Find research datasets worth reusing

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

Data Release for "The curious case of GW200129: interplay between spin-precession inference and data-quality issues"

Data Release associated with <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.11932">The curious case of GW200129: interplay between spin-precession inference and data-quality issues Data Release</a>. We release frame files and result file for selected parameter estimation runs in the paper.   Each directory contains .json bilby result files for the PE run described by that directory. The specific channel names and frame files that we used in the PE runs are listed below.  The frames for the PE runs with BayesWave glitch subtraction are included in this release and are in BW_frames/frame_{glitch label}.   L1 data with glitch subtraction: Channel: L1:DCS-CALIB_STRAIN_CLEAN_SUB60HZ_C01_P1800169_v4 Link: https://zenodo.org/record/5546680/files/L-L1_HOFT_CLEAN_SUB60HZ_C01_P1800169_v4-1264314068-4096.gwf   L1 data, no mitigation: Channel: H1:DCS-CALIB_STRAIN_CLEAN_SUB60HZ_C01 (L1:GWOSC-16KHZ_R1_STRAIN) Link: https://www.gw-openscience.org/archive/data/O3b_16KHZ_R1/1263534080/L-L1_GWOSC_O3b_16KHZ_R1-1264312320-4096.gwf   H1 data, no mitigation: Channel: H1:DCS-CALIB_STRAIN_CLEAN_SUB60HZ_C01 (H1:GWOSC-16KHZ_R1_STRAIN) Link: https://www.gw-openscience.org/archive/data/O3b_16KHZ_R1/1263534080HL-H1_GWOSC_O3b_16KHZ_R1-1264312320-4096.gwf   Channels for runs with BayesWave glitch-subtracted frames-- (Note you need to read in the correct gwf file to access each channel; for example the channel for BayesWave glitch A should be accessed after reading in the gwf file in `BW_frames/frame_A/`) BayesWave glitch A (applies only to L1): DCS-CALIB_STRAIN_CLEAN_SUB60HZ_C01_BW_DEGLITCHED_30000 BayesWave glitch B (applies only to L1): DCS-CALIB_STRAIN_CLEAN_SUB60HZ_C01_BW_DEGLITCHED_28395 BayesWave glitch C (applies only to L1): DCS-CALIB_STRAIN_CLEAN_SUB60HZ_C01_BW_DEGLITCHED_32752

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

On the Usage of New JavaScript Features through Transpilers: The Babel Case | Dataset

JavaScript API Deprecation Landscape: A Survey and Mining Study | Dataset <ol> <li>List of Babel plugin occurrences in GitHub open-source JavaScript Projects</li> <li>Table with Babel plugin occurrences found on GitHub open-source JavaScript Projects (complete version)</li> <li>List of Stack Overflow Questions related to Babel proposal plugins</li> <li>Desktop Browser versions and their compatibility with JavaScript Proposal Features</li> <li>Mobile Browser versions and their compatibility with JavaScript Proposal Features</li> </ol>

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Comparative analysis of health authorities spokesperson and health influencer during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case in Indonesia

Background: Concerns over an infodemic following a surge in health misinformation circulating on social media sets out the government's priority for Indonesia. Given the urgent work on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) response, the government collaborated with health-related spokespersons and influencers with a medical background by starting a COVID-19 public education campaign on social media. A collaborative initiative involved health spokespersons from government and non-government to clarify misinformation about COVID-19. Methods: The primary purpose of this research is to compare government and non-government spokespersons by examining their role in educating about the COVID-19 vaccine and health services. This study employed comparative factor analysis and non-participatory observation toward the media activity of spokespersons in Indonesia. Using a questionnaire, this study examines the dimensions of public campaigns, risk communication, health and emergency, leadership, and communication from Indonesian spokespersons. The data collection was conducted in two stages. The first stage was a pilot study that collected data from 102 respondents, the second stage collected data from 276 respondents. Results: Findings show that utilizing the spokesperson is important due to its capabilities of reaching diverse audiences, and improving public engagement, trustworthiness, and credibility. Conclusions: With the combination of health authorities spokespersons and health influencers in Indonesia, this study provides valuable insights for communication management in developing and supporting the role of health authorities from the government, non-government as well as medical sectors.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

AGouTI - example use-case scenario

Dataset used in the example use-case scenario of the AGouTI pipeline (<a href="https://github.com/zywicki-lab/agouti">https://github.com/zywicki-lab/agouti</a>)

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

RESONATE case study disturbance information

Disturbance information for the RESONATE case studies: <a href="https://efi.int/projects/resonate">https://efi.int/projects/resonate</a>. The data was compiled from existing disturbance and agent attribution data that was extended to the year 2020 within the RESONATE project. Folter 'agent classification': Raster layers with four values: 0=no disturbance, 1=harvest, 2=bark beetle/storm, 3=fire Folder 'disturbance_summaries': Rummary tables with year, agent, disturbance area (ha) and disturbance rate (percent of forest area) Folder 'disturbances': Raster layers with disturbance year (0=no disturbance) Folder 'forest_masks': Forest makes (1=no forest/2=forest) to calculate disturbance ratesF older 'outlines': Outlines of case studies as vector files  All spatial files are in EPSG:3035.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

Non-Conventional Time Domain (TD)-NMR Approaches for Food Quality: Case of Gelatin-Based Candies as a Model Food

The TD-NMR technique mostly involves the use of T1 (spin-lattice) and T2 (spin-spin) relaxation times to explain the changes occurring in food systems. However, these relaxation times are affected by many factors and might not always be the best indicators to work with in food related TD-NMR studies. In this study, the non-conventional TD-NMR approaches of Solid Echo (SE)/Magic Sandwich Echo (MSE) and Spin Diffusion in food systems were used for the first time. Soft confectionary gelatin gels were formulated and conventional (T1) and non-conventional (SE, MSE and Spin Diffusion) TD-NMR experiments were performed. Corn syrups with different glucose/fructose compositions were used to prepare the soft candies. Hardness, °Brix (°Bx), and water activity (aw) measurements were also conducted complementary to NMR experiments. Relaxation times changed (p < 0.05) with respect to syrup type with no obvious trend. SE/MSE experiments were performed to calculate the crystallinity of the samples. Samples prepared with fructose had the lowest crystallinity values (p < 0.05). Spin Diffusion experiments were performed by using Goldman–Shen pulse sequence and the interface thickness (d) was calculated. Interface thickness values showed a wide range of variation (p < 0.05). Results showed that non-conventional NMR approaches had a high potential to be utilized in food systems for quality control purposes.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Using genomics to guide seed-sourcing at the right taxonomical level for ecological restoration projects: the complex case of Carex bigelowii s.lat. in Norway

There is a growing demand for ecological restoration using suitable seeds following international standards or national legal demands for local seed-sourcing. However, before selecting the appropriate geographic origin of seeds, it is vital to explore taxonomic complexity related to the focal taxa. We used ddRAD-seq to screen genomic diversity within Carex bigelowii s.lat. focussing on Norway. This species complex is considered a candidate for seeding, but presents considerable morphological, ecological, and genetic variation. The genetic structure of 132 individuals of C. bigelowii s.lat., including C. nigra as an outgroup, was explored using ordinations, clustering analyses, and a genetic barrier algorithm. Two highly divergent clusters were evident, supporting the recognition of two taxonomic units 'C. dacica' and 'subsp. bigelowii'. Previously defined seed-sourcing regions for C. bigelowii s.lat. did not consider the known taxonomic complexity, and therefore interpreted the overall genetic structure as seed-sourcing regions, not taxa. We estimated genetic neighbourhood sizes within each taxon to be 100-150 km and 300 km, respectively, indicating species-specific delimitations of local seed-sourcing regions. Frequent hybrids, local genetic distinctiveness, and suggested ecotypes add complexity to the discussed seed-sourcing regions. Our results show how genomic screening of diversity and structure in a species complex can alleviate the taxonomic impediment, inform practical questions and legal requirements related to seed-sourcing, and together with traditional taxonomic work provide necessary information for a sound management of biodiversity.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

GEIE use cases

GEIE (Geothermal Energy Impact Estimator) is a software application for quick estimations of the environmental impacts of existing and future geothermal plants.  This folder includes input and output data for 2 use cases that are presented in an accompanying journal article.

Data and code accompanying "'Safe spaces' and community building for climate scientists, exploring emotions through a case study", Haddaway and Duggan 2023

Data and code accompanying "‘Safe spaces’ and community building for climate scientists,  exploring emotions through a case study", Haddaway and Duggan 2023

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Scenarios used for the Validation of the Conflict Detection and Resolution Use Case (ARTIMATION )

This dataset contains the scenarios used for one of the validation of the ARTIMATION project: Conflict Detection and Resolution (CD&R) use case. It contains the validation exercice developped at ENAC using real flown data from 2016, and modifying it to respect our constraints. Inside, one can find: -The file "exo_artimation.txt" a file containing the whole scenario, that can be played using REJEU platform. -10 individual files, extracted from "exo_artimation.txt" containing conflicting aircrafts. Those files where used in other steps of the ARTIMATION project, notably in the solution dataset, the heatmatrix, heatmap, storyboard developped (all linked in related identifiers).

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Data from: A case for the "Competitive exclusion – tolerance rule" as a general cause of species turnover along environmental gradients

Closely-related, ecologically-similar species often segregate their distributions along environmental gradients of time, space, and resources, but previous research suggests diverse underlying causes. Here, we review reciprocal removal studies in nature that experimentally test the role of interactions among species in determining their turnover along environmental gradients. We find consistent evidence for asymmetric exclusion coupled with differences in environmental tolerance causing the segregation of species pairs, where a dominant species excludes a subordinate from benign regions of the gradient, but is unable to tolerate challenging regions to which the subordinate species is adapted. Subordinate species were consistently smaller and performed better in regions of the gradient typically occupied by the dominant species compared to their native distribution. These results extend previous ideas contrasting competitive ability with adaptation to abiotic stress to include a broader diversity of species interactions (intraguild predation, reproductive interference) and environmental gradients, including gradients of biotic challenge. Collectively, these findings suggest that adaptation to environmental challenge compromises performance in antagonistic interactions with ecologically-similar species. The consistency of this pattern across diverse organisms, environments, and biomes suggests generalizable processes structuring the segregation of ecologically-similar species along disparate environmental gradients, a phenomenon that we propose should be named the Competitive exclusion – tolerance rule.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Annual crop yields of the CS1 Study Case

Database on main crop and secondary crop yields of the CS1 Study case for the period 2019-2021

Estimated densities of activity from: Characterising diel activity patterns to design conservation measures: Case study of European bat species

Estimated densities of activity calculated in "Characterising diel activity patterns to design conservation measures: case study of European bat species" (see Materials and Methods for more information on these calculations). The files named "densitiyAllYear" correspond to the estimated densities based on our entire dataset. The files named "densitiySpring" correspond to the estimated densities based on a subset of our dataset comprising only monitoring carried out between 1 March and 21 June. The files named "densitiySummer" correspond to the estimated densities based on a subset of our dataset comprising only monitoring carried out between 22 June and 21 August. The files named "densitiyAutumn" correspond to the estimated densities based on a subset of our dataset comprising only monitoring carried out between 22 August and 31 October. The first column of each file ("PercentageNight") corresponds to the percentage of the night elapsed (0 % = sunset time, 100 % =  sunrise time), the second to the estimated activity density ("Density").

ATM: Black-box Test Case Minimization based on Test Code Similarity and Evolutionary Search – Replication Package

This is the replication package associated with the paper "ATM: Black-box Test Case Minimization based on Test Code Similarity and Evolutionary Search" accepted at the 45th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2023) – Technical Track. Cite this paper using the following: @inproceedings{pan2023atm,   title={ATM: Black-box Test Case Minimization based on Test Code Similarity and Evolutionary Search},   author={Pan, Rongqi and Ghaleb, Taher A. and Briand, Lionel},   booktitle={Proceedings of the 45th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering},   year={2023},   pages={1--12} } Replication Package Contents: The replication package contains all the necessary data and code required to reproduce the results reported in the paper. We also provide the results for other minimization budgets, and detailed FDR, execution time, and statistical test results. In addition, we provide the data and code required to reproduce the results of baselines techniques: FAST-R and random minimization. Data: We provide in the Data directory the data used in our experiments, which is based on 16 projects from <a href="https://github.com/rjust/defects4j">Defects4J</a>, whose characteristics can be found in Data/subject_projects.csv. Code: We provide in the Code directory the code and scripts (Java, Python, and Bash) required to run the experiments and reproduce the results. Results: We provide in the Results directory the results for each technique independently, and also a summary of all results together for comparison purposes. The source code for this step is in the Code/ATM/CodeToAST directory. The source code for this step is in the Code/ATM/Similarity directory. _________________________________ ATM - Code to AST transformation: Requirements: * Eclipse IDE (we used 2021-12) * The libraries (the .jar files in the Code/ATM/CodeToAST/lib directory) Input: All zipped data files should be unzipped before running each step. * Data/test_suites/all_test_cases.zip → Data/test_suites/all_test_cases * Data/test_suites/changed_test_cases.zip → Data/test_suites/changed_test_cases * Data/test_suites/relevant_test_cases.zip → Data/test_suites/relevant_test_cases Output: * Data/ATM/ASTs/all_test_cases * Data/ATM/ASTs/changed_test_cases Running the experiment: To generate ASTS for all test cases in the project test suites, the Code/ATM/CodeToAST/src/CodeToAST.java file should be compiled and run using the Eclipse IDE by including all the required .jar files in the Code/ATM/CodeToAST/lib directory as part of the classpath. A bash script is provided along with a pre-generated .jar file in the Code/ATM/CodeToAST/bin directory to run this step, as follows: <pre><code class="language-bash">cd Code/ATM/CodeToAST bash transform_code_to_ast.sh</code></pre> Each test file in the Data/test_suites/all_test_cases and Data/test_suites/changed_test_cases directories is parsed to generate a corresponding AST for each test case method (saved in an XML format in Data/ATM/ASTs/all_test_cases and Data/ATM/ASTs/changed_test_cases for each project version) _________________________________ ATM - Similarity Measurement: Requirements: * Eclipse IDE (we used 2021-12) * The libraries (the .jar files in the Code/ATM/Similarity/lib directory) Input: * Data/test_suites/all_test_cases * Data/test_suites/changed_test_cases Output: * Data/ATM/similarity_measurements Running the experiment: To measure the similarity between each pair of test cases, the Code/ATM/Similarity/src/SimilarityMeasurement.java file should be compiled and run using the Eclipse IDE by including all the required .jar files in the Code/ATM/Similarity/lib directory as part of the classpath. A bash script is provided along with a pre-generated .jar file in the Code/ATM/Similarity/bin directory to run this step, as follows: <pre><code class="language-bash">cd Code/ATM/Similarity bash measure_similarity.sh</code></pre> ASTs of each project in the Data/ATM/ASTs/all_test_cases and Data/ATM/ASTs/changed_test_cases directories are parsed to create pairs of ASTs containing one test case from the Data/ATM/ASTs/all_test_cases directory with another test case from the Data/ATM/ASTs/changed_test_cases directory (redundant pairs are discarded). Then, all similarity measurements are saved in the Data/ATM/similarity_measurements.zip file. __________________________________________ Search-based Minimization Algorithms: The source code for this step is in the Code/ATM/Search directory. Requirements: To run this step, Python 3 is required (we used Python 3.10). Also, the libraries in the Code/AMT/Search/requirements.txt file should be installed, as follows: <pre><code class="language-bash">cd Code/ATM/Search pip install -r requirements.txt</code></pre> Input: * Data/ATM/similarity_measurements Output: * Results/ATM/minimization_results Running the experiment: To minimize the test suites in our dataset, the following bash script should be executed: <pre><code class="language-bash">bash minimize.sh</code></pre> All similarity measurements are parsed for each version of the projects, independently. Each version is run 10 times using three minimization budgets (25%, 50%, and 75%). Genetic Algorithm (GA) is run using four similarity measures, namely top-down, bottom-up, combined, and tree edit distance. NSGA-II is run using two combinations of similarity measures: top-down & bottom-up and combined & tree edit distance. The minimization results are generated in the Results/ATM/minimization_results directory. __________________ Evaluate results: To evaluate and summarize the minimization results, run the following: <pre><code class="language-bash">cd Code/ATM/Evaluation bash evaluate.sh</code></pre> This will generate summarized FDR and execution time results (per-project and per-version) for each minimization budget, which can all be found in Results/ATM. In this replication package, we provide the final, merged FDR with execution time results. _________________________________ Running FAST-R experiments ATM was compared to <a href="https://github.com/ICSE19-FAST-R/FAST-R">FAST-R</a>, a state-of-the-art baseline, which is a set of test case minimization techniques called: FAST++, FAST-CS, FAST-pw, and FAST-all, which we adapted to our data and experimental setup. Requirements: To run this step, Python 3.7 is required. Also, the libraries in the Code/FAST-R/requirements.txt file should be installed, as follows: <pre><code class="language-bash">cd Code/FAST-R pip install -r requirements.txt</code></pre> Input: * Data/FAST-R/test_methods * Data/FAST-R/test_classes Output: * Results/FAST-R/test_methods/FDR_and_Exec_Time_Results_[budget]%_budget.csv * Results/FAST-R/test_classes/FDR_and_Exec_Time_Results_[budget]%_budget.csv To run FAST-R experiments, the following bash script should be executed: <pre><code class="language-bash">bash fast_r.sh test_methods #method level bash fast_r.sh test_classes #class level</code></pre> Results are generated in .csv files for each budget. For example, for the 50% budget, results are saved in FDR_and_Exec_Time_Results_50%_budget.csv in the Results/FAST-R/test_methods and Results/FAST-R/test_classes directories. _________________________________ Running the random minimization experiments ATM was also compared to random minimization as a standard baseline. Requirements: To run this step, Python 3 is required (we used Python 3.10). Also, the libraries in the Code/RandomMinimization/requirements.txt file should be installed, as follows: <pre><code class="language-bash">cd Code/RandomMinimization pip install -r requirements.txt</code></pre> Input: N/A Output: * Results/RandomMinimization/FDR_and_Exec_Time_Results_[budget]%_budget.csv To run the random selection experiments, the following bash script should be executed: <pre><code class="language-bash">bash random_minimization.sh</code></pre> Results are generated in .csv files for each budget. For example, for the 50% budget, results are saved in FDR_and_Exec_Time_Results_50%_budget.csv in the Results/RandomMinimization directory.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

The successful treatment of Enterocytozoon bieneusi Microsporidiosis with nitazoxanide in a patient with B-ALL: A case report

<div> Introduction: Enterocytozoon bieneusi (E. bieneusi) Microsporidia can cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients and is also an emerging disease in these individuals. Its clinical manifestations are chronic diarrhea and severe wasting syndrome, these can be extremely debilitating and carry a significant risk of death for immunocompromised patients. Often, microsporidia cannot be confirmed immediately by routine examination and culture. Effective and available treatment options are limited for infections caused by E. bieneusi in humans. Such cases are very rare in the Chinese Mainland.</div> <div> </div> <div> Case Presentation: A 47-year-old male had recurrent, profuse watery diarrhea and abdominal discomfort for more than 7 months, with a fever for 5 days. Two years earlier, he received treatment with a modified BFM-90 protocol for acute B cell lymphoblastic leukemia and is currently in the final stages of maintenance therapy with oral methotrexate and mercaptopurine. The leukemia was assessed as still in remission two months ago. PET/CT showed massive peritoneal fluid accumulation and a high uptake area in the diffused peritoneum (SUVmax 12.57), suggesting tumor invasion or microbial infections. However, broad-spectrum antibacterial therapies were ineffective. Metagenomic sequencing of plasma and peritoneal fluid showed no suggestion of the existence of a tumor but instead showed a high sequence number of DNA and RNA of the Microsporidia. His albendazole treatment failed and subsequent treatment with nitazoxanide successfully resolved the infection.</div> <div> </div> <div> Conclusion: This case shows that we should consider the possibility of atypical pathogen infection in patients with hematologic malignancy who repeatedly develop unexplained diarrhea with wasting. mNGS can help rule out malignant neoplasms and diagnose infections. Our results suggest that nitazoxanide effectively treats E. bieneusi microsporidia infections. </div>

Supplementary material to: Using UAV-based photogrammetry coupled with in-situ fieldwork and U-Pb geochronology to decipher multi-phase deformation processes: A case study from Sarclet, Inner Moray Firth Basin, UK.

This dataset represents the supplementary material to: Using UAV-based photogrammetry coupled with in-situ fieldwork and U-Pb geochronology to decipher multi-phase deformation processes: A case study from Sarclet, Inner Moray Firth Basin, UK. Appendix A - This appendix represents the 3D Digital Outcrop Modell (DOM) of Sarclet ‘The Haven and The Stack’ locality in 3D PDF format. Appendix B - This appendix represents the 3D Digital Outcrop Modell (DOM) of Sarclet ‘Muiri Geo’ lo-cality in 3D PDF format. Appendix C - This appendix represents the 3D Digital Outcrop Modell (DOM) of Sarclet ‘The Haven and The Stack’ locality in .obj format. Appendix D - This appendix represents the 3D Digital Outcrop Modell (DOM) of Sarclet ‘Muiri Geo’ lo-cality in .obj format. Appendix E - This appendix represents the orthomosaic of Sarclet ‘Muiri Geo’ locality in GeoTiff format. Appendix F - This appendix represents the orthomosaic of Sarclet ‘Muiri Geo’ locality in GeoTiff format. Appendix G - This appendix represents the analytical conditions and geochronology data of the studied samples.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Heterogeneity in the abyssal plains: A case study in the Bering Sea

The abyssal plains are vast areas without large-scale topography that occupy much of the ocean floor. Ecological research in these superficially homogenous regions benefits increasingly from non-destructive visual sampling of epifaunal organisms with imaging technology. We analysed images from ultra high-definition towed camera transects at depths around 3500 m across three stations 100–130 km apart in the Bering Sea to ask whether the density and distribution of visible epifauna indicated any substantial heterogeneity. We identified 71 different megafaunal taxa, of which 24 occurred at only one station. Measurements of the two most abundant faunal elements, the holothurian Elpidia minutissima and xenophyophores, indicated significant differences in local densities and patchy aggregations that were strikingly dissimilar among stations. One station was dominated by xenophyophores, one was relatively depauperate in both target taxa as well as other identified megafauna, and the third station was dominated by Elpidia. This is an unexpected level of variation at relatively small spatial scales (~100 km), within comparable transects in a well-mixed oceanic basin, reinforcing the emerging view that abyssal habitats contain landscape heterogeneity at similar spatial scales to terrestrial continental realms.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

Simulation of Moisture intrusions into the Arctic: New insights from a mid-April 2020 case during MOSAiC

This dataset contains the model configuration files and selected output data of the large-eddy simulation experiments as described in the publication "Moisture intrusions into the Arctic: New insights from a mid-April 2020 case during MOSAiC" being submitted to Frontiers in Earth Science (Section Atmospheric Science)

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Media portrayal of the illegal trade in wildlife: The case of turtles in the US and implications for conservation

News media framing of instances of illegal wildlife trade provides a window into understanding public perceptions of trade dynamics and potential support for conservation actions. Here, we used 54 known cases of illegal turtle trade in the United States occurring between 1998–2021 as a case study to investigate news media framing of illegal wildlife trade. We synthesized information from these cases and qualitatively analyzed how they were framed in 217 associated news articles. The 54 cases involved the illegal trade of at least 24,000 freshwater turtles of 34 different species; box turtles (Terrapene spp.) were traded the most. Of the known species involved, 23 were listed under one of the CITES Appendices, and 12 were considered threatened by the IUCN. Trade occurred in at least 43 US states and 6 countries. Despite the multifaceted nature of these cases, problem and solution framing was relatively unvarying. Media coverage framed foreign demand, particularly from Asia for high-value pet turtles, as a main driver of illegal trade. Solutions focused on regulations and enforcement which follow global trends in illegal wildlife trade discourses. However, we also found that articles neutralized illegal turtle trade in several ways, reflecting a lack of perceived legitimacy of and necessity for trade rules and enforcement. Without acknowledging longstanding and formerly legal practices in wildlife trading, conservation efforts which focus on regulations and enforcement may be undermined by a lack of normative compliance.