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13,621 results for “Biologics”
Figures 4-6 in Morphology and biological notes of Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker) triungulinid and a summary of the knowledge on immature stages of the genus (Ripiphoridae)
Figures 4-6. Collecting area at restinga and host plant Paepalanthus polyanthus (Bong.) Sano on Santa Catarina Island. (4) aerial view of the collection locality (photo: André Vieira da Rosa); (5) cluster of P. polyanthus; (6) one entire plant depicting its general morphological structures, central axis, umbels, scapes and capitula.
Figures 30-31 in Morphology and biological notes of Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker) triungulinid and a summary of the knowledge on immature stages of the genus (Ripiphoridae)
Figures 30-31. Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker, 1855) triungulinid. Optical microscope photograph. Hind leg. (30) coxa, trochanter, and femur, ventral; (31) femur, dorsal.
Figures 1-3 in Morphology and biological notes of Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker) triungulinid and a summary of the knowledge on immature stages of the genus (Ripiphoridae)
Figures 1-3. Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker, 1855) adult female habitus: two phenotypes. (1) dorso-lateral; (2) ventro-lateral; (3) dorsal.
Figures 20-21 in Morphology and biological notes of Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker) triungulinid and a summary of the knowledge on immature stages of the genus (Ripiphoridae)
Figures 20-21. Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker, 1855) triungulinid. (20) head, ventral; (21) last abdominal tergites and abdominal appendage.
Figures 22-26 in Morphology and biological notes of Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker) triungulinid and a summary of the knowledge on immature stages of the genus (Ripiphoridae)
Figures 22-26. Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker, 1855) triungulinid. Optical microscope photograph. (22-26) triungulinid treated with acetic acid: (22) ventral habitus; (23) thorax and part of abdomen, dorsal; (24) abdomen and posterior legs, ventral; (25) apex of abdomen with abdominal appendage, ventral; (26) pad-like pretarsus, dorsal.
Figure 4 in Reptile diversity in the Duas Bocas Biological Reserve, Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil
Figure 4. Accumulation curves of reptile species based on the sampling days in the Duas Bocas Biological Reserve, Espírito Santo, Brazil. The colored shad- ed area corresponds to the error bars associated with each estimator.
Figure 1 in Reptile diversity in the Duas Bocas Biological Reserve, Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil
Figure 1. Location of Duas Bocas Biological Reserve, Cariacica, Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil. Tracks and stars represent sampling areas of this study, with tracks representing the location of the trails and the stars representing the location of the plots.
Figure 3 in Reptile diversity in the Duas Bocas Biological Reserve, Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil
Figure 3. Examples of snake species occurring in Duas Bocas Biological Reserve, Espírito Santo, Brazil: (A) Trilepida salgueiroi, (B) Corallus hortulanus, (C) Epicrates cenchria, (D) Chironius fuscus, (E) Oxybelis aeneus, (F) Spilotes sulphureus, (G) Dipsas neuwiedi, (H) Erythrolamprus miliaris, (I) Pseudoboa nigra, (J) Xenodon neuwiedii, (K) Bothrops jararaca, (L) Bothrops jararacussu.
Figure 2 in Reptile diversity in the Duas Bocas Biological Reserve, Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil
Figure 2.Examples of lizard species occurring in Duas Bocas Biological Reserve,Espírito Santo,Brazil:(A) Hemidactylus mabouia, (B)Gymnodactylus darwinii, (C)Psychosaura macrorhyncha, (D) Dactyloa punctata, (E) Polychrus marmoratus, (F) Tropidurus torquatus, (G) Ecpleopus gaudichaudii, (H) Leposoma scincoides, (I) Salvator merianae.
Data from: Comparative landscape genetics of two frugivorous bats in a biological corridor undergoing agricultural intensification
Agricultural intensification in tropical landscapes poses a new threat to the ability of biological corridors to maintain functional connectivity for native species. We use a landscape genetics approach to evaluate impacts of expanding pineapple plantations on two widespread and abundant frugivorous bats in a biological corridor in Costa Rica. We hypothesize that the larger, more mobile Artibeus jamaicensis will be less impacted by pineapple than the smaller Carollia castanea. In 2012 and 2013, we sampled 735 bats in 26 remnant forest patches surrounded by different proportions of forest, pasture, crops and pineapple. We used 10 microsatellite loci for A. jamaicensis and 16 microsatellite loci for C. castanea to estimate genetic diversity and gene flow. Canonical correspondence analyses indicate that land cover type surrounding patches has no impact on genetic diversity of A. jamaicensis. However, for C. castanea, both percentage forest and pineapple surrounding patches explained a significant proportion of the variation in genetic diversity. Least-cost transect analyses (LCTA) and pairwise G″st suggest that for A. jamaicensis, pineapple is more permeable to gene flow than expected, while as expected, forest is the most permeable land cover for gene flow of C. castanea. For both species, LCTA indicate that development may play a role in inhibiting gene flow. The current study answers the call for landscape genetic research focused on tropical and agricultural landscapes, highlights the value of comparative landscape genetics in biological corridor design and management and is one of the few studies of biological corridors in any ecosystem to implement a genetic approach to test corridor efficacy.
Prior adaptation of parasitoids improves biological control of symbiont-protected pests
There is increasing demand for sustainable pest management to reduce harmful effects of pesticides on the environment and human health. For pest aphids, biological control with parasitoid wasps provides a welcome alternative, particularly in greenhouses. However, aphids are frequently infected with the heritable bacterial endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa, which increases resistance to parasitoids and thereby hampers biological control. Using the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) and its main parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum, we tested whether prior adaptation of parasitoids can improve the control of symbiont-protected pests. We had parasitoid lines adapted to two different strains of H. defensa by experimental evolution, as well as parasitoids evolved on H. defensa-free aphids. We compared their ability to control caged aphid populations comprising 60% unprotected and 40% H. defensa-protected aphids, with both H. defensa strains present in the populations. Parasitoids that were not adapted to H. defensa had virtually no effect on aphid population dynamics compared to parasitoid-free controls, but one of the adapted lines and a mixture of both adapted lines controlled aphids successfully, strongly benefitting plant growth. Selection by parasitoids altered aphid population composition in a very specific manner. Aphid populations became dominated by H. defensa-protected aphids in the presence of parasitoids, and each adapted parasitoid line selected for the H. defensa strain it was not adapted to. This study shows, for the first time, that prior adaptation of parasitoids improves biological control of symbiont-protected pests, but the high specificity of parasitoid counter-resistance may represent a challenge for its implementation.
Data from: Novel sources of (co)variation in nestling begging behavior and hunger at different biological levels of analysis
<p>Biological hypotheses predicting patterns of offspring begging typically concern the covariance with hunger and/or development at specific hierarchical levels. For example, hunger drives within-individual patterns of begging, but begging also drives food intake among individuals within broods, and begging and food intake can covary positively or negatively among genotypes or broods. Testing biological phenomena that occur at multiple levels therefore requires the partitioning of covariance between traits of interest to ensure that each level-specific relationship is appropriately assessed. We performed a partial cross-fostering study on a wild population of great tits (Parus major), then used multivariate mixed-models to partition variation and covariation in nestling begging effort and two metrics of nestling hunger within versus among individual nestlings and broods. At the within-individual level, we found that nestlings begged more intensely when hungrier (positive correlation between begging and hunger). However, among individuals, nestlings that were fed more frequently also begged more intensely on average (negative correlation between begging and hunger). Variation in nestling mass did not give rise to the negative correlation between begging and hunger among nestlings, but we did find that lighter nestlings begged more intensely than their heavier biological siblings, suggesting that this effect may be driven by a genetic component linked to offspring size. Our study illustrates how patterns of covariance can differ across biological levels of analysis and addresses biological mechanisms that could produce these previously obscured patterns.</p>
Data from: A persistent lack of international representation on editorial boards in environmental biology
The scholars comprising journal editorial boards play a critical role in defining the trajectory of knowledge in their field. Nevertheless, studies of editorial board composition remain rare, especially those focusing on journals publishing research in the increasingly globalized fields of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). Using metrics for quantifying the diversity of ecological communities, we quantified international representation on the 1985–2014 editorial boards of 24 environmental biology journals. Over the course of 3 decades, there were 3,827 unique scientists based in 70 countries who served as editors. The size of the editorial community increased over time—the number of editors serving in 2014 was 4-fold greater than in 1985—as did the number of countries in which editors were based. Nevertheless, editors based outside the "Global North" (the group of economically developed countries with high per capita gross domestic product [GDP] that collectively concentrate most global wealth) were extremely rare. Furthermore, 67.18% of all editors were based in either the United States or the United Kingdom. Consequently, geographic diversity—already low in 1985—remained unchanged through 2014. We argue that this limited geographic diversity can detrimentally affect the creativity of scholarship published in journals, the progress and direction of research, the composition of the STEM workforce, and the development of science in Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and much of Asia (i.e., the "Global South").
The contribution of semi-natural habitats to biological control is dependent on sentinel prey type
<ol> <li>It is widely recognized that landscape factors affect the biological control of weed seeds and insect pests in arable crops, but landscape effects have been found to be inconsistent between studies.</li> <li>Here, we compare six different types of sentinels (s<span>urrogate prey that was either live insects or seeds) to measure the effects of semi-natural habitats at field to landscape scales on levels of biological control in winter wheat in the UK. Sentinels were located in fields adjacent to three boundary types: grassy margin, hedgerows or woodland to study local scale effects and in landscapes of varying heterogeneity in study areas of 1 km radius. </span> </li> <li> <span>Overall mean levels of predation were higher for most insect prey (60.8%) located on the ground compared to the crop (12.2%) and was lower for seeds (5.8%). Predation of sentinels on the ground was attributed to generalist predators. <a name="_Hlk24705886">Semi-natural habitats had both positive and negative effects at field and landscape scales, but the response varied with the sentinel type.</a><a name="_Hlk12869057"> Herbaceous linear semi-natural habitats had positive effects at local scales for <i>Calliphora vomitoria </i>and <i>Sitobion avenae </i>sentinels and provides </a></span><span>evidence that farmers can introduce linear herbaceous features to benefit biological control. In contrast o</span><span>ur distance weighted kernel models identified a positive relationship between woody habitats and the predation of <i>Caliphora vomitoria </i>and<i> Chenopodium album</i>. Natural aphid infestations were lower in landscapes with more semi-natural habitat. </span> </li> <li> <i><span>Synthesis and applications. </span></i><span>Sentinels may be sensitive enough to detect variation in levels of biological control influenced by semi-natural habitats, but this study confirms that landscape effects differ for different types of sentinel prey. This implies that it may not be possible to categorize landscapes as pest suppressive using a single sentinel type. Future studies should therefore consider </span>using multiple sentinels to give a better perspective on predation intensity. The resulting recommendations for farm management include <span>planting woodland adjacent wheat fields infested with seed predators and positioning herbaceous linear habitats adjacent wheat fields infested with <i>Sitobion Avenae</i>, particularly if fields are bordered by woody liner habitats due to their association with decreased <i>Sitobion Avenae </i>predation.</span> </li> </ol>
Data from: nlstimedist: an R package for the biologically meaningful quantification of unimodal phenology distributions
Phenological investigation can provide valuable insights into the ecological effects of climate change. Appropriate modelling of the time distribution of phenological events is key to determining the nature of any changes, as well as the driving mechanisms behind those changes. Here we present the nlstimedist R package, a distribution function and modelling framework that describes the temporal dynamics of unimodal phenological events. The distribution function is derived from first principles and generates three biologically interpretable parameters. Using seed germination at different temperatures as an example, we show how the influence of environmental factors on a phenological process can be determined from the quantitative model parameters. The value of this model is its ability to represent various unimodal temporal processes statistically. The three intuitively meaningful parameters of the model can make useful comparisons between different time periods, geographical locations or species' populations, in turn allowing exploration of possible causes.
Figure 6 in Biological and ecological aspects of Bathygobius soporator (Valenciennes, 1837) (Perciformes, Gobiidae) from Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil
Figure 6. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) of males and females of the species B. soporator for the periods 1996-1997 (A) and 2005-2006 (B).
Figure 5 in Biological and ecological aspects of Bathygobius soporator (Valenciennes, 1837) (Perciformes, Gobiidae) from Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil
Figure 5. First maturation size (L₅₀) for males and females of B. soporator collected between the 1997-1998 and 2005-2006 periods.
Figure 4. Plectris aliena Chapin, 1934 in Biological and morphological aspects of Plectris aliena (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) in sugarcane in Brazil
Figure 4. Plectris aliena Chapin, 1934 morphology in larvae. Body in lateral view (A); head in frontal view (B); raster (C). Black rows indicate the sensorial macula on distal antennomere and the carinae on labrum.
Figure 3. Plectris aliena Chapin, 1934 in Biological and morphological aspects of Plectris aliena (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) in sugarcane in Brazil
Figure 3. Plectris aliena Chapin, 1934 morphology in adults. Male habitus (A) and frontolateral view (B); female habitus (C), metatibial apex in male (D) and female (E); and male genitalia: dorsal (F) and lateral (G) views; data labels of the series deposited at DZUP (H). Black rows indicate pair of spurs.
Figure 1 in Biological and morphological aspects of Plectris aliena (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) in sugarcane in Brazil
Figure 1. Developmental stages of Plectris aliena observed, throughout the year, in sugarcane crop in the municipality Deodápolis, MS, Brazil.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.