Serpinema pelliculatus n. sp. (a) Anterior end of male, subventral view; (b) Vulva, subventral view. (c) Posterior region of female, ventral view. (d) Tip tail of female, ventrolateral view. (e) Posterior region of male, subventral view (arrowheads indicate papillae). Abbreviations: anterior lip, Al; anus, An; posterior lip, Pl; trident, Tr.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Scorpiones Collection - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA).
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Scorpiones Collection - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/8ab22acf-a3eb-4a67-9eec-5d07631011be">https://bionomia.net/dataset/8ab22acf-a3eb-4a67-9eec-5d07631011be</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/8ab22acf-a3eb-4a67-9eec-5d07631011be">https://gbif.org/dataset/8ab22acf-a3eb-4a67-9eec-5d07631011be</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Systematic Revision of the Neotropical Club-Tailed Scorpions, Physoctonus, Rhopalurus, and Troglorhopalurus, Revalidation of Heteroctenus, and Descriptions of Two New Genera and Three New Species (Buthidae: Rhopalurusinae).
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Systematic Revision of the Neotropical Club-Tailed Scorpions, Physoctonus, Rhopalurus, and Troglorhopalurus, Revalidation of Heteroctenus, and Descriptions of Two New Genera and Three New Species (Buthidae: Rhopalurusinae)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/22b02e67-634f-4e71-a8fa-3392aff63985">https://bionomia.net/dataset/22b02e67-634f-4e71-a8fa-3392aff63985</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/22b02e67-634f-4e71-a8fa-3392aff63985">https://gbif.org/dataset/22b02e67-634f-4e71-a8fa-3392aff63985</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Linked collectors and determiners for: The scorpion-tailed orb-weaving spiders (Araneae, Araneidae, Arachnura) in Australia and New Zealand.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "The scorpion-tailed orb-weaving spiders (Araneae, Araneidae, Arachnura) in Australia and New Zealand". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/05505758-61b6-4935-8864-c80c214788a1">https://bionomia.net/dataset/05505758-61b6-4935-8864-c80c214788a1</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/05505758-61b6-4935-8864-c80c214788a1">https://gbif.org/dataset/05505758-61b6-4935-8864-c80c214788a1</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Taxonomic revision of the " mexicanus " group of the genus Vaejovis C. L. Koch, 1836 (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae).
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Taxonomic revision of the " mexicanus " group of the genus Vaejovis C. L. Koch, 1836 (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/cb288575-93a8-4e59-86fd-ee6bae784b6a">https://bionomia.net/dataset/cb288575-93a8-4e59-86fd-ee6bae784b6a</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/cb288575-93a8-4e59-86fd-ee6bae784b6a">https://gbif.org/dataset/cb288575-93a8-4e59-86fd-ee6bae784b6a</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Two new species of Bothriurus Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones, Bothriuridae) from Northeastern Brazil.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Two new species of Bothriurus Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones, Bothriuridae) from Northeastern Brazil". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/b20ecce6-c5fa-4dd9-9a1d-9d22fae2826a">https://bionomia.net/dataset/b20ecce6-c5fa-4dd9-9a1d-9d22fae2826a</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/b20ecce6-c5fa-4dd9-9a1d-9d22fae2826a">https://gbif.org/dataset/b20ecce6-c5fa-4dd9-9a1d-9d22fae2826a</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Linked collectors and determiners for: The Scorpiones collection (RS) of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN - Paris).
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "The Scorpiones collection (RS) of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN - Paris)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/2f23ac81-674e-4e4e-982f-73f49ccdb9df">https://bionomia.net/dataset/2f23ac81-674e-4e4e-982f-73f49ccdb9df</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/2f23ac81-674e-4e4e-982f-73f49ccdb9df">https://gbif.org/dataset/2f23ac81-674e-4e4e-982f-73f49ccdb9df</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Taxonomic revision of the Colombian Tityus (Archaeotityus) (Scorpiones, Buthidae) species: a morphological and morphometric approach, with a description of a new species.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Taxonomic revision of the Colombian Tityus (Archaeotityus) (Scorpiones, Buthidae) species: a morphological and morphometric approach, with a description of a new species". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/2334efd2-e346-48ff-85ff-0bc8661538b2">https://bionomia.net/dataset/2334efd2-e346-48ff-85ff-0bc8661538b2</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/2334efd2-e346-48ff-85ff-0bc8661538b2">https://gbif.org/dataset/2334efd2-e346-48ff-85ff-0bc8661538b2</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Linked collectors and determiners for: National Museum of Namibia Scorpiones Collection Data 2022.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "National Museum of Namibia Scorpiones Collection Data 2022". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/7a5d39ef-1abc-442f-be56-5ccf3b27aedd">https://bionomia.net/dataset/7a5d39ef-1abc-442f-be56-5ccf3b27aedd</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/7a5d39ef-1abc-442f-be56-5ccf3b27aedd">https://gbif.org/dataset/7a5d39ef-1abc-442f-be56-5ccf3b27aedd</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Description of a new Patagonian species of Urophonius Pocock (Scorpiones, Bothriuridae), from Meseta de Somuncurá, Argentina.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Description of a new Patagonian species of Urophonius Pocock (Scorpiones, Bothriuridae), from Meseta de Somuncurá, Argentina". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/71409b97-0770-4e5a-bb9c-4d44f65d7e06">https://bionomia.net/dataset/71409b97-0770-4e5a-bb9c-4d44f65d7e06</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/71409b97-0770-4e5a-bb9c-4d44f65d7e06">https://gbif.org/dataset/71409b97-0770-4e5a-bb9c-4d44f65d7e06</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Тaxonomic position of Orthochirus olivaceus (Karsch, 1881), the type species of the genus Orthochirus Karsch, 1892 (Scorpiones: Buthidae).
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Тaxonomic position of Orthochirus olivaceus (Karsch, 1881), the type species of the genus Orthochirus Karsch, 1892 (Scorpiones: Buthidae)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/58e39d93-e6bd-47c1-a5db-a6ba6f2ce497">https://bionomia.net/dataset/58e39d93-e6bd-47c1-a5db-a6ba6f2ce497</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/58e39d93-e6bd-47c1-a5db-a6ba6f2ce497">https://gbif.org/dataset/58e39d93-e6bd-47c1-a5db-a6ba6f2ce497</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Redefinition And Generic Revision Of The North American Vaejovid Scorpion Subfamily Syntropinae Kraepelin, 1905, With Descriptions Of Six New Genera.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Redefinition And Generic Revision Of The North American Vaejovid Scorpion Subfamily Syntropinae Kraepelin, 1905, With Descriptions Of Six New Genera". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/f86801d1-5089-42e6-9f91-423312e06eba">https://bionomia.net/dataset/f86801d1-5089-42e6-9f91-423312e06eba</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/f86801d1-5089-42e6-9f91-423312e06eba">https://gbif.org/dataset/f86801d1-5089-42e6-9f91-423312e06eba</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Figure 20 in A new Vaejovis C.L. Koch from the Sierra Madre Occidental of Durango, Mexico (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)
Figure 20. Time-calibrated mitochondrial phylogeny showing the relationship of Vaejovis baggins new species to other species of montane Vaejovis from the Sierra Madre Occidental. Posterior probabilities indicated at nodes. Bars represent highest posterior densities (95%) around mean date estimates. GenBank accession numbers are provided in parentheses.
Figures 2–5 in A new Vaejovis C.L. Koch from the Sierra Madre Occidental of Durango, Mexico (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)
Figures 2–5. Vaejovis baggins new species, from Rancho Santa Barbara, Durango, Mexico. 2) Ventral aspect, male holotype. 3) Dorsal aspect, male holotype (CNAN-T01428). 4) Ventral aspect, female paratype. 5) Dorsal aspect, female paratype (CNAN-T01429). Scale line = 5 mm.
Figures 6–9 in A new Vaejovis C.L. Koch from the Sierra Madre Occidental of Durango, Mexico (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)
Figures 6–9. Right hemispermatophore of Vaejovis baggins new species. 6) Dorsal surface of hemispermatophore. 7) Ventral surface of hemispermatophore. 8) Ectal view of midsection. 9) Ectoventral aspect of capsular disk.
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